云南省水牛乳用性能杂交改良效果初探

云南省水牛乳用性能的杂交改良已有十多年历史。通过引入乳役兼用的河流型水牛与本地沼泽型水牛杂交,杂种水牛泌乳性能有很大提高。目前,云南省有乳用杂种泌乳水牛2.8万头,杂种牛一个泌乳周期的平均产奶量达1 000~1 500kg。为加快发展云南省奶水牛特色产业,目前,仍需要深入研究杂种水牛的泌乳特性、繁殖特点、营养需要以及饲养管理等课题。     

摩拉和尼里／拉菲水牛泌乳特性观察

摩拉水牛引进我区已４０年，尼里／拉菲水牛也有了２３年。这两个品种是世界著名的河流型乳用水牛品种，经过长时间的风土驯化，表现出能适应我区亚热带的气候条件，耐热性好，耐粗饲，抗病力强，有较好的繁殖性能和产乳性能。作为水牛改良的主要父本，其泌乳特性如何直接...     

水牛泌乳特点与挤奶技术

水牛泌乳比乳牛困难 ,经常因为操作不当或者生理原因拒绝泌乳。本文介绍水牛的泌乳生理和促进水牛泌乳的方法。1　母水牛的乳房结构特点水牛乳房一般比奶牛乳房硬实 ,乳头较长 ,水牛乳房外形多呈半球形或盘状。江河型水牛乳房周长约 1 1 0～ 1 2 7ｃｍ ,比沼泽型水牛大 ,经产母牛的乳房呈下垂状 ,沼泽型水牛的乳房周长约 30～ 45ｃｍ。乳房附着于股骨间和耻骨区 ,内有一韧带将乳房固着于腹壁上 ,同时将乳房分为前后两半 ,每半中间又被一层薄膜隔开 ,分成左右两半 ,4个乳区互不相通 ,各有泌乳乳头。乳头为圆柱形 ,河流型水牛乳头长约 6～ 8ｃ…     

水牛对我国南方农村社会经济发展的作用

水牛有非洲水牛和亚洲水牛之分。亚洲水牛包括江河型水牛和沼泽型水牛。沼泽型水牛主要分布在东亚、东南亚国家，适合在水稻种植区繁衍生息，对水稻生产起着重要作用。江河型水牛主要分布在南亚国家，其泌乳力高，更适合在干旱平原耕作，所以在印度次大陆发展很快，在地中海沿岸的欧洲、南美洲和加勒比海沿岸也有部分水牛，主要用来生产奶类和肉类。     

中国水牛乳业的可持续发展

中国有水牛2276.0万头,乳、肉、皮等主要产品产量分别为265.0万吨、39.6万吨和11.9万吨,水牛头数及其主要产品产量居世界前三位,水牛乳主要乳制品在世界上也占有一席之地。广西本地水牛属沼泽型役用水牛,试验证明:采用河流型乳用水牛进行杂交改良,杂交二代水牛一个泌乳期泌乳量     

大理摩本杂交水牛泌乳性能研究

为了深入了解水牛杂交改良效果,掌握奶水牛泌乳规律,2001～2004年,大理州家畜繁育指导站水牛奶业开发试验示范场对摩本杂交一代和杂交二代水牛的泌乳性能和乳品质进行了检测.研究数据初步反映了摩本杂交水牛泌乳性能的一些基本特点,对今后进一步深入研究,以及提高杂交水牛的产奶量具有一定的借鉴意义.     

中国水牛泌乳性能的调查研究

中国水牛泌乳性能的调查研究韩刚，丁庆波，巨智勇（华南农业大学５１０６４２）黄文贤，魏吉仁（广东省揭阳市畜牧局）前言世界水牛大致分为两大类型，即河流型和沼泽型。河流型水牛，主要产于南亚大陆地区，如印度的摩拉水牛。我国是饲养沼泽型水牛最多的国家，以往是以...     

我国奶水牛业的发展前景

一是水牛资源丰富。当前，奶类的生产主要靠奶牛，特点是产量高。但是，除奶牛以外，我国南方的水牛是发展奶业的重要种质资源。全国现有水牛2228．2万头，居世界第3位。我国本地水牛属沼泽型水牛，多为役用，泌乳期7～8个月，产奶量500～700千克，通过杂交改良，可大幅度提高其泌乳量。杂交一代水牛的泌乳期280—302天，泌乳量1230～2040千克；杂交二代水牛的泌乳期310～320天，泌乳量2260～2290千克，水牛奶的开发潜力巨大。二是农业资源丰富。我国水牛主要集中在     

杂种水牛的若干泌乳生理特性及其与乳业生产的关系

中国水牛与摩拉、尼里/瑞菲水牛杂交改良后,乳肉性能明显提高,尤其是三元杂种水牛(含尼里血统50％,摩拉和中国水牛各25％)更为突出。但在生产中还存在一些问题。为进一步提高生产性能,结合挤乳和选育提供生理依据。笔者曾对摩拉、尼里及与中国水牛的三元杂种水牛若干泌乳生理特性进行比较研究。并对生产中一些问题作初步探讨。     

乳用水牛泌乳特性和产奶性能观察

本文分析了乳用水牛在安宁河流域生态条件下表现出的泌乳特性,表明乳用水牛在此生态条件下有较好的产奶性能．平均胎产奶1781．56±570．85kg,平均泌乳天数284．59±73.05d,接近引种区水平．说明该生态条件适宜发展乳用水牛生产。     

槟榔江水牛ACTA1基因多态性与生长性状的相关性研究

[目的]揭示α-肌动蛋白1（actin alpha 1,ACTA1）基因多态性与槟榔江水牛生长性状的相关性.[方法]采用PCR扩增及基因测序技术研究了槟榔江水牛ACTA1基因多态性,并分析了该基因变异与水牛生长性状的关联关系.[结果]检测到槟榔江水牛ACTA1基因存在2个SNP位点,分别位于第5内含子与第6外显子,水牛ACTA1基因变异与体重、管围等性状存在显著相关.[结论]本研究首次检测了槟榔江水牛ACTA1基因多态性与生长发育性状的关联关系,为槟榔江水牛遗传资源保护利用及标记辅助选择提供了理论依据.     

中国不同牛种DGAT1基因遗传多样性及经济性状关联分析研究进展

乙酰辅酯A∶二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT1)是甘油三脂合成过程中唯一的关键酶,对动物机体脂肪代谢、沉积起重要作用,已成为研究奶牛泌乳性状和肉牛主要经济性状的重要候选基因之一。近年来,随着相关研究的不断深入,研究者普遍认为DGAT1基因对奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳脂肪酸及空怀天数、输精次数、初配年龄等繁殖性状均有显著影响,且与肉牛体脂也存在相关性。作者主要介绍了DGAT1基因的遗传多态性及其与经济性状关联分析在中国各地区不同品种奶牛、肉牛、水牛和牦牛上的研究进展,指出该基因对奶牛的产奶性能及肉牛的肉质性状、生长性状具有重要的调控作用。但由于环境条件、品种及选育背景等因素影响,DGAT1基因遗传多态性对不同地区不同牛群体的经济性状影响不尽相同。因此,要将DGAT1基因实际应用在品种选育工作中还需明确该基因对研究群体的具体遗传效应,并结合其他候选基因进行综合分析。     

家养水牛催乳素基因外显子2多态性及其群体遗传特征

催乳素基因(prolactin gene,PRL)被视为与水牛产奶性状相关的重要候选基因,目前还未见有水牛PRL基因外显子2遗传特征的报道。本研究采用PCR-SSCP及PCR产物直接测序技术,检测了12个沼泽型水牛群体和3个河流型水牛群体共581个样本PRL基因外显子2的遗传变异。结果:水牛PRL基因外显子2由182个核苷酸组成,编码61个氨基酸,在进化上高度保守,测序结果显示沼泽型水牛群体中PRL基因外显子2有c.G192A替换,为同义替换,与泌乳性状之间没有显著相关性。在12个沼泽型水牛群体中均检测到该多态位点,PG基因频率在0.719～0.897之间,群体平均值为0.785±0.015,该基因为优势等位基因。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检测显示,10个沼泽型水牛群体处于平衡状态,而德宏水牛群体和福安水牛群体处于不平衡状态。在3个河流型水牛群体中,第192位碱基均为G,未检测到G>A替换。     

饲粮粗蛋白质水平对泌乳水牛产奶量及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮粗蛋白质水平对泌乳水牛产奶量及氮代谢的影响。试验采用４×４拉丁方试验设计,选用 １６头体况良好、上期泌乳量相近、产犊胎次 ２～３胎、健康的泌乳前期水牛,随机分为４组,进行动物饲养试验和消化代谢试验。将４组泌乳水牛随机分配到４个梯度的饲粮粗蛋白质水平组,即 １６．０％、１５．２％、１４．４％、１３．６％ ４个组,每组 ４头,进行 ４期饲养试验,每期 ２１ｄ,共 ８４ｄ。按照 ４×４拉丁方设计给各期各组泌乳水牛饲喂不同粗蛋白质水平的饲粮,每期试验预试期 ７ｄ。在第 ２期和第 ４期饲养试验的最后 ４ｄ开展 ２期氮消化代谢试验。结果表明,总采食氮、可消化氮、乳氮／进食氮以及氮表观消化率在部分组间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）;乳氮、粪氮、尿氮在各组间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。饲喂不同粗蛋白质水平饲粮对水牛产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳脂率、乳非脂固形物率和乳糖率均无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。血清总蛋白和尿素氮含量各组间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以试验期间进食氮水平（ｇ／ｄ）为横坐标（ｘ）,标准乳产量（ｋｇ／ｄ）为纵坐标（ｙ）,获得进食氮水平与标准乳产量的二次曲线关系,即 ｙ＝－０．００１６ｘ２＋０．９５５６ｘ－１２９．９１。由此可见,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对泌乳水牛生产性能及血液生化指标影响不显著,根据进食氮水平与标准乳产量的二次曲线关系可得,当进食氮水平为 ２９８．６２５ｇ／ｄ时,得到水牛标准乳产量最大值为 １２．７７３ｋｇ／ｄ。     

The efficacy of diazinon impregnated ear tags against buffalo fly and resulting weight gains and diazinon residues in meat and milk

Ear tags impregnated with 20% diazinon were evaluated for their efficacy against the buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) on beef cattle in southern Queensland. Buffalo fly numbers and weight changes were recorded and diazinon residues in tissues of beef cattle and milk from lactating dairy cattle were assayed at different time intervals after tagging. In 2 efficacy trials conducted over 19 and 20 weeks, the mean numbers of buffalo fly on cattle each fitted with ear tags were 1 to 9 and 0 to 16, respectively, in trials 1 and 2, compared with 44 to 345 and 26 to 306 per head on untreated herds, respectively, despite regular spraying of the untreated herd in trial 1 with cyper-methrin to reduce fly burdens. Percentage buffalo fly control was 96.7 to 99.5% and 89.3 to 100% in the 2 trials. Cattle fitted with ear tags gained an average of 94 kg body weight after 5 months compared with 61 kg in the untreated herd, a net increase of 60% in treated animals compared with 28% in the untreated herd. Mean diazinon residue concentrations in the fat of perianal tissue biopsies were 0.02 to 0.03 mg/kg 1 to 8 weeks after tagging. Mean diazinon residue concentrations in the butterfat of milk from lactating dairy cattle were 0.01 to 0.04 mg/kg after tagging.     

摩拉水牛PRKAA2基因多态性与生长性状的关联分析

试验旨在探讨PRKAA2基因在摩拉水牛群体中的遗传多态性及其与生长性状的关联性,进而得到显著相关的遗传标记,为摩拉水牛的分子标记辅助选择提供理论依据。利用DNA测序法等技术进行候选基因PRKAA2外显子4及部分内含子3单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）检测,并采用生物信息学方法结合统计软件分析PRKAA2基因与摩拉水牛生长性状的关联性。结果显示,摩拉水牛PRKAA2基因中共检测到4个SNPs位点：c.462 G>A、IVS3.557 T>C、IVS3.560 C>T和IVS3.565 G>A,均包含3种基因型,且符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。4个SNPs位点在水牛群体中均为中度多态,可以构建3种单倍型,T-C-G-G为优势单倍型,其中IVS3.560 C>T与c.462 G>A位点之间存在完全连锁不平衡,关联分析结果显示,单倍型H2与摩拉水牛体斜长和腰角宽呈显著相关（P<0.05）。c.462 G>A位点与摩拉水牛体高、十字部高、尻长、坐骨端宽和腰角宽呈显著相关,其中GG和AA基因型个体的体高和十字部高均显著高于GA基因型个体,GG基因型个体的尻长显著高于GA和AA基因型个体,AA基因型个体的坐骨端宽和腰角宽显著高于GA基因型个体（P<0.05）;IVS3.557 T>C位点与摩拉水牛的生长性状指标未达到显著相关（P>0.05）;IVS3.560 C>T位点与摩拉水牛体高、十字部高和尻长呈显著相关,其中CC和TT基因型个体的体高和十字部高均显著高于CT基因型个体,CC基因型个体的尻长显著高于CT基因型个体（P<0.05）;IVS3.565 G>A位点与体斜长呈显著相关,其中GG和GA基因型个体的体斜长显著高于AA基因型个体（P<0.05）。综上,PRKAA2基因的c.462 G>A、IVS3.560 C>T和IVS3.565 G>A位点对摩拉水牛部分生长性状均有显著影响,可作为摩拉水牛品种早期选育的候选基因和分子辅助标记。     

Effect of gender on slaughter and carcass traits in Anatolian water buffalo

This study determined the effect of gender on slaughter and carcass traits in Anatolian water buffalos reared under free range conditions in Turkey. Sixteen four-years-old Anatolian water buffalo were divided into two groups of eight males in one group and eight females in the other. The slaughter and carcass traits, carcass measurement, amount of worthy meat from each animal and phenotypic correlations among some carcass traits were determined. Chilling loss, slaughter weight and hot and cold carcass weights were 5.27%, 496.44 kg, 234.60 kg and 222.16 kg, respectively in males and 5.43%, 515.34 kg, 236.08 kg and 223.00 kg, respectively for females (P > 0.05). The ratio of skin and four leg weights (P < 0.05) and skin, head and the legs weights to the live-weight (P < 0.01) were found significantly higher in males than in female buffalos. In addition, from worthy meat, short loin was higher in males compared to females (P < 0.05). In this study, it is concluded that, generally carcass yield and amount of worthy meat in carcass tends to be higher in male water buffalo compared to females.     

水牛血液与乳中LDH活力的对比研究

利用不连续缓冲体系聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)进行乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶与生产性能的关系分析, 结果表明,水牛血清和乳中LDH都有5种同工酶,它们分别是LDH-1、LDH-2、LDH-3、LDH-4、LDH-5。其中LDH-1与产奶性能有较高的遗传相关,拟作为水牛遗传育种的附加标记。     

Osteopontin gene polymorphism association with milk traits and its expression analysis in milk of riverine buffalo

Osteopontin gene is regarded as a plausible candidate in mammary gland differentiation and development, expressed by variety of cells, tissues, and biological fluids including milk. The current study was performed in two phases. In the first phase, Osteopontin gene polymorphisms were identified and associated with milk composition such as ash, milk fat, SNF, lactose, and protein. In the second phase, milk samples from five healthy mastitis-free Nili Ravi buffaloes were analyzed for expression of Osteopontin gene at transition (day 15), mid (day 90), and end (day 250) stage of their second lactation. Briefly, blood samples were collected from Nili Ravi buffalo to isolate the genomic DNA, specific primers were designed for PCR amplification. The amplified PCR products were sequenced bi-directionally. Six polymorphisms were identified in the coding region and four in the intronic region of the gene. The results showed that SNP g.38329758 T > C causing substitution of valine to alanine (V127A) was associated with high milk protein. For mRNA expression analysis, somatic cells were separated from milk samples for RNA isolation. Analysis of differential gene expression data has permitted us to illustrate the expression pattern of osteopontin gene in lactating buffalo. The Osteopontin gene was found to be transcribed among all three lactation stages, but expression was observed with the highest value (fold change) in peak lactation and remained elevated till the end of lactation. Identified gene marker may be helpful for the prediction of superior animal for selection. The presented study also gave an insight into the genetic screening and lactation biology of riverine buffalo, offering direction for future research in lactating buffalo.