香梨杂种后代营养枝叶片与果实性状的相关性研究

为研究香梨杂交后代叶片性状与果实性状的相关性,通过叶片性状对香梨杂交后代进行早期预选。对香梨12个杂交组合的杂交后代的营养枝不同部位叶片、枝条性状和果实性状之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明：香梨杂交后代果实单果重、纵横径、果形指数等性状之间具有显著或极显著的正相关性。营养枝基部、中部和顶部叶片性状之间的相关性有所不同。基部叶片叶形指数与单果重、果实横径具有显著的正相关;中部叶片叶面积与果心大小呈极显著的负相关,与纵径呈显著的正相关;叶宽与果心大小呈极显著的负相关。顶部叶叶面积、叶宽与果心大小具有显著的负相关性。营养枝节间长度与果实单果重、纵横径呈显著正相关,可利用回归方程进行苗期或幼树期的预测。     

从遗址保护角度出发的冉庄旅游规划探究

冉庄地道战遗址位于河北省保定市西南30 km处的清苑县冉庄镇,是抗日战争中的一处重要战争遗址。此文探索的总体目标是全面保护冉庄地道战遗址地下、房内、房上三维立体作战体系相关遗存,保护和恢复相关历史环境与风貌。从遗址的总体保护角度出发,对文物本体及其历史环境进行整体保护,使冉庄地道成为游览观光的圣地。     

水稻茎秆性状与抗倒伏及产量因子的关系

以22个水稻品种（组合）为材料,研究水稻茎秆性状与抗倒性和产量因子的关系。结果表明：株高与倒伏指数呈显著或极显著正相关;壁厚、抗折力、节间粗和单位节间干重与倒伏指数多呈显著或极显著负相关;各节的抗折力与节间粗、壁厚和单位节间干重多呈显著或极显著正相关,与株高、秆长和节间长呈显著或极显著负相关。基部3个伸长节间的节间长度、壁厚、粗度和单位节间干重与千粒重多呈正相关,多数达到显著或极显著水平,说明秆壁粗壮厚实可以孕育大穗,并适当控制株高,对高产抗倒品种的培育有重要作用。     

茄子花培后代的观察与应用

对从长茄杂交种“牟尼卡”（编号06-1001）进行花药培养获得的花培品系二代（DH2）和三代（DH3）的主要植物学性状进行了观察与比较。结果表明,从同一接种材料可以获得不同类型的花培品系,其始花节位、果形指数和单果重变异幅度很大,15个二代品系中,有46.7%的品系始花节位与接种材料达到显著或极显著差异标准,有40.0%的品系果形指数与接种材料达到显著或极显著差异标准,有33.3%的品系单果重与接种材料达到显著或极显著差异标准。同一品系不同世代间始花节位、果实横径、果实纵径、果形指数和单果重能稳定遗传;品系内个体间始花节位、果实横径、果实纵径、果形指数和单果重变异系数较小(<10%),系内整齐一致。此外,初步选育的花培品系“06-139”和以花培品系为亲本的杂交组合“05-203”开始在农业生产中应用。     

豇豆始花节位遗传分析

为明确豇豆始花节位的遗传规律,应用数量性状的主基因+多基因遗传模型6世代联合分析方法,调查豇豆杂交组合‘Ju08-10’ב丰豇10号’的6个世代始花节位。利用南京农业大学章元明教授提供的植物主基因+多基因遗传分析软件,计算最适合的遗传模型及相应的遗传参数。结果显示,‘Ju08-10’ב丰豇10号’杂交组合的始花节位遗传符合加性-显性-上位性多基因模型,无主基因存在,F2群体多基因遗传率为71.64%,环境方差占表现型方差的比例为28.36%,说明豇豆始花节位是多基因控制的数量性状,始花节位易受环境因素的影响,早熟性(较低的始花节位)可以通过杂交后代选择实现,但定向选择会有较好的效果。     

八棱海棠自然实生后代人工种群表型性状的变异研究

为研究表型性状在八棱海棠种子实生后代中的分离变异特征,探索种质早期预选择的时期和方法,以人工定植的200株八棱海棠自然实生植株群体为材料,调查不同样本植株的19个表型性状。变异系数和相关性分析表明,八棱海棠自然实生后代各表型性状均分离明显,果实性状的分离最大,其次为枝条性状,花性状分离最小。相关性分析表明,不同表型性状间存在一定的相关性,枝、叶、果实各表型性状间呈显著或极显著相关,其中果实纵径、横径、果重间呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.960、0.945和0.965,树高、干径与其他表型性状间相关性不显著。     

甘蓝型杂交油菜主花序长度与植株性状的相关分析

为研究甘蓝型杂交油菜主花序长度与植株性状间的相关关系,以649 个甘蓝型杂交油菜组合进行田间试验、室内考种及相关分析。结果表明：甘蓝型杂交油菜主花序长度平均为45.67 cm,变幅范围为(28.00~66.65 cm),且长主花序材料很少;主花序长度的变异系数较小,遗传力较高,不易受坏境条件的影响,适合早代选择;主花序长度与株高(r=0.8262)、主花序角果数(r=0.7804)、单株角果数(r=0.7466)、一次分枝数(r=0.4680)、主花序角果长度(r=0.3164)、角粒数(r=0.2322)均呈极显著正相关,主花序长度与有效分枝位及千粒重呈不显著正相关,单株产量与单株角果数、主花序角果数、主花序长度、株高、一次分枝数均呈极显著正相关,主花序角果长度与角粒数、千粒重呈极显著正相关;利用相关性分析可知,选育长主花序的材料,能有效提高株高、主花序角果数、单株角果数、一次分枝数、主花序角果长度、角粒数,从而达到提高油菜产量的目的。结合当前直播或机播油菜高密植生产要求,应当选育主序长、主花 序角果数多、角果较长、单株产量高的材料。     

甜高粱抗倒伏性相关性状的配合力和遗传参数分析

为了科学、准确地评价钳高粱亲本系,为杭倒伏甜高梁品种的选育提供理论依据,选用4个不育系,6个恢复系,按不完全双列杂交法组配24个杂交组合,对甜高梁杭倒伏性相关性状进行调查,分析研究其亲本系配合力和遗传参数。结果表明,除不育系间5~7节长度差异达到显著水平,亲本系间其余性状差异不显著;区组间和不育系与恢复系互作间,除主茎秆鲜重和1~4节长度外,其他11个性状差异达到显著或极显著水平。13个性状的遗传力均较低,除1~4节长度外,其余12个性状的特殊配合力方差均大于一般配合力方差。在甜高粱杭倒伏杂交种选育时,应当首先考虑节间长度与茎粗,其次考虑倒伏系数、重心高度比例与主茎秆鲜重,并且应当注重特殊配合力。     

机采棉杂交后代主要株型性状与产量和品质的关系

【目的】从株型、产量及品质众多复杂因素中找出影响机械化生产较大的因素并进行遗传改良,选育适宜机械化生产的高产优质品种,提高棉花育种的效率。【方法】以陆地棉Z571与中棉所49杂交的F2:3群体为研究对象,应用统计软件SAS V8等分析其农艺性状的变异、方差和相关性。【结果】F2:3群体株系材料间农艺性状发生了显著分离,且后代中出现了许多超亲个体,在田间进行选择时要注意农艺性状之间复杂的关系;株高、单株果枝数与单位面积籽棉产量呈极显著正相关;单株果枝数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著负相关,与马克隆值呈现正相关;单株营养枝数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著正相关,与马克隆值呈现显著负相关;产量构成因素中的单位面积铃数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著正相关,与马克隆值呈极显著负相关,铃重和品质性状的相关性与单位面积铃数相反。【结论】株型性状与产量和品质之间均存在显著或极显著的遗传相关;高产高品质的株型特征为单株营养枝数较多;选育高产优质的棉花新品种时要选择铃数较多、铃重较小的材料。     

陆海杂种高代回交自交系纤维细度性状相关性分析

 利用陆地棉34B与海岛棉Giza70杂交所得的稳定的高代回交自交系BC₂F_4:6 、BC₂F_4:7家系,开展了三个环境下纤维细度等品质性状的相关分析。结果表明：1)纺纱均匀指数与长度、整齐度、比强度呈极显著正相关,与伸长率呈极显著负相关。纤维长度和比强度间均存在极显著的正相关,与伸长率呈极显著负相关。2) HVI 900测定的麦克隆值与比强度和纺纱均匀指数呈极显著负相关;成熟度比率与麦克隆值呈显著或极显著正相关,与线密度呈极显著负相关,与其它性状间的相关性三个环境下都不一致;线密度与纺纱均匀指数呈极显著正相关,与长度、比强度均达到极显著或显著负相关,与整齐度不相关,与伸长率为负相关。相对而言,线密度与各性状的相关性要比HVI 900测定的麦克隆值和成熟度比率稳定,受环境影响小,有必要进一步加强对线密度的选择及深入研究。     

Juvenile phase and growth of apple and pear seedlings

It was investigated whether and to what extent the duration of the juvenile phase of pear and apple seedlings is related to their vegetative growth. The juvenile phase was defined as the period in years that the seedling remains vegetative; the trunk diameter served as a measure of vegetative vigour. The following observations were made:

1. 1)

   A significant negative correlation exists between the duration of the juvenile phase and the vigour of the seedling (as measured by trunk diameter).

2. 2)

   Environmental conditions with respect to weather, soil and cultural practices which promote or restrict growth, tend to shorten or lengthen the juvenile phase accordingly by their influence on the time required for the attainment of a certain minimum size which at least partly determines the attainment of the flowering condition.

3. 3)

   The weak rootstock M. IX significantly accelerated the onset of flowering of apple seedlings by about 1 1/2 years; this rootstock appears to combine a retarding effect on growth with a specific influence on flowering.

     

Juvenile period and precocity of apple and pear seedlings

The existence of a genetical relation between the precocity of the parents and the length of the juvenile period of their progeny suggested a similar relation between precocity in the juvenile and in the adult phase of a seedling. This was confirmed in a trial with adult apple and pear seedlings budded on a rootstock. The percentage of trees which flowered in the third year following budding was higher when the juvenile period had been shorter. This relation should be taken into consideration in breeding.     

黑龙江省水稻主栽品种农艺性状与产量的相关性研究

通过对黑龙江省28个水稻主栽品种的农艺性状及产量构成因素之间的相关性分析,得出株高与穗长、倒三茎长、倒三叶长呈极显著的正相关;在产量构成因素中,穗粒数与理论产量呈极显著的正相关,相关系数为0.535（r0.05=0.374 r0.01=0.478 n=28）;穗粒数与剑叶宽、倒二叶长、倒二宽、倒三叶长、倒三叶宽呈显著或极显著的正相关;叶片的宽度与结实率呈显著或极显著的负相关,与理论产量呈显著或极显著的正相关。     

黑龙江省水稻根系性状与地上部性状的关系

为了探讨寒地水稻根系性状与地上部性状在不同生育阶段的关系,以黑龙江省的3个超级稻品种和3个普通品种为试验材料进行田间试验。结果表明,根长在不同的生育时期与结实率、各节间长、粗和粒数、一次支梗数呈正相关;根系体积与粒数、株高、与一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数在分蘖盛期为负相关,拔节孕穗期以后为正相关;根系干重在分蘖盛期与穗数呈极显著的负相关（r=-0.92**）,而与穗粒数、一次枝梗数和一次枝梗粒数均呈极显著的正相关的关系。根冠比在齐穗后与产量呈显著或极显著正相关（r=0.84*～0.96**）。     

不同密度下主茎亚有限型大豆株型及产量的变化规律

为研究主茎亚有限型大豆株型及产量的变化规律,以窄行密植大豆品种‘合丰51’为试验材料,研究不同种植密度条件下大豆品种株高、茎粗、主茎节数及节间长度、倒伏率以及产量的变化规律。结果表明,随着种植密度的增加,株高呈不断增加趋势;茎粗呈不断下降趋势;主茎节数变化幅度不明显,节间长度不断增加,株高增加为节间伸长所致;倒伏率不断增加;产量呈先增加后降低的趋势。上述性状均与种植密度相关性达到极显著水平,并在40 万株/hm2条件下达到最高产量,说明窄行密植大豆品种‘合丰51号’具有较高的密植潜力。     

A comparison of apple and pear seedlings with reference to the juvenile period I. Seedling growth and yield

Summary Several thousand apple and pear seedlings of many progenies were studied in connection with their juvenile period (J.P.). The initially significant inverse relation between the vigour (stem diameter) and the J.P. of the seedlings became insignificant as the trees grew older, due to a retardation of growth occurring when the seedlings become generative. This relation can be used effectively in pre-selecting for vigour in the nursery. Cumulative yields were higher when the J.P. was shorter, but there was no evident link between the J.P. and annual yield in full bearing, that is to say, precocity and preductivity are not directly connected. Better growing conditions and pre-selection have shortened the mean progeny J.P. of either crop by three years since the 1950's. Generally, the pear seedlings appear to grow faster, to become generative slower and to yield lower than comparable apple seedlings. The mean J.P. of apple and pear progenies averaged 4.2 and 6.0 years respectively. The difference between apple and pear may be attributable to a greater selection pressure on both precocity and productivity with apple than with pear.This possibly also led to a smaller tree in the productive phase on the assumption that tree size at first flowering-small at a short, large at a long J.P.-expresses reproductive efficiency and as such is reflected in the size of the adult tree.Also presented at the Juvenility Symposium held at West-Berlin, November 1976.     

黑皮冬瓜小孢子发育与花蕾形态建成的相关性研究

对4个黑皮冬瓜品种的小孢子发育进行了细胞学观察,并比较分析了小孢子发育与花蕾形态建成的相关性。结果表明,4个黑皮冬瓜品种的小孢子发育过程相同,可分为四分体时期、单核居中期、单核靠边期、单核有丝分裂期和双核期5个时期。小孢子发育与雄花蕾形态建成密切关联,小孢子直径与蕾径、蕾长、萼长、瓣长及雄蕊直径均呈对数式的正相关。因此,黑皮冬瓜小孢子发育时期可以根据雄花蕾的形态指标判定。黑皮冬瓜小孢子发育处于单核靠边期的雄花蕾蕾长0.54~0.76 cm,蕾径0.53~0.73 cm,萼长0.78~1.18 cm,瓣长0.49~0.60 cm,雄蕊直径0.39~0.53 cm,蕾长/蕾径0.99~1.06,萼长/瓣长1.68~1.97,着生于开花节之上的第7~8节。     

脱毒果蔗旱地栽培试验效果研究

为了评价在旱地上栽培脱毒果蔗相比于未脱毒果蔗的优势所在,选用黑皮果蔗拔地拉茎尖脱毒苗第三代种茎和未脱毒种茎,在有微喷灌条件的旱地进行栽培比较试验,在果蔗工艺成熟期进行产量性状、蔗茎外观性状、品质、根系、绿叶等调查测定。结果表明,脱毒果蔗与未脱毒果蔗相比,株高增加25.3 cm,节间长度增长1.24 cm,茎粗增加0.12 cm,单茎重提高0.6 kg,蔗茎产量增产23.45%;蔗茎花皮蔗率低9.45个百分点;田间锤度、可溶性糖分别降低0.28、0.17个百分点;纤维素含量低0.34个百分点;商品蔗率提高10.3个百分点,每公斤销价高0.1元,单位面积产值提高48.44%;旱地劳动力成本比水田地降低46.03%。由此得出,旱地栽培脱毒果蔗,根系发达,功能叶片数增加,不仅提高产量,且可提高经济收入,是发展果蔗栽培的一种新方法。     

Genetical studies of quantitative characters in peas. 2. A six-parent diallel cross of cultivars and primitive forms

Summary Results from the F₁ generation of a set of 6×6 full diallel crosses involving representatives of wild forms, primitive and European cultivars are described. The aim was to compare the systems of genetic control in the parents used in the present experiment with those known to operate in a number of contemporary cultivars. The plant characters analysed were days to and node of first flower, internode length, number of flowers per node and number of ovules per pod.Different systems of genetic control were found in some of the parents used in this experiment from those characteristic of cultivars in that dominance, and in some cases interaction, have been found to operate. The most extreme difference concerned earliness of flowering which results from an accumulation mulation of dominant alleles in primitive forms, but an accumulation of recessives in those European and North American cultivars so far analysed in detail. Only one of the characters would appear to be under a system of genetic control similar to that of cultivars, node of first flower.These results are discussed in relation to those obtained from the analyses of previous sets of diallel crosses.     

莲藕克隆构型与环境的关系

对莲〔Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn〕在水田及鱼塘的克隆生长格局进行了研究,调查了三个或三个以上的品种莲的叶片大小、叶柄高度、节间长度、分枝角度、分枝节位、结藕节位等参数。结果表明,莲根茎分枝类型为单轴型,新生的次生根茎交替着水平伸向上级根茎的两侧,分枝角度62.6~98.7°,品种之间存在差异。不同品种莲叶柄高度、叶柄粗度、根状茎节间长度、根状茎节间粗度随着植株生长越来越大,与以前报道并不一致。主枝结藕节位可作为判断莲藕熟性的指标之一。莲克隆构型在不同品种、不同生长环境之间有明显差异。