蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥类富里酸的表征及特性研究

分别用焦磷酸钠和氢氧化钠浸提新鲜牛粪、蜉金龟堆肥(APCM)和自然堆肥(腐熟牛粪)产物中的类富里酸,采用元素分析、红外光谱及差热分析研究其结构特征.元素分析结果表明,自然堆肥焦磷酸钠浸提物类富里酸(NaFLA)的芳香性、碳水化合物及含氮化合物的含量均高于新鲜牛粪和蜉金龟堆肥.新鲜牛粪氢氧化钠浸提物类富里酸(PAFLA)的芳香性、碳水化合物均高于自然堆肥和蜉金龟堆肥;而自然堆肥PAFLA的含氮化合物含量高于新鲜牛粪.红外光谱分析表明蜉金龟堆肥NaFLA的羧酸脂类化合物及酮类化合物有所增加;自然堆肥和蜉金龟堆肥PAFLA的氢键强度、芳化度高于新鲜牛粪PAFLA.差热分析结果表明,与新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥相比,蜉金龟堆肥NaFLA分子中脂族化合物分解及外围官能团的脱羧和彻底氧化,分子内部芳香结构分解.与新鲜牛粪PAFLA相比,蜉金龟堆肥及自然堆肥PAFLA的脂族性较强,芳香性较弱.     

蜉金龟堆肥施入后土壤腐殖质表征及特性研究

采用元素组成、红外光谱及差热分析对土壤施用蜉金龟堆肥后腐殖质结构特征的变化进行表征。元素分析结果表明,与对照处理相比,土壤施用蜉金龟堆肥后焦磷酸钠浸提胡敏酸(NaHA)、氢氧化钠浸提胡敏酸(PAHA)、焦磷酸钠浸提富里酸(NaFA)及氢氧化钠浸提富里酸(PAFA)的碳含量增加,H/C减小,表明施肥后土壤腐植酸(胡敏酸和富里酸)的芳香性增加。差热分析结果表明,与NaHA相比,对照处理和施蜉金龟堆肥PAHA的高温放热峰消失,说明PAHA的热稳定性低于NaHA;而NaFA在两种处理中的中温反应热也均高于PAFA,进一步说明了氢氧化钠浸提腐植酸的热稳定性高于焦磷酸钠浸提的腐植酸。红外光谱结果表明,两种提取剂提取的土壤腐植酸均含有大量的芳香化合物和碳水化合物。综上,两种提取剂对土壤腐植酸在热性质及官能团的组成上存在着差异性。     

添加腐熟粪及蜉金龟堆肥过程中碳氮转化与腐殖质的变化

利用蜉金龟(Aphodiidae)对哺乳动物粪便的喜食性,将200条蜉金龟放入400kg的新鲜牛粪(以鲜重计)中进行堆肥试验,研究堆肥过程中碳氮转化特征及腐殖质变化,并在堆肥的49d内,根据堆温采样7次,分析堆肥样品中温度、pH、氮素及腐殖质的变化情况。研究结果表明,接种蜉金龟处理的升温效率最佳,堆肥第3天时即达最高堆温(46.9℃);pH值在堆肥第35天时达到高峰,为8.88,显著高于新鲜牛粪和添加腐熟粪处理;堆肥49d后,接种蜉金龟处理的NH4+-N含量分别比新鲜牛粪和添加腐熟粪处理降低了26.4,41.9mg/kg。添加腐熟粪处理堆肥第21天时的NH4+-N含量最高,为142.7mg/kg,分别显著高于新鲜牛粪和接种蜉金龟处理28d时的42.1,27.1mg/kg;添加腐熟粪处理的NO3--N含量增幅最高,为244.2%,分别显著高于新鲜牛粪和接种蜉金龟处理104.4%,182.2%。堆肥49d与0d相比,添加腐熟粪处理的有机碳含量降幅最高,为39.9%,类胡敏酸的E4/E6值降幅最大,为19.3%。     

不同处理牛粪对植菜土壤腐殖质结构特征的影响

通过元素组成分析法、红外光谱分析法(IR)、核磁共振光谱分析法(13 C-NMR)等现代分析方法,研究施用新鲜牛粪、腐解牛粪和蛴螬牛粪2a后对植菜轮作土壤胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥(CK)相比,不同牛粪处理对植菜土壤胡敏酸和富里酸的元素组成影响有较大的差异,各牛粪处理均引发植菜土壤胡敏酸C含量和C/H降低,O含量、O/C和(N+O)/C升高,富里酸C含量和C/N升高,N、O含量和O/C降低,降低了植菜土壤胡敏酸的缩合程度,升高了土壤胡敏酸的氧化程度和极性,降低了植菜土壤富里酸的氧化程度。不同牛粪处理使植菜土壤胡敏酸的脂肪族化合物减少,且均含有苯基碳、酚羟基C、芳香醚和(或)与O、N等取代基邻、对位的连H芳香C,使芳构化程度增加,富里酸的脂肪族化合物增加,芳香类、羧基类化合物减少,芳构化程度降低。不同牛粪处理的植菜土壤未改变土壤腐殖质的基本结构特征,只引起植菜土壤的结构单元和官能团数量上的差异。     

有机肥腐解过程的红外光谱研究

对玉米秸秆、树叶、鸡粪及牛粪4种有机肥腐解过程中形成的水溶性有机物(WOM)进行了化学分析并做了红外光谱研究。结果表明,不同的有机肥的WOM总量及各组分的含量有很大的差异,树叶和玉米秸秆腐解形成的WOM中,水溶性胡敏酸(WHA)所占的比例较大;而牛粪和鸡粪腐解形成的WOM中,水溶性小分子有机物(WLOM)所占的比例较大。随着有机肥的腐解,所形成的WLOM中,脂肪族化合物、酰胺类化合物逐渐减少,有机酸的比例不断增大。WHA中的甲基、亚甲基和次甲基的含量升高,脂族性增强,酰胺结构成分逐渐减少。树叶腐解形成的碱提胡敏酸(AHA)的脂肪链结构和碳水化合物成分含量较低。牛粪腐解形成的AHA的脂肪链结构成分和碳水化合物成分含量较高。鸡粪腐解形成的AHA缺乏脂肪链结构成分,碳水化合物成分含量较高。而玉米秸秆腐解形成的AHA在不同的腐解时期有一定差异。     

畜禽粪便堆肥溶解态有机质三维荧光光谱特征及Cu络合

畜禽粪便中溶解态有机质（DOM）易与Cu发生络合,从而促进其向土壤溶液和地表水体中迁移。该文对比分析堆肥前后猪粪和牛粪DOM三维荧光光谱特征变化,并通过荧光猝灭滴定法研究了堆肥对猪粪和牛粪中DOM与Cu络合的影响。研究发现,未经堆腐的猪粪和牛粪DOM中均存在较强的类蛋白荧光峰,包括类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰;除了类蛋白峰,牛粪DOM中还出现了类腐殖质荧光峰。经过堆肥后,猪粪DOM中类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰强度显著减弱,并在可见光激发区域出现类腐殖质峰;与猪粪堆肥类似,牛粪堆肥后类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰也隐没不现,在紫外激发区域出现类腐殖质峰,同时可见光激发区的类腐殖质峰荧光强度减弱,位置发生红移。荧光猝灭试验结果显示,猪粪和牛粪堆肥后与Cu络合容量显著降低。因此,堆肥后改变了畜禽粪便DOM组成,生成大量胡敏酸和富里酸物质,从而降低畜禽粪便中DOM-Cu络合物的迁移性和生物可利用性。     

海泡石添加对猪粪堆肥腐熟和水溶性有机质的影响

为明确黏土矿物的投加对畜禽粪便堆肥腐熟和稳定化的影响,该研究以猪粪和杨木木屑为原料,探究添加海泡石对堆肥基本理化性质、不同成分有机质含量以及溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)结构的影响。结果表明,添加海泡石后堆体最高温度比对照有所下降且电导率上升9.69%,而C/N则降低2.81%,同时种子发芽指数提高11.96%,显示腐熟状况更好;DOM含量降低7.84%而胡敏酸占比提高9.71%,使得堆体有机质更加稳定。荧光光谱分析表明,添加海泡石堆体DOM的荧光谱图中,长波长的峰强在较短时间内出现了明显增加;三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析显示,添加海泡石增加了堆体中高芳香性组分的占比。相关性分析结果表明,添加海泡石后,高芳香性组分与总有机碳之间相关性更为显著,说明海泡石在碳素分解的同时促进了其聚合,从而出现了胡敏酸与高芳香性荧光组分的增长。添加海泡石既能促进堆体腐熟,又可转化调控碳素进而提高堆体稳定性,有利于堆肥的后续农田施用。     

有机物料施用下原生盐碱土胡敏酸结构特征

为研究不同有机物料对原生盐碱土胡敏酸官能团组成的影响,以吉林省大安市原生盐碱地为研究对象,设置空白处理(CK)、颗粒状秸秆处理(KL)、正常玉米秸秆处理(JG)、牧草处理(MC)和羊粪处理(YF),通过红外光谱与主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)相结合,研究不同有机物料施用下土壤胡敏酸红外光谱特征。结果表明,有机物料各处理与CK处理相比增加了土壤胡敏酸中脂肪碳和芳香碳的相对含量,减少了羧基碳的含量。除KL处理外,其他处理均增加了土壤胡敏酸中氨基化合物的相对含量。同时有机物料的施用增加了土壤胡敏酸的脂族碳/羧基碳和脂族碳/芳香碳比值,表征有机物料的施用使得土壤胡敏酸结构缩合度和氧化度下降,脂族性增强,芳香性降低,胡敏酸结构趋于脂族化、简单化、年轻化。对比两种秸秆处理,发现KL处理更有利于土壤新形成结构年轻化、简单化、脂族性强的胡敏酸分子。根据PCA结果,有机物料的施用是土壤中脂族性碳、芳香族碳以及氨基化合物的主要来源之一,为探讨胡敏酸官能团的来源提供依据。通过红外光谱结合PCA,发现了土壤胡敏酸官能团组成对有机物料的不同响应,为研究有机物料的施用对土壤胡敏酸性质的影响机制提供理论依据。     

玉米秸秆腐解过程中形成胡敏酸的组成和结构研究

采用化学方法和谱学方法对玉米秸秆腐解生成胡敏酸（CCSR HA）的组成和结构进行了研究.结果表明,CCSR HA的碳组成可分成三个部分：脂肪族碳、芳香族碳和羧基碳,它们的含量分别为59.62%、26.94%和13.44%.CCSR HA主要的官能团包括羟基、烷基、羧基、酰胺基、苯环、烷氧基及碳水化合物结构,木质素残体是其骨架,碳水化合物结构或类糖结构及烷基片段是其主要组成单元.其类型属于Rp型胡敏酸.未腐解的玉米秸秆本身就含有类胡敏酸物质（OCSR HA）,OCSR HA和CCSR HA的官能团组成上有一定差异,后者结构中,甲基、亚甲基、次甲基、醚键官能团和酚羟基的含量降低,而酰胺成分、游离的羧基、甲氧基、碳水化合物组分相对含量升高,脂族性升高,芳香性降低,芳香度由初始的42.19降至腐解后的29.97,并且与无机物质的结合能力增强.就元素组成的变化看,CCSR HA中C和H元素的含量趋于降低,而N和O元素的含量趋于升高.CCSR HA同土壤胡敏酸相比,糖类结构含量较高,并且以片段的形式与水解木质素残体相连.羧基含量较低,但以不同的连接方式存在着.     

有机物料对盐土腐殖物质组成和结构特征的影响

通过室内培养试验研究了秸秆、秸秆堆肥、秸秆生物质炭对黄河三角洲地区盐土腐殖物质组成和结构特征的影响。结果表明,秸秆、秸秆堆肥和秸秆生物质炭主要增加了胡敏素含量,由对照的5.48 g·kg~(–1)分别增加至11.20 g·kg~(–1)、16.66 g·kg~(–1)和20.60 g·kg~(–1)。秸秆堆肥和生物质炭配施胡敏酸含量增加至1.36 g·kg~(–1),秸秆处理的富里酸由培养30 d时的3.77 g·kg~(–1)下降至3.32 g·kg~(–1)。土壤胡敏素含量与土壤有机碳含量在培养30 d(R~2=0.84,P 0.001,n=10)和180 d(R~2=0.98,P 0.001,n=10)时均呈显著正相关关系。秸秆、秸秆堆肥、生物质炭均有利于富里酸脂族碳相对含量的增加。生物质炭有利于土壤胡敏酸芳香类物质的增加;而秸秆或秸秆堆肥进入土壤初期,尤其是秸秆堆肥更有利于胡敏酸中脂族和碳水化合物或多糖类物质的积累。总之,生物质炭主要增加了胡敏素含量,秸秆堆肥与生物质炭配施更有利于增加胡敏酸含量。秸秆在进入土壤初期增加了富里酸含量。生物质炭与秸秆或秸秆堆肥配施时,生物质炭所占比例对胡敏素含量、胡敏酸芳香类物质含量和富里酸脂族碳含量影响较大。     

Vermicomposting of biosolids with cow manure and oat straw

Biosolids, mainly from textile industries and the rest from households, were vermicomposted with Eisenia fetida, cow manure and oat straw for 2 months at three different moisture contents (60%, 70% and 80% dry weight base) in triplicate to reduce pathogens and toxic organic compounds, and to find the best medium for growth of E. fetida. The vermicompost with the best stability and maturity and a weight loss of 18% was obtained with 1,800 g biosolid, no straw and 800 g manure at 70% water content. This vermicompost had the following properties: pH 7.9; organic C content of 163 g kg^–1; an electrolytic conductivity of 11 mS cm^–1; a humic-to-fulvic acid ratio of 0.5 (HA/FA); total N content of 9 g kg^–1; water soluble C (C_w) less than 0.5%; cation exchange capacity of 41 cmol_c kg^–1; a respiration rate of 188 mg CO₂-C kg^–1 compost-C day^–1; a NO₃^–/CO₂ ratio greater than 8; and a NH₄⁺/NO₃^– ratio lower than 0.16. The vermicompost gave a germination index for cress (Lepidium sativum) of 80% after 2 months while the earthworm production increased 1.2-fold and volatile solids decreased five times. In addition, the vermicompost contained less than 3 CFU g^–1Salmonella spp., no fecal coliforms and Shigella spp. and no eggs of helminths. Concentration of sodium was 152 mg kg^–1 dry compost, while concentrations of chromium, copper, zinc and lead were below the limits established by the USEPA.     

Estimation of the amount of nutrients in livestock manure

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 283–291, 2006)

Nutrient amounts in livestock manure management, including manure treatment and use, were estimated using published statistical data and other information. The eight categories for manure treatment were defined in this study as composting at facility, composting at stockyard, raw feces, dried feces, urine, slurry, purification and other. The three categories for use of manure were defined as application to farmland, sale and exchange and other.

The regional daily excretion units per head of dairy and beef cattle, including the amount of excreta, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), were calculated based on the quantities and qualities of feed in each region. There was found to be a difference in the values for Hokkaido and other regions.

Concerning manure treatment methods in the dairy sector, the sum of the proportion of raw feces and compost at stockyard was high in Hokkaido. On the other hand, the sum of the proportion of composting at facility and dried feces was high in Hokuriku, Tokai, Kinki and Shikoku. In Kyushu, the proportion of slurry production was higher than in any other region.

The amounts of N, P, and K in compost estimated in this study were compared with those calculated from published statistics. The results were as follows. The amounts of N, P, and K in dairy cattle compost, N and K in beef cattle compost, and N in poultry compost in this study were similar to the amounts cited in reported statistics. The amounts of P in beef cattle, swine, and poultry compost in this study were lower than those cited in reported statistics.

As for the use of manure, application to farmland is the most common use of manure in the dairy and beef cattle sector. The proportions of purification, and sale and exchange were high for the swine and poultry sectors, respectively.

Large amounts of liquid manure, such as urine and slurry, are applied to farmland. To clarify the nutrient load resulting from liquid manure, the usable amount of dairy slurry was calculated based on both the standard application rate of fertilizer and the area of grassland and forage crops. As a result, the amount of usable N was lower than the amount of liquid manure N in the Kanto-Tosan, Tokai and Kinki regions.     

家畜圈舍粪尿表层酸化对氨气排放的影响

氨气是形成雾霾前体物的关键物质,而家畜养殖圈舍是氨气的重要排放源。本文选择圈舍环节新鲜猪粪和牛粪作为试验样品,利用动态箱-硼酸吸收法,研究了不同类型酸和不同剂量酸的表层酸化对圈舍粪尿氨排放的影响,探讨圈舍氨减排的方法。研究发现：按0.31 mL·cm^-2的喷施量在猪粪表层喷施0.012 mol·L^-1和0.006 mol·L^-1乳酸,24 h氨累积排放量可分别减少43%（P<0.05）和32%（P=0.07）;喷施0.017 mol·L^-1和0.009 mol·L^-1磷酸后,氨排放可分别减少74%（P<0.01）和61%（P<0.05）;粪尿表面喷洒0.017 mol·L^-1磷酸72 h后仍可减少氨排放64%（P<0.01）。另外,用同样方法对牛粪酸化可降低氨排放80%左右,且在不添加新粪的情况下,粪尿表层酸化间隔对24 h内氨减排效率无显著影响。同时,粪尿表面酸化仅改变粪尿表层pH,对粪尿整体pH无显著影响。综上所述：圈舍粪尿表面酸化可以大幅度降低氨气挥发,其减排效果与酸的种类、浓度及粪尿类型有关,是一种实现圈舍氨减排且经济可行的方法,此研究也可为家畜养殖业圈舍酸化氨减排技术提供科学数据支撑。     

Effect of the long-term application of organic matter on soil carbon accumulation and GHG emissions from a rice paddy field in a cool-temperate region,Japan-II. Effect of different compost applications-

ABSTRACT

The influence of long-term application of different types of compost on rice grain yield, CH₄ and N₂O emissions, and soil carbon storage (0 ? 30 cm) in rice paddy fields was clarified. Two sets of paddy fields applied with rice straw compost or livestock manure compost mainly derived from cattle were used in this study. Each set comprised long-term application (LT) and corresponding control (CT) plots. The application rates for rice straw compost (42 years) and livestock manure compost (41 years in total with different application rates) were 20 Mg fresh weight ha^–1. Soil carbon storage increased by 33% and 37% with long-term application of rice straw compost and livestock manure compost, respectively. The soil carbon sequestration rate by the organic matter application was 23% higher with the livestock manure compost than with the rice straw compost. The rice grain yield in the LT plot was significantly higher than that in the corresponding CT plot with both types of compost. Although the difference was not significant in the rice straw compost, cumulative CH₄ emissions increased with long-term application of both composts. Increase rate of CH₄ emission with long-term application was higher in the livestock manure compost (99%) than that in the rice straw compost (26%). In both composts, the long-term application did not increase N₂O emission significantly. As with the rice straw compost, the increase in CH₄ emission with the long-term application of livestock manure compost exceeded the soil carbon sequestration rate, and the change in the net greenhouse gas (GHG) balance calculated by the difference between them was positive, indicating a net increase in the GHG emissions. The increase in CH₄ and net GHG emissions owing to the long-term application of the livestock manure compost could be higher than that of the rice straw compost owing to the amount of applied carbon, the quality of compost and the soil carbon accumulation. The possibility that carbon sequestration in the subsoil differs depending on the type of composts suggests the importance of including subsoil in the evaluation of soil carbon sequestration by long-term application of organic matter.     

采用EEM-FRI方法研究黑曲霉对牛粪堆肥腐熟及纤维素降解影响

为了优化堆肥工艺,提高堆肥产品质量,研究黑曲霉对牛粪堆肥腐熟度和纤维素降解的影响.该研究以牛粪为原料,小麦秸秆为辅料,以不添加黑曲霉为对照,分别添加1％、2％和3％的黑曲霉进行好氧堆肥,研究了黑曲霉不同添加量对腐熟度指标、养分含量、腐殖质组成以及纤维素组分的影响,并采用激发发射荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分(Excitati...     

金盏菊栽培中园林废弃物堆肥与牛粪替代泥炭的效果分析

  【目的】   探究园林废弃物堆肥和牛粪有机肥替代进口泥炭用于金盏菊 (Calendula officinalis L.) 无土栽培的可行性。   【方法】   在添加10% 珍珠岩和10% 蛭石 (体积比) 不变的条件下，将园林废弃物堆肥和牛粪有机肥按照V_{园林废弃物堆肥}∶V_{牛粪有机肥} = 4∶0 (T1)、3∶1 (T2)、2∶2 (T3)、1∶3 (T4) 和0∶4 (T5) 配制栽培基质，并以T0处理 (10% 珍珠岩 + 10% 蛭石 + 80% 进口泥炭) 作为对照，总计6种栽培基质，用于金盏菊无土栽培。在180 天的温室培育后，测定并分析金盏菊总鲜质量、根鲜质量、地上部分鲜质量、根长、花朵数、冠幅以及株高等指标，利用冗余 (RDA) 分析探究影响金盏菊各形态指标的主要因素，并根据植株形态指标综合评价体系来评估金盏菊生长状况，最终确定不同配比的栽培基质品质的优劣。   【结果】   T0处理与T1处理的金盏菊根系发育优于T2～T5处理；T1～T5处理的金盏菊地上部分生长情况均优于对照组T0处理，其中T5处理的金盏菊株高、冠幅生长效果最优，T2处理的金盏菊花朵数增多效果最优；T1～T5处理金盏菊生物量积累均高于对照组T0处理。通过RDA分析可知，金盏菊地上部分的生长、总鲜质量和地上部分鲜质量主要受栽培基质的速效磷、速效钾、全氮、pH、电导率 (EC值) 和容重影响；金盏菊地下部分生长情况主要受栽培基质的EC值、有机质、总孔隙度、通气孔隙和持水孔隙影响。通过综合评价可知，T1处理栽培基质条件下金盏菊综合评价指数最高 (0.72)，金盏菊的综合生长状况最优。   【结论】   园林废弃物堆肥和牛粪有机肥替代进口泥炭进行金盏菊无土栽培可以有效提高金盏菊品质，降低我国花卉无土栽培对进口泥炭的依赖。其中，以10% 蛭石 + 10% 珍珠岩+80% 园林废弃物堆肥对金盏菊生长最为有利，既可利用廉价的有机固体废弃物，又可提高金盏菊的生产效益。      

Liming effects of beef cattle feedlot manure or compost

Abstract

Soil pH can be increased by manure or compost application because feed rations usually contain calcium carbonate. This study was conducted from 1992 to 1996 to evaluate effects of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N)‐based manure and compost application management strategies on soil pH level. Composted and uncomposted beef cattle (Bos taunts) feedlot manure was applied to supply N or P needs of corn (Zea mays L.) for either a one‐ or two‐year period. Phosphorus‐based manure or compost treatments also received additional fertilizer N (ammonium nitrate) to provide for a total of 151‐kg available N ha^‐1 yr^‐1. Fertilized and unfertilized checks also were included. Manure and composted manure contained about 9 g CaCO₃kg^‐1 resulting in application rates of up to 1730 kg CaCO₃ ha^‐1 in 4 years. The surface soil (0–150 mm) pH was significantly decreased with ammonium nitrate application compared to soil in the unfertilized check or to soil receiving manure or compost. Soil pH was significantly increased with the N‐based management strategy compared with the soil original level. In contrast, 4 yr of P‐based manure and compost application strategy maintained soil pH at the original level. Nitrogen‐based applications resulted in higher soil pH than P‐based. Beef cattle feedlot manure and compost can be good sources of CaCO₃ for soils requiring lime addition.     

The interactive effects of biochar and cow manure on rice growth and selected properties of salt-affected soil

Salt-affected soil induces detrimental influences on paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and ameliorating the influences could be done with organic amendments, such as animal manure and biochar. The aims of the current study are: (1) to examine the interactive effects of biochar and cow manure on rice growth and on selected properties of salt-affected soil, and (2) to identify potential mechanisms related to the amendments. Saline-sodic soil was used for a net house experiment with two experimental factors: biochar (no-biochar, rice-husk, and -straw biochar) and cow manure (with and without cow manure). Without the manure, addition of both rice-hush and – straw biochar significantly increased rice growth, whereas a combination of individual biochar with manure did not show a positive synergistic effect. The interactive effect of two factors was not significant on available P and exchangeable K concentrations, but the main effects of the two factors were significant. Biochar addition resulted in higher soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) (28.8 to 29.0 cmol_c kg^?1) than the control (25.6 cmol_c kg^?1), but manure addition did not. Improved nutrient availabilities such as P and K, as well as CEC are among the potential mechanisms accounting for the enhanced rice growth with biochar.     

蚯蚓生物床工程处理对牛粪性质的影响

利用蚯蚓处理有机固体废弃物比传统技术手段具有更明显的优越性,得到越来越广泛的关注。试验通过蚯蚓生物床工程处理牛粪,采用室内分析的方法研究处理前后性质变化特征。结果表明：牛粪经蚯蚓生物床处理后的通水性和透气性得到明显改善,易干燥,无臭气,含水率和电导率明显下降,pH值趋于中性。蚯蚓生物床工程处理使全氮和有机质含量下降,提高了铵态氮、硝态氮、全钾、全磷、有机磷、无机磷和速效磷的含量,降低了钾的生物有效性,对腐殖酸含量无明显影响。对Cr、Cd和Cu的去除效果较好,对Pb、Mn、Zn和Fe的去除效果不佳。蚯蚓生物床工程处理过程丰富了蚯蚓粪中微生物区系,增加了过氧化氢酶活性,降低了脲酶活性,使牛粪中的碳水化合物发生逐步分解,生成腐殖物质,同时使水溶性有机硅化合物分解为无机硅氧化物。