不同接种方法对甘蓝黑腐病菌胞外多糖突变体症状产生的影响

 1992~1994年采用中国水稻白叶枯病菌致病型研究方法,测定108个以江汉稻区为主的湖北水稻白叶枯病分离菌珠,在5个中国鉴别品种(IR26、爪哇14、南粳15、特特普和金则30)成株上的抗感反应,将病菌划分为O、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ致病型。Ⅳ型菌31个,占参试菌株的28.7%,占采样县(市)的61.1%,出现频率最高,分布最广,是江汉稻区流行的优势致病型,其次是Ⅲ、Ⅱ型菌。此结果与1989~1991年测定湖北省白叶枯病致病型结果基本一致,流行优势致病型仍是Ⅳ型,但致病力指数由1989~1991年的72.3下降至59.3,菌株毒力有所减弱。白叶枯病是江汉稻区水稻生产的潜在威胁,而目前种植的水稻品种多不抗IV型菌,所以今后在育种过程中,要多考虑转育含Xa-4基因品种。在白叶枯病疫区建议种植抗性稳定的扬辐籼2号、扬稻4号、秀水664、威优64等品种。     

水稻突变品系XM6对白叶枯病一个隐性抗性基因的鉴定

根据等位性试验表明,水稻突变品系XM6携有的单个对菲律宾白叶枯病小种的隐性抗性基因与已知的4个隐性抗性基因Xa-5,Xa-8,Xa-13和Xa-19是不等位的,该隐性基因被称为Xa-20。用XM6和具有上述4个隐性抗性基因的水稻品种间杂交的F_1植株和F_2群体与原始品种IR24相比较,表明XM6的抽穗期较早,植株重量较低,穗头较短。XM6也高抗日本水稻白叶枯病小种1到4。     

水稻对白叶枯病强毒菌系Ⅴ型菌的抗性研究

作者报道了水稻对广东白叶枯病强毒菌系Ⅴ型菌抗性研究与抗源筛选评价结果。从1076份国内外水稻种质资源中筛选出29份抗病材料,占2.70％。其中IRBB7等5份具有广谱、高抗兼较好农艺性状。由日本和国际水稻所鉴定的14个抗性基因中Xa-3、xa-5、Xa-7、xa-13等抗Ⅴ型菌。抗Ⅴ型菌材料多数兼抗其它菌型,但亦有一些不抗Ⅳ型菌,表明菌型与品种间有强烈互作效应。水稻对Ⅴ型菌抗性与其类型有关,梗稻与籼稻、糯稻与粘稻、国外稻与国内稻比较,抗病率均以前者为高。     

江西省稻瘟病菌毒性的群体结构分析

用江苏省的吴江、赣榆、通州、高邮和宜兴等5个代表地区的324个稻瘟病菌株接种13个日本已知抗病基因品种，结果表明，江苏省稻瘟病菌对携带有Pi-Ka,Pi-ta,Pi-ta2和Pi-sh抗病基因品种的可致病比例较高，毒力频率达64．2％－97．2％，对携带有Pi-iPi-z和Pi-b抗病基因的品种毒力频率较低，在0－11．9％之间；江苏省稻瘟病菌毒性的群体结构年度间有一定变化，表现为对某些抗病基因品种毒力频率的明显上升或下降。从江苏省10年主栽品种上分离的稻瘟病菌株对13个已知抗病基因品种的毒力频率测定结果表明，不同类型主栽品种上分离的菌株其毒性结构组成有一定差异,表明江苏省水稻主栽品种的抗性类型存在一定差异。     

湖南桃江病圃稻瘟病菌对24个水稻抗稻瘟基因的毒性分析

稻瘟病是水稻生产上的重要病害,了解稻瘟病菌群体毒性组成是水稻抗病品种合理布局的重要基础。2012-2015年从湖南桃江病圃中不含已知抗瘟基因的水稻品种‘丽江新团黑谷’上成功分离出351个稻瘟病菌单孢菌株,在温室于水稻5叶期采用离体接种法测定了其对24个水稻抗稻瘟病单基因系的毒性,结果表明,病圃中稻瘟病菌以广谱强致病性的菌株为主,病菌对不同抗瘟基因的毒力频率在50.56%~96.67%之间,而不同年度间对24个抗性基因均具毒性的菌株出现频率在0~15%之间。对2015年的每2个抗瘟基因的联合毒力分析表明,基因两两搭配后的联合抗病系数最高、联合致病系数最低的组合是Pi-3*Pi-k(RAC=0.19,PAC=0.43)。     

大麦白粉菌种群毒性监测及抗性材料鉴定

2005和2006年从我国冬大麦区采集和分离大麦白粉菌单胞菌株729个,利用Pallas近等基因系进行致病型鉴定和群体毒性频率分析.同时,利用分离得到的不同致病型菌株,通过抗谱分析的方法鉴定了328份大麦品种(系)的白粉病抗性和抗病基因.结果显示:大麦白粉菌群体对抗病基因Mlal Mla(A12)、Mla3、Mla6 Mla14、Mla7 Mla(No3)、Mla7 Ml(Lg2)、Mla9 Mlk、Mla9、Mlal3 MlaRu3、Mlpl、Mlg(Cp)和mlo5的毒性频率为0;对Mla12 MlaEm2、Mla7 Mlk、Mlat Mla8、Mla10MlaDu2和Mlk1的毒性频率很低,分别为0.1%、0.4%、0.9%、2.8%和4.2%.两年共鉴定出不同的致病型21个,致病型000、001和003在两个年度皆为优势致病型.所鉴定的328份材料绝大多数感病,仅37份抗病材料,能明确推导出抗白粉病基因的品种(品系)很少,这些品种(品系)含有的抗白粉病基因为Mr(Bw)Mla8、Mlg、Mira Mla8、Mla9 Mla1、Mla Mla(A12)和mlo5.     

稻白叶枯病菌不同毒力单细胞系互作关系及田间自然群体毒力组成初析

 稻白叶枯病菌不同毒力的单细胞系混合组配后的致病力随着不同毒力菌所占的比例、彼此之间及与寄主之间的相互作用而发生相应变化;同一病田不同病株分离菌以及同一叶片不同叶位段分离菌,均存在致病力的分化;表明稻白叶枯菌在同一块田、甚至同一病叶上都存在不同的毒力细胞。稻株发病程度,是在一定生态条件下,不同毒力的多细胞入侵和协同互作的结果。所以采用"段叶沙培切口取菌胶"法所得的分离株,是含不同毒力细胞的混合体。测定一定数量的此类菌株的致病型分化,即是对田间病菌自然群体毒力组成的表型反应。
来自同一田块的36株分离菌的致病型测定结果与从48县采集的208个菌株所测定的结果非常一致,因此,对一块稻田的病菌的毒力分化测定,可以作为对相似生态条件下的广大稻区病菌自然群体毒力组成监测的参考。     

广东水稻白叶枯病菌致病型研究

1988—1993年。用中国白叶枯病菌致病型研究的鉴别品种和鉴定方法,测定450份广东白叶枯病分离菌株在中国鉴别品种上的抗感反应,把广东白叶枯病菌系划分为5个致病型。Ⅳ型菌是优势致病型,Ⅴ型菌是在广东首先发观的新致病型。近年来出观频率上升。范围扩大,能使现有推广的抗病品种丧失抗性。为品种的合理布局和抗病品种的选育提供了新信息和理论依据。     

水稻主要抗瘟基因对福建稻瘟菌群体的抗性分析

用1995～2003年间在福建省水稻产区采集的稻瘟菌代表菌系的108个分离菌,它们在CO39近等基因系上测定被划分为30个毒性类型,用它们在30个水稻抗稻瘟病近等基因系或单基因系品种上进行抗病性测定.结果表明水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi-kh抗性最强,抗性频率高达98.15%,Pi-1和Pi-9(t)也具有较高的抗性频率,是较好的抗源;对2个和3个Pi基因的联合抗性频率的分析,发现一些联合抗性频率极高,甚至有达到100%的组合,表明抗瘟育种采用多个Pi基因聚合,易于获得抗性强的品种.根据抗病基因与供试菌株互作的亲和性,对供试30个Pi基因可能的系统关系分析得到的初步信息可为抗病基因的聚合与布局策略提供参考.     

甘薯瘟菌系致病型与寄主品种的互作关系

阐述了甘薯瘟菌系致病类型、品种抗性分类、抗性遗传趋势和病菌潜伏侵染特征;介绍了近年来我国南方甘薯瘟病区菌系分布状况,抗病品种利用与抗病育种进展;讨论了病原菌与寄主相互作用中的遗传关系。     

Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strains from Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT Sixty strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, collected from 29 locations in Sri Lanka in 1995, were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism using either polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S and 23S rDNA or the repetitive DNA element IS1112 from X. oryzae pv. oryzae as hybridization probes. Two different ribogroups were observed in the Sri Lankan strains using rDNA probes, whereas five clusters were identified by the IS1112 probe. Bootstrap analysis revealed that the five clusters defined by IS1112 were relatively robust. Our results suggest that the Sri Lankan strains are phylogenetically composed of five different groups. Each cluster was partially associated with climatic conditions (intermediate zone and wet zone) and was related to groups based on ribotyping. Based on virulence analysis using 12 rice cultivars, each containing a single resistance gene, 14 pathotypes were identified among the Sri Lankan strains. All strains were virulent to resistance genes Xa1, Xa2, Xa4, Xa10, Xa11, and Xa14. Only one strain (pathotype 1) was virulent to all major resistance genes including Xa21, while strains of the other pathotypes were all avirulent to Xa21. A partial relationship was found between the determined phylogenetic groups using the IS1112 probe and pathotypes for all but two clusters. The results of this study will facilitate the further understanding of the population structure of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in Sri Lanka.     

Distribution of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strains Virulent to Xa21 in Korea

ABSTRACT Strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae that are virulent to rice lines carrying the Xa21 resistance gene were widely distributed in Korea. A total of 105 strains collected during 1987 to 1996 in Korea was characterized by pathogenicity tests and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the XorII methyltransferase (xorIIM) and avrXa10 genes. Although the lesion lengths on rice line IRBB21, which carries Xa21, decreased as plant age increased, resistance and susceptibility of the plants to 31 strains were clearly differentiated at the seedling (14, 21, and 28 days old), maximum tillering, and flag leaf stages. The resistance or susceptibility of seedlings was correlated with bacterial populations within an inoculated leaf. There was a significant change in the population structure of X. oryzae pv. oryzae with regard to virulence to Xa21 over the last 10 years; this change in population was confirmed by genome analysis. Lineage I, which is avirulent to Xa21 and does not have a genomic xorIIM homolog, was the predominant lineage found between 1987 and 1989, while lineage II, which is virulent to Xa21 and contains the xorIIM homolog, was predominant in strains collected between 1994 and 1995. Our results demonstrate that introduction of Xa21 into commercial rice should be based on the regional structure of X. oryzae pv. oryzae populations and suggest that Xa21 will not be useful in Korea.     

云南疣粒野生稻抗白叶枯病鉴定及叶片组织学观察

 本研究采用水稻白叶枯病菌强致病性代表菌株,评价了云南省自然分布的疣粒野生稻代表生态居群18份材料的抗病性,观察叶片组织学结构,初步分析了疣粒野生稻的抗性基因。结果表明,16份材料表现中抗、高抗甚至免疫;9份材料对4个菌株的抗性有一定差异;同时发现云南地方代表菌株X1和CN9404的致病性比C1和BD8438强。叶片组织学结构表明,高抗材料与感病的栽培稻米泉黑芒都无蜡质层,二者的叶肉组织、薄壁细胞和表皮细胞相同,表皮毛、维管束、厚壁组织等的差异也不明显,不足以引起抗病性差异。疣粒野生稻高抗或免疫白叶枯病并非借助其特殊叶片结构的物理作用,而主要是抗病基因的作用。参试疣粒野生稻中没有与Xa1、Xa21同源的基因,加之独立进化,推断其具有新的优异抗白叶枯病基因,值得深入研究和发掘利用。     

Genotypic and Pathotypic Diversity in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Nepal

ABSTRACT Among the 171 strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (the bacterial blight pathogen of rice) collected from eight rice-producing zones in Nepal, 31 molecular haplotypes were distinguished using two polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Six common haplotypes represented nearly 63% of the strains, and some haplotypes were geographically dispersed. Multiple correspondence analysis divided the collection into five putative genetic lineages. Lineages 1, 2, and 4 were the most frequently detected and occurred in diverse geographic populations. Twenty-six pathotypes (virulence phenotypes) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae were identified using 11 near-iso-genic rice lines, each containing a single gene for resistance. The 26 pathotypes grouped into five clusters, and cluster 1 contained wide virulence spectrum strains from all geographic populations. Although molecular variation was greatest between strains of different virulence phenotypes, some variation was observed among strains with identical virulence. There was a weak correlation (r = 0.52) between molecular haplotypes and virulence phenotypes. There are two major groups of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in Nepal. One group consists of strains with high molecular polymorphism and many pathotypes that are either virulent to the 11 major resistance genes or avirulent only to Xa21. Strains in the second group have low molecular polymorphism and are avirulent to Xa4, xa5, Xa7, and Xa21.     

安徽省水稻品种对水稻白叶枯病的抗性及白叶枯病小种鉴定

为明确安徽省白叶枯病菌小种组成及常用、备用品种对该病的抗性,用白叶枯病强毒性小种FuJ和YN24、中等致病力的安徽省优势小种AH以及弱致病小种YN7对安徽省常用及备用水稻品种进行人工接种鉴定;用鉴别品种IRBB5、IRBB13、IRBB3、IRBB14、IRBB2、R24对安徽的白叶枯病菌株进行鉴定.结果表明,有3.5％的品种抗FuJ,15.4％的品种抗YN24,29.8％的品种抗AH;安徽省白叶枯病菌小种有R2、R5和R8,其中R5为优势小种.抗AH的品种可以用于安徽的水稻生产;生产中应防止FuJ和YN24等毒性强的菌株传入.     

云南省水稻细菌性条斑病菌的致病型划分和水稻抗性资源的鉴定

 为明确云南省水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc)的致病力分化以及不同类型水稻品种对Xoc的抗感特性,通过针刺接种法将云南省8个稻区采集的86株Xoc菌株,接种于6个携带不同抗性基因的水稻鉴别品种(IRBB4、IRBB5、IRBB14、IRBB18、IRBB21和IR24)。根据这些菌株在鉴别品种上的毒力差异进行了UPGMA聚类分析,将其划分为9个致病型(Ⅰ型 ~ Ⅸ 型)。其中,Ⅰ型为优势菌群,分布频率为50.5%。对不同稻区的优势菌群进行分析,发现云南省各稻区Xoc的致病型呈多样性分布,以强毒力的Ⅰ型为高频率致病型。选用 Ⅰ 型、Ⅱ 型和 Ⅵ 型代表菌株对云南省的80个主栽和区试水稻品种进行抗性评价,对3个致病型表现抗性的材料比例分别为30.0%、35.0%和57.5%。筛选出9个对3种致病型都表现为抗性的品种,其中“Deyou16”和“Changgui2”表现为高抗。研究结果可为云南省防治水稻细菌性条斑病的水稻区域性布局和抗性品种的利用提供理论依据。     

Genetic Diversity within the Population of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in India

ABSTRACT Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae causes a serious disease of rice in India and is endemic in all of the major rice-growing areas of the country. Sixty-seven X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains, collected mostly in 1994 and 1995, from 18 locations in India were analyzed by DNA fingerprinting methods using two separate repeat element probes from the X. oryzae pv. oryzae genome. These results show that strains belonging to a single pathogen lineage can be isolated from 16 of the 18 locations sampled; many of these locations are separated from each other by hundreds of kilometers and represent ecologically diverse rice-growing areas. Pathotyping analysis indicated that the strains in this lineage belong to pathotype 1b of X. oryzae pv. oryzae.     

hrp基因关键调控因子HrpG在水稻白叶枯病菌和条斑病菌中的交叉互补性研究

 水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)和条斑病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc)在非寄主烟草上产生过敏反应(HR)和在寄主水稻上具有致病性,是由hrp致病岛决定的,其中HrpG为关键调控因子。Xoo和Xoc侵染水稻途径和在水稻上产生病害症状的不同,是否与hrpG基因有关,还不清楚。本研究利用反向遗传学方法获得了Xoo和Xoc的hrpG突变体PΔhrpG和RΔhrpG,并用hrpG_Xoo基因和hrpG_Xoc基因分别互补上述2个突变体,获得了相应的互补菌株。致病性测定结果显示,PΔhrpG和RΔhrpG突变体丧失了在水稻上的致病性和在非寄主烟草上产生HR的能力,而hrpG_Xoo基因和hrpG_Xoc基因可分别互补上述突变体至野生型水平。利用GUS报告基因检测基因启动子活性发现,hrpG_Xoo和hrpG_Xoc的启动子活性没有显著差别;RT-PCR和Western杂交结果显示,hrpG基因交叉互补菌株中HrpG调控的下游基因hrpX、hpaR、hrcT、hpa2和hrpD6的表达没有差异,且III型分泌系统分泌蛋白Hpa2的分泌性没有受到影响。这些结果表明,稻黄单胞菌hrpG基因可在Xoo和Xoc中交叉互置,位于其上游和下游的调控途径可能相似,而决定Xoo和Xoc在水稻上的侵染途径以及所致病害症状差异可能与hrpG基因位点无关。     

Type-II secretion pathway structural gene xpsE, xylanase- and cellulase secretion and virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Rice bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the most important diseases in rice-growing areas worldwide. Four virulence-deficient mutants were identified from a transposon mutagenesis library of X. oryzae pv. oryzae . Sequence-analysis revealed that the transposon of the four mutants inserted at different sites in the same ORF, which is homologous to the xpsE gene encoding a component of the type-II secretion system in many bacterial pathogens. Extracellular enzymes, such as xylanase and cellulase, were not secreted to the extracellular space in the mutants. Analysis of the protein profile of the extracellular, periplasmic and intracellular fractions indicated that at least two secreted proteins accumulated in the periplasmic space in the mutants. After genetic complementation of these mutants with a functional xpsE gene, the xpsE gene could express normally and the pathogenicity of the mutants and their secretion of extracellular enzymes were restored. Western blot analysis with an anticellulase antiserum also showed that cellulase was secreted normally in the complemented strains. The results show that the type-II secretion pathway structural gene xpsE is required for xylanase and cellulase secretion and full virulence in X. oryzae pv. oryzae .