桃、李属红叶树种叶片光合特性

以紫叶桃、紫叶李、美人梅及紫叶矮樱4种红叶树种为试材,油蟠桃和玉皇李2种绿叶树种为对照,测定其色素含量、反射光谱、光合速率日变化及相关荧光参数.结果表明:红叶树种花青苷的含量显著高于绿叶树种,除美人梅外,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的含量红叶与绿叶树种无显著差异.红叶和绿叶树种净光合速率日变化均为双峰曲线,均存在光合"午休"现象,但红叶树种的净光合速率低于绿叶树种,且光合"午休"持续时间较绿叶树种短.从叶绿素荧光参数日变化来看,红叶树种与绿叶树种PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)差异不大,红叶树种实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)低于绿叶树种,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)高于绿叶树种,热耗散能力较强.     

美国山核桃无性系叶绿素的荧光特性

研究了12个不同品种美国山核桃无性系嫁接苗的叶绿素荧光特性.结果表明:不同品种间的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PS II原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PS II潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)均存在显著或极显著差异;光合量子产额(Y ield)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)未达显著差异.初步聚类分析表明,不同无性系嫁接苗中的所有西部品种和国内优系金华1号具有较好的光合性能.     

香樟8个无性系叶绿素荧光特征比较

应用叶绿素荧光测定技术分别测定香樟8个无性系的叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:无性系Pc-2、Pc-1、Pc-706的叶绿素仪测定值(SPAD)、可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(QY)等值均高于其它5个无性系,非光化学猝灭系数(npq)相对较低,这3个无性系具有较好的光合生理功能,是城市绿化的优良树种。相关分析表明:Fv、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、QY、qp、ΦPSⅡ与SPAD值呈正相关,npq与SPAD值及其它荧光参数均呈负相关。     

西藏3种沙棘属植物光合生理特性的比较

为给西藏地区困难地造林提供参考,以云南沙棘、江孜沙棘和肋果沙棘1年生苗木为材料,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪红蓝光源和荧光叶室测定叶片光响应曲线和叶绿素荧光日变化参数,并进行比较分析。结果表明:云南沙棘最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))和表观量子效率(α)均最大,光饱和点(I_(sat))最高,光补偿点(I_c)最低。3种沙棘属植物叶绿素荧光参数变化趋势一致。电子传递速率先上升,到达最高值后迅速下降;最小初始荧光(F_0)日变化趋势为单峰曲线,整体呈"N"形变化;潜在光化学活性(F_v/F_0)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、有效光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)、实际光化学效率(Y_(PSⅡ))先下降后上升;光化学猝灭系数(q_p)呈先降低后升高的趋势;非光化学猝灭系数呈抛物线形先上升后下降趋势。光合有效辐射和温度(T_a)与电子传递速率、非光化学猝灭系数极显著正相关,与F_v′/F_m′、Y_(PSⅡ)、q_p极显著负相关;湿度(H_r)与F_v′/F_m′、Y_(PSⅡ)、q_p显著正相关,与非光化学猝灭系数显著负相关。云南沙棘光适应能力最强,在西藏高原困难地造林时,云南沙棘可作为沙棘属植物的优选树种,江孜沙棘次之。     

旱柳枝条叶绿体光化学特征的径向异质性

【目的】研究枝条叶绿体光化学特征的径向异质性和组织特异性,可为确定枝条中不同组织对枝条碳同化的贡献以及揭示叶绿体对枝条异质性光环境的适应机制提供依据。【方法】测定照光和黑暗条件下旱柳无性系当年生枝条的CO_(2 )释放速率,评价枝条光合的碳回收贡献。测定树皮绿色组织、木质部和髓心的光合色素含量、吸光系数、光化学效率、电子传递速率,分析不同组织中叶绿体光化学特征的差异。【结果】饱和光强下旱柳当年生枝条的总光合速率达到1.27μmolCO_2·m^-2s^-1,可将77%呼吸消耗的碳回收固定。在旱柳当年生枝条中,树皮的总叶绿素含量显著高于木质部和髓心,分别是木质部和髓心的15.90和1.83倍。叶绿素b与叶绿素a的比例随径向深度的增加由树皮至髓心呈显著升高的趋势,树皮中的类胡萝卜素含量、类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比例均显著高于木质部。旱柳当年生枝条不同组织的吸光系数沿径向方向显著降低,树皮绿色组织的最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率和相对电子传递速率显著高于木质部和髓心。【结论】枝条光合可将77%呼吸消耗的碳回收。不同组织的光合色素含量和光化学效率呈现随径向深度增加而显著降低的规律,树皮绿色组织是枝条光合的主要载体。树皮绿色组织具有较强的光保护能力,木质部和髓心通过光合色素比例的调整最大限度地捕捉组织中有限的光能。     

不同温度下喷施油菜素内酯对香椿幼苗的影响

为了探究外源油菜素内酯(BR)对不同温度(8、28、38℃)下香椿幼苗生长的调节作用,以盆栽5月龄香椿幼苗为试材,以喷施清水为对照,研究外源油菜素内酯对不同温度下香椿幼苗生物量、叶绿素含量、光合特性、叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明;外源BR处理可提高不同温度下香椿幼苗叶绿素的含量,显著提高香椿幼苗生物量和干物质积累量,使香椿幼苗叶片组织加厚,叶片相对含水率(RWC)提升,并且提高了香椿幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),降低了胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、初始荧光(F_o)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)。综上所述:喷施油菜素内酯可以促进适温下(28℃)香椿幼苗植株的生长,提高香椿幼苗在温度胁迫下的缓解作用和适应能力。     

不同氮素水平对桔梗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪PAM-2500测定不同氮素水平下桔梗叶片叶绿素荧光参数。测定结果表明:每次施N量为0.075 g·kg-1、每个月施用1次、连续施用4次,桔梗叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)达到最小值,PSⅡ最大量子产量(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均达最大值,最适宜桔梗的生长,施氮量过高或过低均会抑制桔梗的生长。     

不同山核桃品种（系）嫁接幼苗生长及光合特性的比较

【目的】为山核桃良种育苗提供技术参考。【方法】以5个山核桃品种(系)嫁接苗为研究对象,2021年12月采集山核桃穗条,于2022年4月嫁接,同年7月使用光合测定分析仪测定嫁接苗的光合参数,使用叶绿素荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光特性,比较不同品种(系)间叶片光合特性、叶绿素荧光特性及生长指标,并进行了光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数及生长指标的相关分析。【结果】5个山核桃品种(系)的净光合速率(P_n)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用率(E_W)、光化学猝灭系数(P_Q)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、最大光合效率(F_v/F_m)、成活率、苗高及叶片数量等指标均存在极显著差异。P_n与T_r、实际光合效率(Y_Ⅱ)极显著正相关,与C_i、气孔导度(G_s)、F_v/F_m显著正相关,...     

滨海沙地簕竹属10个竹种叶绿素荧光特性研究

通过利用叶绿素荧光测定技术测定滨海沙地簕竹属10个竹种的叶绿素荧光参数试验研究,结果表明:(1)鼓节竹、观音竹、凤尾竹的初始荧光(Fo)、可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)值较高于其它竹种;(2)河边竹、观音竹、青皮竹、青竿竹的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(QY)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)等值均高于其它竹种;(3)河边竹、花孝顺竹、破蔑黄竹、青竿竹的光化学猝灭系数(Qp)相对较高;(4)河边竹、青皮竹、青竿竹、鼓节竹的非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)值相对较低。综上可以看出簕竹属中河边竹、观音竹、青皮竹、青竿竹具有较好的光合生理功能,可作为沿海沙地竹子引种的优选竹种。     

模拟酸雨对假俭草叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究模拟酸雨(pH 2.5、pH 3.0)对假俭草叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:酸雨6 h胁迫引起假俭草PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ФPSⅡ)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)下降,pH 2.5处理比pH 3.0处理的下降幅度大;酸雨处理停止24 h后, Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、qP、ФPSⅡ、ETR、NPQ回升;酸雨处理停止48 h后,回升至接近对照.研究还表明,利用非损伤的叶绿素荧光技术可快速检测草对环境因子变化的响应.     

Hyperhydricity in apple: ultrastructural and physiological aspects

We studied the effects of hyperhydricity on subcellular ultrastructure and physiology of leaves during in vitro regeneration of apple plants. Morphological, anatomical and ultrastructural differences between healthy leaf tissues obtained from greenhouse-grown plants and healthy and hyperhydric leaves obtained from shoots raised from nodal shoot explants in a bioreactor were investigated by electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Compared with healthy leaves, hyperhydric leaves showed abnormal, often discontinuous development of the epidermis and cuticle. Stomata were malformed. The leaf lamina appeared thickened and was characterized by poor differentiation between the palisade and spongy mesophyll tissue. Hyperhydric leaves had a significantly lower chloroplast number per cell and chloroplasts showed reduced thylakoid stacking compared with healthy leaves. Hyperhydricity resulted in a general decrease in concentrations of reduced and oxidized pyridine nucleotides, reflecting a reduction in metabolic activity. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were higher in hyperhydric leaves than in healthy leaves, indicating that hyperhydricity was associated with oxidative stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements provided evidence of oxidative damage to the photosynthetic machinery in hyperhydric leaves: photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, effective quantum efficiency and photochemical quenching were all lower in hyperhydric leaves compared with healthy leaves.     

A recommended rate for application of Chaetomium globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer on poplar plantations in China

Previous studies showed that Chaetomium globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer can improve the microbial community structure and enzyme activities of replanted soil.However, it remains unclear whether can improve the physiological and ecological characteristics of plants under successive rotation.In this study, we investigated the photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical indexes including photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and chlorophyll content of 1-year-old poplar seedlings under seven different doses(range from 0 to1.67 g kg~(-1)) of C.globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer to study the effects of fungus fertilizer on photosynthesis of Poplar.Our results showed that:(1) With increasing application of fungus fertilizer in replanted soil, chlorophyll content of poplar leaves(Chl) increased, while physiological indexes such as electron transport rate(ETR),net photosynthetic rate(P_n), quantum efficiency(U),nitrate reductase(NR) activity and root vigor initially increased and then declined.Meanwhile, heat dissipation that depended on the xanthophyll cycle declined and nonphotochemical quenching(NPQ) initially increased and then decreased.When the dose of C.globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer was 0.67 g kg~(-1)(T3) and 1.00 g kg~(-1)(T4), excess light energy of photosynthetic apparatus was reduced, and photosynthetic apparatus distributed more light energy to the direction of photochemical reactions,which improved the efficiency of energy use.Plant height and biomass of leaves, stems, and roots were maximum at T3.We conclude that applying appropriate amounts of C.globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer can improve root physiological activity and capacity for use of light by poplar leaves.This can improve the operating states of the photosynthetic apparatus and lead to increased photosynthetic efficiency of poplar leaves and accumulation of dry matter.This suggests a strategy to alleviate the successive rotation obstacle of soil nutrient depletion.     

持续干旱对科尔沁沙地3种灌木叶绿素荧光参数的影响

试验以连翘(Forsythia suspensa)、水蜡(Ligustrum obtusifolium)、紫丁香(Syringa oblata)为材料,研究了不同干旱胁迫对3种灌木叶绿素荧光参数的影响,结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,3种灌木的最大荧光(F_m)、原初光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)和光合量子产额(Yield)逐渐下降,非光化学淬灭系数(q_N)逐渐上升,初始荧光(F_o)先下降后上升。3种灌木各参数的变化幅度不同,运用隶属函数对3种灌木进行分析,得出抗旱性强弱次序为水蜡紫丁香连翘。     

Regulation of photosynthesis in interior spruce during water stress: changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence

Photosynthetic response to water stress was analyzed in 1-year-old interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss x P. engelmanni Parry hybrid complex) seedlings and emblings produced from somatic embryogenesis. Carbon dioxide uptake, oxygen evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence at 20 degrees C were monitored as predawn shoot water potential (Psi) decreased. Concurrently with stomatal closure, carbon assimilation declined rapidly as Psi decreased to -1.0 MPa. Oxygen evolution at 10,000 micro l CO(2) l(-1) declined continuously as Psi decreased to -1.6 MPa. At photon flux densities (PFD) above 50 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II observed during actinic light exposure (Phi(II), calculated as DeltaF/F(m)') decreased as Psi decreased. At the same PFDs, photochemical quenching (q(P)) declined with decreasing Psi and nonphotochemical quenching (q(N)) increased steadily. At PFDs below 50 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), major decreases in q(N) were not observed until Psi decreased below -1.6 MPa. We identified three phases of photosynthetic response to progressive water stress in interior spruce: a pronounced decline in gas exchange, subsequent photoprotective changes in chlorophyll fluorescence as primary photochemistry was down-regulated, and a decline in photochemical efficiency of dark-adapted needles.     

Photosynthetic decline and pigment loss during autumn foliar senescence in western larch (Larix occidentalis)

We measured needle pigment content and photosynthetic rates of 1-year-old western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) during autumn foliar senescence. Chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (xanthophyll + b-carotene) contents of needles declined 11 and 17%, respectively, before CO(2) assimilation rate began to decline. Chlorophyll a/b ratio, Chl/carotenoid ratio, photochemical efficiency (F(v)/F(m)), and photochemical quenching did not begin to decline until late in senescence. Internal CO(2)/ambient CO(2) did not change during needle yellowing. In seedlings in warmed soil (average 3 degrees C above natural conditions), the decline in needle chlorophyll content was delayed by 10 days and the decline in CO(2) assimilation rate was delayed by 5 days, compared with seedlings in soil at ambient temperature. In seedlings exposed to an extended 16-h photoperiod, the decline in needle chlorophyll content was delayed by 32 days, and the decline in CO(2) assimilation rate was delayed by 21 days, compared with seedlings exposed to natural day lengths. In addition to delaying the onset of needle senescence, the treatments affected the sequence of events during senescence. Differences among treatment groups provide evidence that the onset of pigment loss and photosynthetic decline and the sequence of events during needle senescence are affected by soil temperature and day length.     

Excitation energy partitioning and quenching during cold acclimation in Scots pine

We studied the influence of two irradiances on cold acclimation and recovery of photosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings to assess mechanisms for quenching the excess energy captured by the photosynthetic apparatus. A shift in temperature from 20 to 5 degrees C caused a greater decrease in photosynthetic activity, measured by chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution, in plants exposed to moderate light (350 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) than in shaded plants (50 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). In response to the temperature shift, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), measured as the ratio of variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of dark-adapted samples, decreased to 70% in exposed seedlings, whereas shaded seedlings maintained Fv/Fm close to initial values. After a further temperature decrease to -5 degrees C, only 8% of initial Fv/Fm remained in exposed plants, whereas shaded plants retained 40% of initial Fv/Fm. Seven days after transfer from -5 to 20 degrees C, recovery of photochemical efficiency was more complete in the shaded plants than in the exposed plants (87 and 65% of the initial Fv/Fm value, respectively). In response to cold stress, the estimated functional absorption cross section per remaining PSII reaction center increased at both irradiances, but the increase was more pronounced in exposed seedlings. Estimates of energy partitioning in the needles showed a much higher dissipative component in the exposed seedlings at low temperatures, pointing to stronger development of non-photochemical quenching at moderate irradiances. The de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments increased in exposed seedlings at 5 degrees C, contributing to the quenching capacity, whereas significant de-epoxidation in the shaded plants was observed only when temperatures decreased to -5 degrees C. Thermoluminescence (TL) measurements of PSII revealed that charge recombinations between the second oxidation state of Mn-cluster S2 and the semireduced secondary electron acceptor quinone Q(B)- (S2Q(B)-) were shifted to lower temperatures in cold-acclimated seedlings compared with control seedlings and this effect depended on irradiance. Concomitant with this, cold-acclimated seedlings demonstrated a significant shift in the S2 recombination with primary acceptor Q(A)- (S2Q(A)-) characteristic TL emission peak to higher temperatures, thus narrowing the redox potential gap between S2Q(B)- and S2Q(A)-, which might result in increased probability for non-radiative radical pair recombination between the PSII reaction center chlorophyll a (P680+) and Q(A)- (P680+)Q(A)-) (reaction center quenching) in cold-acclimated seedlings. In Scots pine seedlings, mechanisms of quenching excess light energy in winter therefore involve light-dependent regulation of reaction center content and both reaction center-based and antenna-based quenching of excess light energy, enabling them to withstand high excitation pressure under northern winter conditions.     

早实核桃新品种‘中嵩1号’的需光特性

为了了解早实核桃新品种‘中嵩1号’的需光特性,从而为该品种的高效生产提供一定的科学依据,采用光合作用测定仪和叶绿素荧光分析仪,分别测定比较了‘中嵩1号’、‘香玲’和‘清香’3个核桃品种的叶片光合指标和叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:在3个核桃品种中,‘中嵩1号’的净光合速率增幅较慢,其最高峰值的出现时间比‘香玲’和‘清香’均晚2 h,但其持续时间较晚实核桃‘清香’要长10 h;其气孔导度最高峰值的出现时间比‘香玲’和‘清香’均晚2 h;‘中嵩1号’和‘香玲’在一天中都能持续保持较高的胞间CO_2浓度和最低的Fm值,并与晚实核桃‘清香’间的差异显著;‘中嵩1号’核桃具有显著高的qP值及低的qN值,其ETR值和Yield产量在3个核桃品种中都是最高的。文中因此认为,早实核桃‘中嵩1号’具有与晚实核桃‘清香’不同而与早实核桃‘香玲’相似的光合和叶绿素荧光特性,实际生产中,‘中嵩1号’与‘香玲’应采用相似的田间管理措施,‘香玲’适合用作‘中嵩1号’的授粉树品种。     

竹节树无性系叶片生长特性与叶绿素荧光

对优选的6个竹节树(Carallia brachiata)无性系叶片性状(叶片干质量、叶面积、比叶重)、叶绿素相对含量和叶绿素荧光参数进行测定,并作单因素方差分析和聚类分析.结果表明:竹节树不同无性系叶片的干质量和叶面积差异不显著,叶绿素相对含量具有显著的差异性,不同无性系具有不同的光能吸收和利用能力;不同的无性系其叶绿素荧光的部分参数(Fo、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ、ETR)差异显著;竹节树无性系C-15植株与其他无性系相比具有较高水平的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)值,而非化学猝灭系数(qN)较低,同时具有较高的表观电子传递速率(ETR),表明竹节树无性系C-15有较高的光呼吸;相关分析表明,叶片生长较好的无性系其叶绿素相对含量较高,同时也具有较高的PSⅡ光化学效率;无性系C-15号具有较高的叶绿素相对含量及较强的光化学特性,可进行大力推广研发.     

5种箬竹属竹种叶绿素荧光特性的比较

利用叶绿素荧光成像技术研究了5种箬竹属（Indocalamus Nakai）竹种叶片光合作用的横向异质性,结果表明,吸光系数Abs、PSⅡ最大量子产量Fv/Fm、光化学淬灭qP的异质性较低,非光化学淬灭NPQ的异质性较高。比较稳态荧光和荧光日变化,胜利箬竹的Fv/Fm、PSⅡ实际量子产量Yield、相对电子传递速率ETR都保持相对较高水平,矮箬竹和小叶箬竹则较低。