用于地膜原料的大豆秸秆粉碎预处理工艺参数优化

为了满足植物纤维制取机对大豆秸秆原料长度的要求,采用改进的揉切式粉碎机对大豆秸秆进行预处理,选取揉切机的主轴转速、喂入量以及秸秆的含水率为试验因素,以大豆秸秆粉碎长度为响应函数,对大豆秸秆原料的预处理工艺参数进行了组合试验研究。结果表明:1)各因素对于秸秆粉碎长度影响的贡献率从高到低排序为主轴转速、含水率和喂入量;2)预处理工艺的最优参数组合为喂入量168 kg/h、大豆秸秆含水率处于36%~58%、揉切机主轴转速处于1 100~1 300 r/min。在此工艺参数条件下,大豆秸秆粉碎长度分布符合植物纤维制取机所要求的70~85 mm的理想范围。研究结果为完善植物纤维地膜制造工艺体系提供了参考。     

新型秸秆揉切机系列产品研制与开发 国家“九五”、“十五”科技攻关计划课题 国家农业科技成果转化资金项目

项目自行研制成功了可变切割速率（〈30m/s），采用先进高速摄影（最高频率可达32000幅/秒）的秸秆物料加工力学特性试验装置，系统研究了切割速率与秸秆切割阻力的相关关系以及秸秆物料的揉切破碎机理等，为新机具的开发提供了基础理论数据。     

干腌火腿揉制加工腿坯运动受力分析与仿真

针对干腌火腿传统手工揉制加工生产率低、含盐量高、品质不稳定等问题,提出了一种机械式揉制加工方法。以HTRZJ500型火腿揉制机为研究对象,进行了火腿揉制加工中腿坯运动和受力的分析与仿真:首先以干腌火腿为研究对象建立其腿坯的空间力学模型,绘制出腿坯在稳定揉制状态下的7个关键工位图谱;然后结合工位图谱与火腿揉制机揉制装置的结构尺寸,计算出腿坯全程被凸轮顶揉次数约36次,总时间约12 s,揉制力出现的两次峰值大小分别为609 N和973N;最后运用Solid Works软件创建了揉制装置虚拟样机,并通过Solid Works Motion仿真研究了腿坯揉制加工过程中的运动和受力规律。运动仿真结果表明:腿坯在整个揉制过程中持续振动,在4 s的仿真时间中出现了两次揉制力峰值,大小分别为677 N和994 N,与工位图谱对应位置的揉制力计算值的相对误差分别为10%和2.1%,仿真模型较为合理。该文结合工位图谱分析法和虚拟仿真技术揭示了干腌火腿的揉制加工运动机理和揉制力的变化规律,为火腿揉制机结构的设计与优化提供了理论参考。     

分段螺旋式甘草茎秆揉切装置设计与试验

针对全混合日粮饲草料揉切需求，该研究设计了一种分段螺旋式甘草茎秆揉切装置，对分段螺旋叶片的主体结构和搅龙结构参数进行设计，建立了刃口曲线方程，分析了装置揉切机理，并试制了分段螺旋式甘草茎秆揉切装置试验台。以搅龙转速、加工时间、填充系数、刀片与底壳间隙为因素，以粒度、破节率、单位质量能耗为指标，开展四因素三水平Box-Behnken试验，对试验结果进行方差分析和二次回归拟合，得出各因素对粒度影响显著性由大到小为加工时间、搅龙转速、填充系数、刀片与底壳间隙；对破节率的影响显著性由大到小为加工时间、填充系数、搅龙转速、刀片与底壳间隙；对单位质量能耗的影响显著性由大到小为填充系数、加工时间、搅龙转速、刀片与底壳间隙。对交互影响因素进行响应曲面分析并进行参数优化验证试验，结果表明：当搅龙转速为25 r/min、加工时间为12 min、填充系数为0.46、刀片与底壳间隙为15 mm时，甘草茎秆的揉切粉碎粒度为11.76 mm，破节率为83.27%，此时单位质量能耗为9 959.82 J/kg，试验值与模型理论值误差不超过7%，参数优化模型合理，满足作业要求。研究结果可为全混合日粮搅拌机的研发提供理论依据。     

针形绿名茶连续清洁化加工技术要点

阐述了针形绿名茶连续清洁化的加工设备、工艺流程,介绍了全程清洁化加工的技术要点:鲜叶原料的选择、鲜叶摊放、杀青、风选冷却、回潮、初揉捻、解块、二青、复揉捻、再解块、整形、摊晾回潮、干燥。     

微型水力发电机组在丘陵山区的推广应用

微型水力发电机组从80年代初逐渐在农村得到应用,到1989年底湖南全省已推广6599台,装机容量9175kW。特别在广大丘陵山区,如郴州、零陵已发展到3466台、4817kW,占全省拥有量的52.5％。 微型水力发电机组主要由能量转换机构、配套加工机具、用电照明负载组成。在水力作用下,水轮机的转轮把水能转换为机械能,带动发电机主轴旋转,又将机械能转换为电能。如将转轮主轴连接配套加工机具,便可进行农副产品加工。     

基于PLC控制的自动化茶叶揉捻机组研究

根据串联并行原理与闭环控制系统,以6CR-40揉捻机和PLC为载体,设计了一种自动上下茶叶,自动控制揉捻压力、时间和揉桶转速的新型、先进、适应大中小各型茶厂使用的自动化茶叶揉捻机组。     

秸秆揉碎加工工艺与秸秆养畜

在对现有的秸秆加工工艺和机具分析与研究的基础上，认为秸秆揉碎加工具有更加明显的优点，提出了发展和推广秸秆揉碎加工工艺的观点，以推动和发展秸秆养畜，并提出相应的建议。     

秸秆揉碎加工工艺与秸秆养畜

在对现有的秸秆加工工艺和机具分析与研究的基础上，认为秸秆揉碎加工具有更加明显的优点，提出了发展和推广秸秆揉碎加工工艺的观点，以推动和发展秸秆养畜，并提出相应的建议。     

超声联合滚揉腌制对鸡胸肉品质的影响研究

为了改善淘汰蛋鸡鸡胸肉的品质,探明超声联合滚揉腌制对鸡胸肉保水性、嫩度和挥发性风味成分的影响。本研究基于不同腌制工艺下鸡胸肉腌制液的吸收率和肉品质(蒸煮损失、离心损失、剪切力)的差异,通过低场核磁共振、组织切片和顶空固相微萃取气相质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术分析了鸡胸肉品质发生变化的原因。结果表明,滚揉腌制和超声联合滚揉腌制均加快了腌制速率,提高了鸡胸肉的保水性和嫩度,原因可能是滚揉和超声波的机械作用促进了水分的迁移和均匀分布,破坏了肌纤维结构,并且超声和滚揉具有协同效果。此外,采用滚揉腌制和超声联合滚揉腌制对鸡胸肉挥发性风味成分的种类及含量都有一定影响。本研究结果为改良鸡肉品质、开发低磷酸盐含量的鸡肉制品提供了理论参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.