论草业科研院所野外基地建设

论述了草业科研院所野外试验基地的功能,指出了基地建设中存在的问题,并提出了加强野外基地建设的五条对策:加强基地硬件建设,搭建科研项目实施的良好平台;不断提升基地的软件建设,加快试验进程和降低试验费用;大力发展支柱产业,促进基地综合发展;重视基地发展,配备高素质管理人才;改革创新,变项目型基地为经营型基地.     

Feeding value of field pea as a protein source in forage-based diets fed to beef cattle

Three studies were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of field peas as a protein source in diets for beef cattle. In the first study, 4 cultivars of field pea were incubated in situ to determine rate and extent of CP disappearance. Results indicate that field pea cultivars vary in CP content (22.6, 26.1, 22.6, and 19.4%, DM basis for Profi, Arvika, Carneval, and Trapper, respectively). Soluble protein fraction ranged from 34.9% for Trapper to 54.9% for Profi. Degradable CP fraction was greater (P = 0.01) for Trapper compared with the other cultivars, and no differences (P ≥ 0.25) were observed among Profi, Arvika, and Carneval. Rate of CP degradation differed (P ≤ 0.03) for all cultivars, with Profi being the greatest and Trapper the smallest (10.8, 10.0, 8.1, and 6.3 ± 1.4%/h for Profi, Carneval, Arvika, and Trapper, respectively). Estimated RDP was not different (P = 0.21) for all 4 cultivars. In the second study, 30 crossbred beef steers (301 ± 15 kg) were individually fed and used to evaluate effects of field pea processing (whole, rolled, or ground) on steer performance. Diets contained 40% field pea grain. Growing steers consuming whole field pea had greater ADG (P = 0.08) than those consuming processed field pea (1.69, 1.52, and 1.63 ± 0.05 kg/d, for whole, rolled, and ground, respectively). However, DMI (kg/d and as % of BW) and G:F were not different (P ≥ 0.24). In the third study, 35 individually fed gestating beef cows (694 ± 17 kg) were used to evaluate the use of field pea as a protein supplement for medium quality grass hay (9.3% CP). Treatments consisted of whole field peas at 1) 0 g (CON), 2) 680 g (FP680), 3) 1,360 g (FP1360), and 4) 2,040 g (FP2040), and 5) 1,360 g of 74% barley and 26% canola meal (BCM). Total intake (forage + supplement) of gestating beef cows increased with increasing field pea level (linear, P = 0.01; supplemented vs. nonsupplemented, P = 0.01). In summary, protein quantity and rate of ruminal protein degradation vary across sources of field peas used in this study. Additionally, because of source variability, nutrient analysis and animal requirements should be considered when field pea is incorporated into beef cattle diets. Processing field pea does not improve performance of growing steers. Supplementation of field pea to gestating cows consuming medium-quality grass hay increased total DMI. Overall, our data indicate field pea can be used in a wide variety of beef cattle diets.     

陇东黄土高原冬小麦地土壤杂草种子库初探

土壤杂草种子库是农田发生杂草危害的主要根源,为了明确不同小气候条件和栽培管理措施对杂草种子库特征的影响,对庆阳市和天水市冬小麦地土壤种子库进行了比较研究。结果表明：庆阳市冬小麦土壤杂草种子有9科20种,其中田边、田中杂草量分别为2 520、1 964 株/m2,稗草Echinochloa crusgalli数量较大,分别占47.54%和30.50%;天水市冬小麦土壤杂草种子有10科13种,其中田边、田中总出草数分别为3 873、3 506 株/m2,小蓟Breea arvensis、蚤缀Arenaria serpyllifolia数量较大,在田边、田中分别占34.68%、28.27%和32.29%、32.63%。两地田边杂草发生总数均高于田中发生总数。其中,稗草、狗尾草Setaria viridis、灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum是两地区农田的主要杂草和当前防除的重点,稗草和小蓟、蚤缀分别是庆阳市和天水市冬小麦地的优势种。通过分析两地冬小麦地土壤杂草种子库发生原因,提出了麦田杂草的防除策略。     

Problems and possibilities into the next decade involving beef cattle breeding research in the southern region: purebred field data banks.

Beef cattle field records can provide data to generate important research information. The challenge in using field data for animal breeding studies involves proper editing to remove erroneous records and formulating proper models to account for fixed effects and to estimate or predict effects of interest free of bias and(or) with minimum estimation error. Use of field data for testing hypotheses is limited due to the lack of control and knowledge of the conditions under which the data were collected. Therefore, designed studies and field data should be used together to answer important questions. Some of the possible projects that can use field records are the estimation of genetic and environmental relationships among economically important traits, defining environments over which genotype x environment interactions and heterogenous heritabilities are most likely to occur, and pinpointing important fixed effects that must be accounted or adjusted for in genetic prediction models. The goal of research involving field data has been and will continue to be to provide information to improve genetic prediction models and procedures and to provide producers with genetic values with which to make informed selection decisions with a high degree of confidence.     

不同生长年限紫花苜蓿人工草地土壤酶活性及分布

分层取土样,对不同生长年限紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa人工草地中脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的分布特征进行研究,结果表明:在0～40 cm土层内,脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶的活性2年生紫花苜蓿地均相应高于5年生紫花苜蓿地,纤维素酶活性5年生紫花苜蓿地高于2年生紫花苜蓿地;脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性均随土层深度的增加而递减,淀粉酶活性则随土层深度的增加而增高,纤维素酶活性2年生紫花苜蓿地随土层深度的增加而降低,5年生紫花苜蓿地随土层深度的增加而增高.     

常德地区茄果类蔬菜田间杂草种类、分布及危害

对常德地区茄果类蔬菜田间杂草种类、分布及危害特点进行研究,结果表明,该地区现有茄果类蔬菜田间杂草16科38种,以禾本科、菊科、石竹科、蓼科、玄参科、莎草科、十字花科等为优势科,其中优势种有菵草（Beckmannia syzigachne）、马唐（Digitaria sanguinalis）、莎草(Cyperus rotundus)、卷耳（Cerastium arvense）、马齿苋（Portulaca oleracea）、水花生（Alternanthera philoxeroidea）、铁苋菜（Acalypha australis）、通泉草（Mazus japonicusxo）、丁香蓼（Ludwigia prostrata）、早熟禾(Poa annaua)等。并对盖有地膜和未盖地膜的茄果类蔬菜田间杂草种类、分布及危害特点进行了综合分析,为常德地区茄果类蔬菜田间杂草的综合防除提供了重要资料。     

Standing low‐field MRI of the equine proximal metacarpal/metatarsal region is considered useful for diagnosing primary bone pathology and makes a positive contribution to case management: A prospective survey study

High‐field MRI of the proximal metacarpal/metatarsal region has been associated with great diagnostic potential and clinical reports of standing low‐field MRI of the forelimb suggest the same. To better understand diagnostic outcomes with standing low‐field MRI of the proximal suspensory region, a prospective survey study was conducted and users of a widely available system questioned on their experience, operating procedures, and interpretation of standing low‐field MRI findings. Response data included scores on a modified Likert scale from which weighted ratings were calculated for statistical analyses. Depending on the question, responses were obtained from 17 to 29 of the 38 invited facilities. Users indicated that standing low‐field MRI was most frequently performed in the face of equivocal diagnostic findings; compared to Sports horses, general purpose riding horses were thought less likely to have detectable abnormalities and standing low‐field MRI was rated most useful for the detection of primary bone pathology in the proximal metacarpal region. Standing low‐field MRI signal change involving both the suspensory ligament and adjacent bone concurrently was rated most relevant and abnormalities solely affecting the muscle/adipose tissue bundles least relevant for diagnosing suspensory ligament injury. Transverse scans and in decreasing order T1‐weighted gradient echo, short‐tau inversion recovery FSE, T2*‐weighted gradient echo, and T2‐weighted FSE sequences were most frequently acquired and judged most useful by the majority of users experienced in imaging of the target area. This survey supports the relevant impact of standing low‐field MRI on clinical case management, particularly in the context of imaging the proximal metacarpal region.     

条墩桑对间作田小气候影响的初步研究

条墩桑是一种优良的农林间作灌木,桑叶用来养蚕,桑条用来编织,其庞大的根系对于固沙起着重要作用。通过人工和自动气象仪器对条墩桑与花生的间作田及对照田的小气候因子(光照、风速、地温、气温、花生层温)进行观测,结果表明:间作田内的风速明显低于对照田,桑行间距8 m和13 m的间作田,风速差异不明显;间作田内光照强度减弱不明显;间作田内的平均气温、平均地面温度以及作物层温度均低于对照田,并且相对稳定;间作田内的增湿效应较为明显。     

The immunogenicity and pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida isolated from poultry in Indonesia

Of 13 field isolates of Pasteurella from chickens and ducks in Indonesia, 10 were confirmed as P. multocida subspecies multocida, one as P. multocida subspecies gallicida and one as P. multocida subspecies septica. Nine were capsular Type A four were Serotype 1, one was Serotype 4, one was Serotype 11, one was Serotypes 4,12, and the remaining six were untypable. Five isolates were pathogenic for mice and two were pathogenic for chickens. Both a trivalent vaccine which included local field isolates and an imported commercial vaccine, were efficacious in layer chickens against challenge with virulent reference and local field strains. Though not statistically significant, the protection provided by the trivalent vaccine against virulent field isolate challenge was slightly better and could provide an improvement over the currently used imported vaccine although further field trials are required. A bacterin vaccine produced from a Serotype 1 field isolate grown in the allantoic sac of embryonated chicken eggs provided chickens with good cross protection against heterologous serotype challenge.     

Assessment of the feeding value of South Dakota-grown field peas (Pisum sativum l.) for growing pigs

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the feeding value of South Dakota-grown field peas (Pisum sativum L.) for growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 96 pigs (initial BW = 22 +/- 3.35 kg) were allotted to four treatment groups (four pigs per pen, six replicate pens per treatment) and fed growing (0.95% Lys) and finishing (0.68% Lys) diets containing 0, 12, 24, or 36% field peas (as-fed basis). There were no differences among the treatment groups in ADG, ADFI, or G:F. Likewise, there were no differences in backfat thickness or lean meat percent among treatment groups, but pigs fed diets containing 12, 24, or 36% field peas had greater (P < 0.05) loin depths than pigs fed the control diet. In Exp. 2, 120 pigs (initial BW = 7.8 +/- 1.04 kg) were allotted to four treatment groups 2 wk after weaning. Pigs were then fed diets containing 0, 6, 12, or 18% field peas (as-fed basis) during the following 4 wk. There were five pigs per pen and six replicate pens per treatment. Results of the experiment showed no differences in ADG, ADFI, or G:F among treatment groups. In Exp. 3, apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility coefficients of CP and AA in field peas and soybean meal were measured using six individually penned growing pigs (initial BW = 36.5 +/- 2.1 kg) arranged in a repeated 3 x 3 Latin square design. The AID for Met, Trp, Cys, and Ser, and the SID for Met, Trp, and Cys were lower (P < 0.05) in field peas than in soybean meal; but for CP and all other AA, no differences in AID or SID were observed between the two feed ingredients. Experiment 4 was an energy balance experiment conducted to measure the DE and ME concentrations in field peas and corn. Six growing pigs (initial BW = 85.5 +/- 6.5 kg) were placed in metabolism cages and fed diets based on field peas or corn and arranged in a two-period switch-back design. The DE values for field peas and corn (3,864 and 3,879 kcal/kg DM, respectively) were similar, but the ME of corn was higher (P < 0.05) than the ME of field peas (3,825 vs. 3,741 kcal ME/kg DM). The results from the current experiments demonstrate that the nutrients in South Dakota-grown field peas are highly digestible by growing pigs. Therefore, such field peas may be included in diets for nursery pigs and growing-finishing pigs in amounts of at least 18 and 36%, respectively, without negatively affecting pig performance.     

WIN EPISCOPE 2.0: improved epidemiological software for veterinary medicine

Recent changes in veterinary medicine have required quantitative epidemiological techniques for designing field surveys, identifying risk factors for multifactorial diseases, and assessing diagnostic tests. Several relevant techniques are brought together in the package of veterinary epidemiological computer software, WIN EPISCOPE 2.0, described in this paper. It is based on Microsoft Windows and includes modules for the design and analysis of field surveys, control campaigns and observational studies, and a simple mathematical model. It provides comprehensive 'Help' screens and should therefore be useful not only in field investigations but also for teaching veterinary epidemiology.     

Investigation of possible vaccine-induced epizootics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, using restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA

Viral DNA was extracted from each of 14 modified-live (ML) bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccines, representing all of the ML infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) vaccines licensed by the US Department of Agriculture for use in cattle. Restriction endonucleases Pst I and Bgl II were used to establish restriction enzyme patterns for the vaccinal viruses. Viral DNA from isolates obtained from 6 field samples of IBRV (1 from Colorado, 1 from West Virginia, 3 from Wisconsin, 1 from South Dakota) were digested with restriction endonucleases, and patterns were compared to evaluate the role of vaccinal virus in these field epizootics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Animals from which field samples were obtained had been vaccinated with ML IBRV vaccine before the epizootic of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis occurred in the herds. In 2 of the 6 field samples, DNA restriction endonuclease analyses patterns from the isolates were indistinguishable from the pattern for the vaccinal viruses used. In the remaining 4 field samples, DNA restriction endonuclease analyses patterns of the IBRV from isolates were different from those of the vaccinal viruses.     

百年足球运动场白三叶草坪群落特征研究

通过野外群落测定、温室培养形态学观测、遗传多样性分析等研究,对贵州省威宁县石门坎中学100年足球运动场草坪群落特征进行评价研究。结果表明,该群落结构良好,总盖度为88%;白三叶(Trifolium repens)单株叶数、生长点数、中叶长、中叶长宽比等形态学特征指标发生适应性进化,但等位基因数少,意味着年限长的白三叶种群以少数大克隆体占优势。研究表明,白三叶可以用作普通足球场草坪,在适度利用条件下可长期保持。     

Virulence of infectious laryngotracheitis viruses: comparison of modified-live vaccine viruses and North Carolina field isolates

Virulence of six modified-live (ML) infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccine viruses was compared with that of 11 field isolates (indistinguishable from vaccine viruses by DNA restriction endonuclease analyses) by intratracheal exposure of 4-week-old, specific-pathogen-free chickens. Virulence of ILT viruses was based on an intratracheal pathogenicity index, mortality, and tracheal lesions. Intratracheal pathogenicity indices for ML vaccine viruses ranged from 0.0 to 0.14, while those for field isolates were 0.20 to 0.82. Mortality was a consistent clinical feature of field isolates; all produced mortality, with seven of the 11 isolates causing two or more deaths per inoculation group. In contrast, only one of six ML vaccine viruses produced mortality (one death per inoculation group). In general, tracheal lesions were more severe in chickens inoculated with field isolates and were produced more consistently than in chickens inoculated with vaccine viruses. These studies indicate that virulence of ILT field isolates was greater than that of ML vaccine viruses. Together with previous restriction endonuclease analyses, these findings suggest the possibility that field isolates originated from ML vaccine viruses through reversion to parental-type virulence.     

Reliability of high‐ and low‐field magnetic resonance imaging systems for detection of cartilage and bone lesions in the equine cadaver fetlock

Reasons for performing study: To determine the reliability of 2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems for detection of cartilage and bone lesions of the equine fetlock. Objectives: To test the hypotheses that lesions in cartilage, subchondral and trabecular bone of the equine fetlock verified using histopathology can be detected on high‐ and low‐field MR images with a low incidence of false positive or negative results; that low‐field images are less reliable than high‐field images for detection of cartilage lesions; and that combining results of interpretation from different pulse sequences increases detection of cartilage lesions. Methods: High‐ and low‐field MRI was performed on 19 limbs from horses identified with fetlock lameness prior to euthanasia. Grading systems were used to score cartilage, subchondral and trabecular bone on MR images and histopathology. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for images. Results: High‐field T2*‐weighted gradient echo (T2*W‐GRE) and low‐field T2‐weighted fast spin echo (T2W‐FSE) images had high sensitivity but low specificity for detection of cartilage lesions. All pulse sequences had high sensitivity and low–moderate specificity for detection of subchondral bone lesions and moderate sensitivity and moderate–high specificity for detection of trabecular bone lesions (histopathology as gold standard). For detection of lesions of trabecular bone low‐field T2*W‐GRE images had higher sensitivity and specificity than T2W‐FSE images. Conclusions: There is high likelihood of false positive results using high‐ or low‐field MRI for detection of cartilage lesions and moderate–high likelihood of false positive results for detection of subchondral bone lesions compared with histopathology. Combining results of interpretation from different pulse sequences did not increase detection of cartilage lesions. MRI interpretation of trabecular bone was more reliable than cartilage or subchondral bone in both MR systems. Potential relevance: Independent interpretation of a variety of pulse sequences may maximise detection of cartilage and bone lesions in the fetlock. Clinicians should be aware of potential false positive and negative results.     

畜牧领域专业学位研究生“双导师三段制”培养模式探索与思考:以兰州大学为例

畜牧领域专业学位研究生是为畜牧业输送人才的重要途径,进一步完善该领域研究生的培养模式对满足产业人才需求和研究生的职业选择具有重要意义。现行的畜牧领域专业研究生培养过程存在培养方式和产业需求不太匹配、导师队伍实践能力弱和“双导师三段制”培养模式缺少标准等问题。本文从提升导师专业实践能力、系统设计“双导师三段制”培养模式和培养研究生创新创业能力等角度探索和尝试,为提升畜牧领域专业学位研究生理论、实践和创新创业能力提供参考。     

盛彤笙院士的草业情缘--“盛彤笙草业科学奖学金”揭牌仪式发言稿

主席,各位老师,各位同学,各位来宾:首先,我衷心祝贺“南京农业大学盛彤笙草业科学奖学金”的设立。我因健康原因不能到会,深感歉疚。1981年我曾发起组建“盛彤笙兽医科学基金”,得到大家热烈赞助。此次又倡议设立“盛彤笙草业科学奖学金”,可能有些费解,请允许我略作说明。新中国成立前,盛彤笙先生任中央大学兽医微生物学教授。     

Molecular characterization of MG isolates using RAPD and PFGE isolated from chickens in Brazil

In the present study, 27 primers were screened under different cycles by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Mathematical models were used for analysis of the genetic relationships among strains, including vaccinal, reference strains and nine field isolates previously characterized as Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)F by RAPD and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The PFGE was considered as laborious, expensive and time-consuming than RAPD method. These methods improved the typeability for epidemiological studies of MG with regard to differentiation from vaccinal and field strains.