圆形喷灌机泵注式施肥装置设计与田间试验

圆形喷灌机水肥一体化作业时对喷洒肥液均匀性有较高要求,需要采用比例施肥装置,确保注入喷灌机的肥液流量保持恒定。为此设计了基于柱塞式注肥泵的泵注式施肥装置,并以注射喷嘴的孔口直径、安装位置以及注肥泵的电源频率为变量,进行了圆形喷灌机应用泵注式施肥装置的喷灌施肥均匀性试验。结果表明,圆形喷灌机停止状态下,注肥泵电源频率50 Hz运行时,3种注射喷嘴孔口直径和3种安装位置的组合工况下喷灌施肥的均匀系数CU为99.00%~99.65%,变异系数CV为0.46%~1.37%,其中当注射喷嘴孔口直径为2.5 mm、安装在进水管水平段位置的工况时获得的喷灌施肥均匀性最佳。圆形喷灌机行走状态下,测得单列雨量筒喷灌施肥均匀系数C*UH为88.77%~90.66%,表明圆形喷灌机采用泵注式施肥装置能够获得较高的喷灌施肥均匀性。此外,通过对比注肥泵电源频率在50 Hz和46 Hz时的喷灌施肥均匀性,发现喷头喷洒肥液的电导率总平均值与电源频率之间具有显著的正相关性,表明改变注肥泵的电源频率是圆形喷灌机实现高均匀度变量喷灌施肥的一种有效途径。     

柱塞式注肥泵的设计试验及精准施肥应用

为解决水肥一体化应用中施肥流量随着灌溉管道工作压力变化而波动导致施肥浓度不均匀的问题,设计了一种额定流量为300 L/h、最大工作压力为1.0 MPa的柱塞式注肥泵,对柱塞泵进行不同行程比例和电源频率下的工作流量试验,建立了工作流量与电源频率、行程比例及灌溉管道压力的拟合公式.结果表明:研发的柱塞泵工作流量与电源频率、...     

水动比例注肥泵的研制

灌溉施肥是传统农业进入现代农业的一个重要标志,灌溉施肥技术和施肥装置的研制是灌溉施肥领域的一个热点。本篇主要介绍了我们研制开发的水动比例注肥泵的结构、工作原理,并测定了其工作性能。结果表明新研制的水动比例注肥泵具有适应性强、结构坚固耐用、成本较低的特点,有较广阔的应用前景。     

圆形喷灌机施肥灌溉均匀性及蒸发漂移损失

为了评估圆形喷灌机施肥灌溉均匀性和蒸发漂移损失量,通过测试圆形喷灌机入机压力为0.15 MPa时,与喷灌机连接的计量隔膜泵吸肥流量与工作比例间的关系.分析了计量隔膜泵吸肥性能,并通过田间试验测试圆形喷灌机水力性能,评估了不同肥料类型和肥液浓度的施肥灌溉均匀系数及蒸发漂移损失量.结果表明:计量隔膜泵吸肥流量实测值和理论值的标准均方根误差为8.9%,且流量控制精度在工作比例为60%~100%时(相对误差|RE|≤5.6%)远高于工作比例为20%~40%时(|RE|≥13.3%).圆形喷灌机行走速度百分数为100%时,径向肥液水深与施肥量的修正赫尔曼-海因均匀系数基本相等,其变化分别为80%~85%和78%~86%,均小于径向肥液浓度的均匀系数96%~99%.不同肥料类型和肥液浓度处理间灌水、肥液浓度均匀系数差异不具有统计学意义.当风速小于2 m/s时,利用圆形喷灌机进行施肥灌溉产生的蒸发漂移损失量占灌水量的比例为1.5%~10.1%.     

圆形喷灌机系统两井泵汇流装置水力性能研究

【目的】为了满足入机流量需求,圆形喷灌机在实际应用中常用多台井泵并联供水,在喷灌机入机处安置井泵汇流装置,以调节流量和稳定水压。【方法】通过设计两井泵汇流装置,开展了汇流装置水力性能试验及数值模拟,研究了雷诺数和两进口汇流比(较小流量与较大流量之比值)对装置水力性能的影响。【结果】汇流装置的总水力损失模拟值与试验值较吻合,相对误差范围为0.5%～3.3%,且随雷诺数和汇流比均呈二次函数关系,当汇流比为0.8左右时,装置的总水力损失最小;两进口对应的局部阻力系数均不随雷诺数产生变化,但随汇流比变化趋势相反,当汇流比为0.2～1.0之间时,较大流量进口的局部阻力系数为1.16～1.31,较小流量进口的局部阻力系数为1.31～4.22。【结论】两井泵汇流装置结构及水力性能可用于圆形喷灌机灌溉工程设计和运行管理。     

论述圆形与平移式喷灌机新旧标准主要差异

即将出版的《圆形（中心支轴式）和平移式喷灌机》标准将替代JB／T6280．1-1992《电动大型喷灌机技术条件》和JB／T6280．2-1992《电动大型喷灌机试验方法》。本标准由行业资深专家和一线工程技术人员,在对国内外行业发展趋势把握基础上,通过对我国现有从事大型喷灌机科研、生产、应用技术的总结编写而成,是相关企业...     

圆形PWM变量喷灌机喷灌特性的仿真研究

变量喷灌(Variable Rate Irrigation,VRI)是精准农业的一个重要分支,目前的发展方向是单喷头变量喷灌(Individual Sprinklers VRI,IS-VRI),即每个喷头均采用脉宽调制(Pulse Width Modulation, PWM)变量技术控制水量。为此,通过分析面向IS-VRI应用的圆形PWM变量喷灌机在喷灌过程中水量累积的过程后,数值仿真研究了PWM脉冲占空比、PWM脉冲周期、喷灌机行进角速度及喷头离围转中心距离4个参数对喷灌均匀性及喷灌水深误差的影响规律。采用Nelson R3000喷头的圆形PWM变量喷灌机数值仿真结果表明:喷灌水深与喷灌机行进角速度和喷头离围转中心距离成反比,与PWM脉冲占空比成正比,与PWM周期存在较弱的负相关关系; PWM周期和喷灌机行进角速度越小,喷灌均匀性越好,当PWM周期取10s或行进角速度取1(°)/min时,径向和周向克里斯琴森均匀系数均可达到75%和80%以上;喷灌水深误差主要出现在喷灌机中间段的径向水深误差上,约为8%,其余误差均在5%以下,水深误差可以通过调整PWM脉冲占空比补偿消除。     

圆形喷灌机典型规划设计——以内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗绍根镇爱民温都200 hm2人工草场为例

以内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗绍根镇爱民温都200 hm2人工草场利用圆形喷灌机喷灌苜蓿典型规划设计工程为例,介绍了圆形喷灌机的灌溉设计流程,包括资料收集、项目规划和项目设计。对于提高喷灌工程设计水平,改善喷灌工程质量有重要的指导意义。      

DYP―235型电动圆形喷灌机的研制

西北地区土地资源丰富,有大量的荒漠急需开发,这里光照充足,太阳辐射总量大,昼夜温差大,有利于农作物生长发育,是发展优质棉、油、糖、瓜果的理想基地,也是特种药材、农业、畜牧业发展的理想基地。随着我国中西部经济开发步伐的加快和农业技术的发展,人们越来越明显地意识到灌溉方式对农业生产的重要性。因此,在这一地区推广喷灌技术,有广阔的前景,是缓解用水矛盾,提高西北地区社会、经济、生态效益的重大举措。     

Controlling runoff under low pressure center pivot irrigation systems

A research study was conducted in commercial potato production fields irrigated by low pressure center pivot irrigation systems for three growing seasons in southern Idaho, USA. Plots were established to give several replications of both conventional and reservoir tillage under the outermost spans, where the highest application rates occur. The soil was silt loam, and the topography varied from nearly level to 5% slopes. The sprinkler devices included spray nozzles on drops (spraydrops), spray nozzles on booms (spraybooms) and rotator spray nozzles on drops (rotator spraydrops) with an operating pressure of 138 kPa.The purpose of this study was to investigate and assess the role of reservoir tillage on controlling runoff, uniformity of soil water content throughout the field, and crop yield, as compared with conventional tillage. Reservoir tillage effectively reduced runoff losses to less than 1% of the applied water, when the dike were intact and remained stable. Over the three years of this study reservoir tillage increased the average soil water content by 18%. In addition, a statistical analysis showed that reservoir tillage significantly increased the percent available water in the top 65 cm of the root zone (P=0.01). The use of reservoir tillage elevated average yield by 21%, and average percent number one tubers was increased from 64% for conventional plots to 68% for reservoirtilled plots. While reservoir tillage increased the yield significantly (P=0.01), the sprinkler type did not have a significant influence on yield.     

基于柱塞泵与单片机的可控施肥机设计与喷灌试验

为了实现水肥一体化施肥装备流量精确且无水头损失,设计了一种基于柱塞泵与单片机的高精度可控施肥机,开展了恒流模式下6个流量梯度的喷灌系统施肥均匀性试验;以喷头总流量变化幅度为变量,设计了在1∶10的水肥配比下2种灌溉总流量变化幅度的不同工况,对比启、闭可控施肥机恒定水肥比例模式对水肥一体化支管内肥料浓度稳定性的影响效果.试验结果表明,高精度可控施肥机在流量分别为100,200,400,600,800,1 000 L/h的6种恒流模式时,喷灌均匀系数C_U为99.33%~99.71%、变异系数C_V为0.35%~0.75%;C_U,C_V与施肥机流量分别呈正相关与负相关关系,且喷头喷洒肥液的电导率总平均值E_C_-与施肥机流量之间具有显著的正相关性.在恒定水肥比例模式时,试验组管道内肥液浓度在160 s时趋于稳定,且稳定后肥液电导率与目标值偏差率小于4%.高精度可控施肥机恒流模式试验表明施肥机大流量下施肥均匀性变异系数仅为小流量下的50%,且改变施肥机的流量是水肥一体化喷灌系统实现高均匀度变量施肥的一种有效途径;试验证明恒水肥配比模式可有效减小支管肥料浓度受外界的影响.     

The feasibility of using variable rate water application under a central pivot irrigation system

The purpose of this paper was to assess the feasibility and significance of applying spatially variable irrigation under a central pivot system at the Federal German Agricultural Research Center, Braunschweig, Germany. The assessment was based on soil moisture holding capacity, soil depth variation and root development. Soil texture analysis was carried out by sampling on a 60 meter grid. The German Agro-Meteorological Model was applied to simulate the water balance in the crop-soil-atmosphere system for the growing season 2003/4. The research findings are presented in terms of six scenarios: 20, 30, 40 mm water application depths per irrigation under both variable rate application and uniform application. The comparison revealed that the loss of water was higher for the uniform application scenarios than that for the variable rate application (VRA) scenarios for the applications of 20 and 30 mm. The VRA scenario of 20 mm water application was found out to be the best option for water conservation.     

滴灌压电泵的驱动电源设计与试验研究

针对滴灌压电泵对驱动电源的要求,基于EG8010逆变器芯片,采用单相桥式电压型逆变与整流电路以及SPWM技术控制正弦波发生器芯片实现一种基于SPWM技术开关型电源驱动装置.首先提出了适用于滴灌压电泵的驱动电源结构和工作原理,通过相应控制调节电路,形成激励电压与频率连续可调的单相正弦波,从硬件上进行了输出电压反馈与调节电路、频率调节电路、温度监测电路的设计,以此作为滴灌压电泵激励源并进行了试验研究.结果表明:与信号发生器和功率放大器组成的传统驱动方式相比,该驱动电源拥有自带死区控制、稳定性强、波形失真小、结构简单、体积小、操作方便、成本低等优点,能够满足其对滴灌压电泵的驱动与控制等要求.     

喷灌施氮管理对春玉米产量及水氮利用的影响

为探究东北半湿润区喷灌水肥一体化条件下春玉米最佳施氮管理模式,于2017年在东北地区开展了不同喷灌施氮管理对春玉米生长、产量及水氮利用效率的田间试验研究.试验设置了3个总施氮量:N200(200 kg/hm²),N160(160 kg/hm²)和N120(120 kg/hm²),其中播种时统一埋施氮肥60 kg/hm²,苗期统一喷施氮肥10 kg/hm²,其余在拔节期和灌浆期按照3种施氮比例T1(1∶0),T2(2∶1)和T3(3∶1)通过水肥一体化喷施施入.结果表明:T1获得了最高的氮肥偏生产力、氮素收获指数和水分利用效率.增加施氮量能够促进产量的增加,但N200和N160的平均产量差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05).所有处理中T1N200的产量最高,为12 489 kg/hm²;T1N160处理的氮收获指数最大,为74.98 kg/kg.施氮量增加,氮肥偏生产力随之降低,0~100 cm土壤内的硝态氮残留量随之增多.T1处理的平均硝态氮残留量最少,降低了氮素淋失的风险.综合考虑,推荐该地区采用总施氮量160~200 kg/hm²,其中播种期施基肥60 kg/hm²,苗期追施10 kg/hm²,其余在拔节期全部追施的施氮管理模式.     

Canopy temperature based system effectively schedules and controls center pivot irrigation of cotton

Cotton is a perennial plant with an indeterminate growth pattern that is typically produced like an annual, but requires proper management to effectively produce high yields and good fiber quality in a thermally limited environment like the northern Texas High Plains. In 2007 and 2008, we investigated the effect of irrigation scheduling/control method and amount on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and water use efficiency. Methods were automatic irrigation scheduling and control of a center pivot system, and manually scheduled irrigation to replenish soil-water to field capacity. Cotton was irrigated with LEPA (low energy, precision application) drag socks in furrow dikes; three blocks were irrigated manually and three were irrigated automatically. Six replicates of the manual and automatic irrigation treatments were included in the randomized block design. Manual irrigations were based on the weekly replenishment of soil-water to field capacity in the top 1.5 m of the soil profile and included a fully irrigated treatment (I₁₀₀), and treatments receiving 67% (I₆₇) and 33% (I₃₃) of the I₁₀₀ amount, plus a non-irrigated treatment (I₀). Automatic irrigations were triggered using a time temperature threshold (TTT) algorithm, which was designated as the I₁₀₀ treatment, and treatments receiving 67%, 33%, and 0% of that amount (I₆₇, I₃₃ and I₀, respectively). In 2007, overall mean lint yields (102.3 and 101.6 g m⁻², manual and automatic, respectively) were not significantly different. Similarly, yields were not significantly different across automatic and manual treatments in the same treatment level, with the exception of the I₆₇ treatment where the manual treatment yields were 11% greater. In 2008, the mean yields were 70% less than those in 2007 for both methods of irrigation (30.3 and 30.9 g m⁻², manual and automatic, respectively) due to harsh climatic conditions at emergence and heavy rainfall and cooler temperatures in the month of August. Yields from the automatically irrigated plots in the I₁₀₀ and I₆₇ treatments, however, were significantly greater than yields from the corresponding manually irrigated plots; though there was no significant difference between yields in the drier treatments (I₃₃ and I₀) plots. These results indicate that the TTT algorithm is a promising method for auto-irrigation scheduling of short season cotton in an arid region. However, further studies are essential to demonstrate consistent positive outcomes.     

喷灌施氮对马铃薯氮素积累及土壤硝态氮影响

喷灌水肥一体化是提高中国东北半湿润区作物养分利用效率的重要措施.为探索圆形喷灌机水肥一体化条件下,施氮肥对马铃薯产量、氮素积累以及土壤硝态氮分布的影响,试验设置3个施氮量水平：115,165,215 kg/hm²(分别以F1,F2,F3表示);3个施氮频次：2,4,6次(分别以C2,C4,C6表示);选择传统沟施追肥作为对照区.结果表明：处理F2C6的马铃薯块茎产量和商品薯率均最高;相同施氮量条件下,马铃薯块茎氮素积累量随施氮频次增加而增加;相同施氮频次下,随施氮量增加,块茎氮素积累量先增加后减少;马铃薯块茎膨大期在相同施氮量条件下,20～40 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量随施氮频次增加而减小.综合比较,建议黑龙江半湿润地区马铃薯种植采用中肥(165 kg/hm²)、高频次(追施氮肥6次)的喷灌水肥一体化方案.     

基于CFD技术脱硫泵的设计与试验

采用经验系数设计法对脱硫泵进行水力设计,适当增大叶片出口宽度,以改善颗粒通过性和叶轮出口的磨损情况.应用FLUENT软件,采用欧拉多相流模型,分别计算了颗粒直径为0.06,0.08和0.10 mm,体积浓度为11%工况下脱硫泵的两相流内部流场.得到以下结论：叶轮流道内,工作面上的静压值明显高于背面上的静压值;最低压力点出现在叶片进口背面侧,容易发生汽蚀;随着粒径的增大,颗粒逐渐向叶片工作面迁移.叶片的磨损主要发生在叶片进口处和叶片的出口段.通过试验验证：设计的脱硫泵效率为82.0%,性能曲线平坦,高效范围宽,各项技术指标均满足设计要求.