城市生态绿化与城市的可持续发展分析

城市生态绿化遵循可持续发展,既能增强城市生态绿化效果,还能促进城市可持续发展。本文围绕城市生态绿化与城市的可持续发展展开讨论,针对城市生态绿化可持续发展遇到的问题提出解决措施,为城市生态绿化可持续发展提供参考依据。     

重庆城市立体绿化调查研究

立体绿化能够有效地为城市有限的空间增加绿地,改善生态环境。通过调查重庆市永川区城市立体绿化现状,得知其立体绿化形式多样:有坡面绿化、城市河道绿化、屋顶绿化、阳台绿化、墙面绿化、栏杆绿化、亭廊花架绿化共7类,并进行具体分析,为城市立体绿化推广和建设提供借鉴与参考。     

浅谈城市广场绿化可持续发展

城市广场作为一个城市的面貌与标签,其绿化建设情况一直是城建工作人员关心的重点问题。城市广场绿化的科学合理设计及可持续发展规划,是提升城市自然环境水平的重要途径。本文针对城市广场绿化建设可持续发展的重要性进行分析,同时简述了城市广场绿化建设的现状,提出了推进城市广场绿化可持续发展的实施方法,旨在为城建工作人员的城市广场绿化建设工作提供参考。     

城市建筑屋顶绿化施工技术分析

随着现代化城市进程的加快,城市土地资源日益紧张,绿化用地不断缩小,城市建筑屋顶绿化作为一种新型绿化方式逐渐受到人们的广泛关注。建筑屋顶绿化在节约能源、缓解热岛效应、美化城市环境以及涵蓄天然降水等方面有着非常重要的作用。因此要进一步优化和完善城市建筑屋顶绿化施工技术,为人们创造一个新型绿色空间。本文分析了城市建筑屋顶绿化的荷载分析和计算,阐述了城市建筑屋顶绿化施工技术。     

海绵城市背景下的屋顶绿化营建研究

海绵城市是我国城市建设发展的重要战略,而屋顶绿化是建设海绵城市的途径之一。通过屋顶绿化公共政策、绿化类型、绿化设计、工程施工与养护管理4个方面进行基于海绵城市背景下的屋顶绿化的营建研究。     

城市湿地景观绿化现状及发展对策

在城市化快速发展过程中,城市湿地景观绿化也面临着生态危机,因此,加强城市湿地景观绿化建设是有必要的,可以进一步提高城市生态效应,保护城市湿地资源。基于此,阐述了市湿地的概念和湿地景观绿化建设的原则,分析了城市湿地景观绿化现状,提出了城市湿地景观绿化建设策略。     

试论武汉市公共环境的立体绿化建设

随着经济增长和城市建设的发展,工业化与城市环境的矛盾日益突出。传统的绿化模式将严重的制约城市公共环境绿化面积的增加。武汉市人口稠密,建筑拥挤,绿化用地紧张,立体绿化尤显重要和迫切。因此必须采取措施因地适宜地开展城市环境的立体绿化,大大增加绿化面积,卓有成效地改善武汉市的城市环境质量。     

城市立体绿化探讨

本文总结了城市立体绿化的概念、发展、特点、等方面的研究成果;概括了立体绿化的绿化模式及其特点、原则,分析了城市立体绿化存在的问题,以及国内外城市立体绿化的现状,最后展望了中小城市立体绿化未来的发展趋势。     

浅谈城市道路绿化工程的施工与管理

城市道路绿化的水平能反映出该城市园林绿化的整体水平,是展示一个城市绿化的窗口,是衡量一个城市景观质量好坏的标尺。城市的道路绿化主要分2部分,即城市人行道绿化和道路分隔带绿化。从行道树设计与道路绿化的角度,浅析城市道路绿化工程的施工与管理。     

几种适宜惠州城市立体绿化的植物特性

“立体绿化”可以在不增加城市用地的情况下,扩大城市的绿化范围、提高城市的绿化覆盖率。简要介绍立体绿化的主要形式,详细介绍惠州市爬山虎、忍冬等几种主要绿化植物种名、习性及适生条件,为城市立体绿化提供参考。     

Incorporating soil ecosystem services into urban planning: status,challenges and opportunities

Context

Traditionally soils have not received much attention in urban planning. For this, tools are needed that can both be understood both by soil scientists and urban planners.

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to enhance the role of soil knowledge in urban planning practice, through the following objectives: (1) identifying the role soil plays in recent urban plans; (2) analysing the ecosystem services and indicators used in soil science in an urban context; and (3) inferring the main challenges and opportunities to integrate soil into urban planning.

Methods

Seven urban plans and reports of world cities that include sustainability goals were analysed using text-mining and qualitative analysis, with a critical view on the inclusion of soil-related concepts. Secondly, the contribution of soil science to urban planning was assessed with an overview of case studies in the past decade that focus on soil-related ecosystem services in urban context.

Results

The results show an overall weak attention to soil and soil-related ecosystem services in the implementation and monitoring phases of urban plans. The majority of soil science case studies uses a haphazard approach to measure ecosystem service indicators which may not capture the ecosystem services appropriately and hence lack relevance for urban planning.

Conclusions

Even though the most urban plans assessed recognize soil as a key resource, most of them fail to integrate indicators to measure or monitor soil-related functions. There is a need to develop soil-related ecosystem services that can be easily integrated and understood by other fields.

     

Management of urban recreational woodlands: The case of Norway

A questionnaire was mailed to 351 forest supervisors in Norway about the condition and management of urban woodlands important for recreation. The overall respondense rate was 56% and included 29 large urban settlements (10,000 inhabitants) and 168 small urban settlements (200–9999 inhabitants), encompassing about 37% of the Norwegian population. The areas included in the survey cover 194,100 ha, i.e. 1.6% of the forested area. Urban woodlands were defined as the annually most frequently visited forest areas larger than 50 ha. The average size of urban woodlands was about 1000 ha, equal in large and small urban settlements. About 73% of the urban woodlands were closer than 500 m from settlements. The mean proportion of forest in the urban fringe was 40%. Like most forested land in Norway, urban woodlands were mainly privately owned. In large urban settlements the proportion of municipal forest was slightly higher than in small urban settlements. The distributions of forest stand age and tree species composition in urban woodlands did not deviate from the overall forest situation in the region. Silviculture and forest plans were prominent in urban woodlands around both large and small urban settlements, but special plans for recreation and conservation were equally rare. Recreational facilities and conflicts were most common in urban woodlands around large urban settlements. The effect of the recommendations on management of urban woodlands developed during the 1970s is questioned regarding the small differences between urban woodlands and the general forest situation, as well as between woodlands of large and small urban settlements. However, recreational efforts may have been more intensive in smaller neighbourhood woodlands of less than 50 ha, which were beyond the scope of this survey.     

Community heterogeneity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in urban ponds at a multi-city scale

Purpose

Urbanisation is a leading cause of biotic homogenisation in urban ecosystems. However, there has been little research examining the effect of urbanisation and biotic homogenisation on aquatic communities, and few studies have compared findings across different urban landscapes. We assessed the processes that structure aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity within five UK cities and characterise the heterogeneity of pond macroinvertebrate communities within and among urban areas.

Methods

A total of 132 ponds were sampled for invertebrates to characterise biological communities of ponds across five UK cities. Variation among sites within cities, and variation among urban settlements, was partitioned into components of beta diversity relating to turnover and nestedness.

Results

We recorded 337 macroinvertebrate taxa, and species turnover almost entirely accounted for the high beta-diversity recorded within each urban area and when all ponds were considered. A total of 40% of all macroinvertebrates recorded were unique to a particular urban settlement. In contrast to the homogenisation of terrestrial and lotic communities in urban landscapes reported in the literature, ponds support highly heterogeneous communities within and among urban settlements.

Conclusions

The high species turnover (species replacement) recorded in this study demonstrates that urban pond biodiversity conservation would be most efficient at a landscape-scale, rather than at the individual ponds scale. Pond conservation practices need to consider the spatial organization of ecological communities (landscape-scale) to ensure that the maximum possible biodiversity can be protected.

     

A hierarchical analysis of the relationship between urban impervious surfaces and land surface temperatures: spatial scale dependence,temporal variations,and bioclimatic modulation

Context

Understanding how urban impervious surfaces (UIS) affect land surface temperatures (LST) on different scales in space and time is important for urban ecology and sustainability.

Objectives

We examined how spatial scales, seasonal and diurnal variations, and bioclimatic settings affected the UIS–LST relationship in mainland China.

Methods

We took a hierarchical approach explicitly considering three scales: the ecoregion, urban cluster, and urban core. The UIS–LST relationship was quantified with Pearson correlation using multiple remote sensing datasets.

Results

In general, UIS and LST were positively correlated in summer daytime/nighttime and winter nighttime, but negatively in winter daytime. The strength of correlation increased from broad to fine scales. The mean R² of winter nights at the urban core scale (0.262) was 4.03 times as high as that at the ecoregion scale (0.065). The relationship showed large seasonal and diurnal variations: generally stronger in summer than in winter and stronger in nighttime than in daytime. At the urban core scale, the mean R² of summer daytime (0.208) was 3.25 times as high as that of winter daytime (0.064), and the mean R² of winter nighttime (0.262) was 4.10 times as high as that of winter daytime (0.064). Vegetation and climate substantially modified the relationship during summer daytime on the ecoregion scale.

Conclusions

Our study provides new evidence that the UIS–LST relationship varies with spatial scales, diurnal/seasonal cycles, and bioclimatic context, with new insight into the cross-scale properties of the relationship. These findings have implications for mitigating urban heat island effects across scales in China and beyond.

     

Evolving core-periphery interactions in a rapidly expanding urban landscape: The case of Beijing

We characterized and analyzed the dynamics of a rapidly expanding urban landscape of Beijing Municipality, based on the Hierarchical Regional Space (HRS) model. We focused on ecological processes such as flows of energy, materials and population between the urban core and its periphery, and how these processes co-evolved with urbanization. We treated the HRS as an alternative to the cellular automata (CA) approach to characterizing and modeling of landscape dynamics. With LANDSAT data, we showed that the urban area of Beijing expanded from 269 km² to 901 km² in the period from 1975 to 1997, an increase of 2.35 times in 22 years. Meanwhile, a number of secondary urban centers formed on areas that used to be sparsely populated around the city. These secondary centers quickly expanded and ultimately merged with each other and with the urban core. The changes in spatial pattern and organization were accompanied by evolution of urban functions and particularly the interactions between the urban core and its periphery. We demonstrated a dramatic increase in dependence of the urban core on the periphery as well as the cores influence on the periphery with a case analysis of the vegetable supply to Beijing. The tightening link between the city and its periphery reinforces the urbanization process and further drives the transformation of the regions landscape. We conclude that the HRS model is capable of characterizing the patterns and processes of complex and dynamic landscapes such as the case of Beijing, and this model has great potential for quantitative modeling of human dominated landscapes as well.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Multi-scale mismatches between urban sprawl and landscape fragmentation create windows of opportunity for conservation development

Context

Urban sprawl and the expanding transportation infrastructure drive land consumption and landscape fragmentation, causing environmental deterioration and loss of species. Current understanding of how these drivers interact to shape landscape fragmentation is still poor. However, a strong correlation between urban sprawl and landscape fragmentation patterns is commonly assumed.

Objectives

Our main objective was to test the strength, non-stationarity, and scale-dependency of the relationship between urban sprawl and landscape fragmentation patterns (‘sprawl-fragmentation relationship’). Subsequently, we propose an extended framework for the links between urban sprawl, expansion of transport infrastructure, and landscape fragmentation.

Methods

We quantified spatial patterns of urban sprawl and landscape fragmentation for mainland Spain at multiple scales. We then fitted global regression models and geographically weighted regression models with metrics of landscape fragmentation and urban sprawl.

Results

Most variation in landscape fragmentation values (almost 80 % on average) is not explained by urban sprawl metrics through global modeling. Local models show substantial improvements in model performance, with an average of 37 % of the variance remaining unexplained. The contribution of urban sprawl to landscape fragmentation patterns varies locally and depends on scale, with higher contributions at coarser scales and at higher organizational levels.

Conclusions

Our investigation revealed three critical characteristics of the sprawl-fragmentation relationship: it does not prevail, is non-stationary, and scale-dependent. We propose four mechanisms that may have resulted in this mismatch: scale, time-lagged development, spatial arrangement of development, and other external variables including teleconnections. These spatial mismatches provide windows of opportunity for conservation through better development strategies.

     

Micro-scale urban surface temperatures are related to land-cover features and residential heat related health impacts in Phoenix,AZ USA

Context

With rapidly expanding urban regions, the effects of land cover changes on urban surface temperatures and the consequences of these changes for human health are becoming progressively larger problems.

Objectives

We investigated residential parcel and neighborhood scale variations in urban land surface temperature, land cover, and residents’ perceptions of landscapes and heat illnesses in the subtropical desert city of Phoenix, AZ USA.

Methods

We conducted an airborne imaging campaign that acquired high resolution urban land surface temperature data (7 m/pixel) during the day and night. We performed a geographic overlay of these data with high resolution land cover maps, parcel boundaries, neighborhood boundaries, and a household survey.

Results

Land cover composition, including percentages of vegetated, building, and road areas, and values for NDVI, and albedo, was correlated with residential parcel surface temperatures and the effects differed between day and night. Vegetation was more effective at cooling hotter neighborhoods. We found consistencies between heat risk factors in neighborhood environments and residents’ perceptions of these factors. Symptoms of heat-related illness were correlated with parcel scale surface temperature patterns during the daytime but no corresponding relationship was observed with nighttime surface temperatures.

Conclusions

Residents’ experiences of heat vulnerability were related to the daytime land surface thermal environment, which is influenced by micro-scale variation in land cover composition. These results provide a first look at parcel-scale causes and consequences of urban surface temperature variation and provide a critically needed perspective on heat vulnerability assessment studies conducted at much coarser scales.

     

Urban ecology principles: are urban ecology and natural area ecology really different?

Context

To understand, even improve, the land of shrinking nature and spreading urbanization, a science applicable from remote natural areas to cities is needed.

Objective

Today’s scientific principles of urban ecology are articulated and compared with ecology based primarily on natural ecosystems; we either robustly merge the trajectories or watch them diverge.

Methods

A literature review emphasizes that the field of ecology emerged from late 19th century and early 20th century research mostly in semi-natural environments, whereas urban ecology mainly developed from studying plants, habitat types, and ecosystem nutrient flows in late 20th century city environments.

Results

Ninety urban ecology principles are identified and succinctly stated. Underlying the principles, 18 distinctive types of urban attributes are recognized in four major groups: land uses; built objects; permeating anthropogenic flows; human decisions/activities. The attributes or objects studied in “natural area” ecology and urban ecology differ sharply, as do the primary objects present in late 19th century and late 20th century cities. None of the 90 basic principles would have emerged from research on natural areas, and all are readily usable for improving urban and urbanizing areas.

Conclusion

Incorporating urban ecology science into ecology’s body of principles and theory now should catapult the field of ecology to the next level, and noticeably increase its usefulness for society.

     

生态园林在城市滨水景观设计中的应用研究

城市滨水景观具有特殊性,而园林设计是其最重要的组成部分。城市滨水景观设计,不能仅仅停留在美学角度的"风景如画"上,应该从更深、更广的层面去理解和把握,特别是要从景观生态的角度,从人与自然共生的角度去分析,其中的关键是要重视城市滨水景观园林巨大的生态功能和游憩功能。生态园林强调发挥生态、社会、美化等综合功能,注重生态效益,维护和改善城市生态环境质量,从"自然的"和以生态为中心着手,用环境保护的最新成果去指导城市滨水景观规划设计,达到可持续性发展的要求。     

Abundance of urban male mosquitoes by green infrastructure types: implications for landscape design and vector management

Context

Urban green space (UGS) is widely espoused in sustainable urban design. Notwithstanding its ecosystem services, UGS is commonly perceived as inadvertent habitats for urban mosquitoes. Moreover, the lack of ecological understanding of mosquitoes and their urban habitats renders vector control in green spaces without reliance on chemical and bio-pesticides especially challenging.

Objectives

This study envisages the application of a comparative analytical method for the evaluation and optimization of vector management in different urban spaces. The research examines the extent of male habitat preference as measured by population characteristics of urban adult mosquitoes on green roof and control sites.

Methods

Adult mosquito traps were deployed on green roofs (GR), bare roofs (negative control, NC), and low-elevation gardens (positive control, PC). Distribution of male and female members of vector species were analyzed

Results

Urban adult male mosquitoes exhibited highly-selective habitat use of the studied urban spaces, in that they were clustered chiefly in PC. Their spatial distributions are consistently explained by site group even under the stringent measure of presence/absence. The sex ratios of GR and NC were highly skewed toward females, which lends further to the interpretation of strong male habitat preference for the studied PC gardens.

Conclusions

Urban mosquitoes do not display similar degrees of affinity for different types of green infrastructure. The methodology used can help prioritize urban sites and optimize control strategies. The uses of amenable environmental features salient to mosquito survival in landscape design should be explored as a sustainable and environmentally-friendly vector management approach.