Performance based irrigation planning under water shortage

A linear programming (LP) based optimization model and a simulation model are developed and applied in a typical diversion type irrigation system for land and water allocation during the dry season. Optimum cropping patterns for different management strategies are obtained by the LP model for different irrigation efficiencies and water availability scenarios. The simulation model yields the risk-related irrigation system performance measures (i.e. reliability, resiliency and vulnerability) for the management policies defined by the optimization model. The alternative strategies are evaluated in terms of all performance criteria (i.e. net economic benefit, equity and reliability) simultaneously through a trade-off analysis using a multi-criteria decision making method (compromise programming). For the case study of the Kankai irrigation system in Nepal, with equal preference to the objectives, a management strategy with equal share of water among the project subareas appears to be the most satisfactory alternative under water shortage conditions. The existing water allocation policy is not economically efficient. Deficit irrigation in Early paddy appears attractive under favorable hydrologic scenario, particularly if accompanied by measures to improve existing irrigation system efficiency.     

地下水埋深与土壤含水率对应关系和最优灌溉模式的试验研究

节水高产的浅湿灌溉技术较适合南太湖地区的水稻生产。试验选用苏南太湖地区水稻土中有代表性的粘土和重壤土作试验载体 ,系统地探讨了浅湿灌溉对水稻生理、生态及稻田生态环境的影响 ,水稻平均比浅水勤灌增产 6.1 %。经对降水利用率、稻田耗水量、灌水量测定 ,浅湿灌溉比浅水勤灌分别增加 1 4 .6%和减少 1 9.2 %和 30 % ,收到了节水高产的效果。对地下水埋深和土壤含水率对应关系的测定 ,得出 ,稻田落干时地下水埋深以 30 cm为宜 (烤田期除外 )。在此范围内 ,地下水埋深每下降 1 0 cm,土壤含水率下降 1 %～ 5%。据此大田试验 ,得出了水稻的最优灌溉模式     

An approach to estimating the potential production benefits from improved irrigation water management for rice

Production benefits of improved allocation of irrigation water are often difficult to measure. In situations of irrigated wet rice cultivation, bothex post estimates of such benefits andex ante estimates of the maximum potential benefits of further improvements in allocation of a given water supply are possible using a conceptual framework which (1) functionally relates weekly water supplies to weekly measures of average water shortage on individual paddy fields; (2) aggregates the weekly water shortage measures into a seasonal water shortage index; and (3) relates, via a production function, the seasonal water shortage index to yields. An empirical application of this framework estimates the potential increase in production from further improvements in water allocation in one Philippine irrigation system to be negligible.     

南方大型灌区水稻田灌溉制度实时优化方法研究

【目的】提高南方大型平原自流灌区农业用水效率,发展精准灌溉。【方法】针对江苏省洪金灌区,基于降雨短期预报和水量平衡方程,开展水稻灌溉制度的实时优化研究。【结果】基于7 d短历时天气预报,2017年7月7─13日洪金灌区采用实时优化方法确定的灌溉方案与传统灌溉制度相比,在满足同样灌水要求情况下的灌溉水量减少了32%。【结论】该方法对南方水稻区种植具有普遍指导意义,能够更加精确地安排水稻灌溉制度,提高雨水利用率,优化地区水资源分配。     

基于Meta分析的黑龙江省水稻水土肥资源协同优化调配

水稻灌溉水量、氮肥和种植面积的高效管理有助于提升农业经济效益,提高资源利用效率和改善生态环境。以黑龙江省13个市（区）为研究区域,利用Meta分析量化不同灌溉方式和施氮量对水稻产量和温室气体（CO2、CH4、N2O）排放的影响,并建立水肥生产函数。在此基础上,以经济效益、温室气体排放量、水肥利用效率为目标函数构建多目标优化模型,以优化分配各地区的水肥资源,调整水稻种植面积。优化结果表明：控制灌溉和施加氮肥不同程度影响产量和温室气体排放,优化后水稻种植面积减少3.76%,水利用效率提高18.4%,灌溉水量均值为4513.54m3/hm2,氮肥施用量减少11%,氮肥利用效率提高32%,氮肥施用量均值为100kg/hm2;经济效益增加8.1%,温室气体排放降低10.6%。本模型可以量化表征区域尺度基于控制灌溉的水肥施用与产量及温室气体排放的响应关系,协同优化稻田水土肥资源最佳配比,平衡经济、温室气体排放和资源利用效率,有助于黑龙江省水稻不同目标间的水肥资源优化和种植面积调整,促进农业可持续发展,可为水稻水土肥资源优化与管理提供参考。     

农业灌溉远程控制系统的设计

以黑龙江垦区大面积的水稻灌溉为研究对象,开发了基于嵌入式系统、远程无线传输技术以及数据库技术的农业灌溉远程控制系统。该系统设有中央控制器、水位检测及闸门控制系统、泵群控制系统3个部分,通过GSM网络进行数据通信,按水稻的需水量进行较为精确的自动灌溉,从而节省了水、电及人力资源。     

节水防污型农田水利系统方案设计及应用研究

鉴于我国传统的灌排模式及粗放型水稻种植方式,未经任何处理的稻田排水携带高浓度氮磷元素直接排入下游,引起水质恶化,造成水稻灌区严重的农业面源污染。基于农业面源污染的研究现状,构建了由田间水肥综合调控-田间草沟-湿地-骨干生态沟"四道防线"组成的净化农田排水的节水防污型农田水利系统,为验证该系统的净化效果,在广西桂林市青狮潭灌区及桂林灌溉试验中心站开展对比试验研究。试验表明,氮磷排放负荷指标沿程逐级下降,通过"四道防线"后,总氮、铵态氮、总磷负荷分别削减了70.4%、83.5%、61.0%,净化效果明显。研究内容不仅丰富了农业面源污染治理的控制方法和管理措施,也对我国南方水稻灌区面源污染治理具有现实意义。     

Optimal Allocation of Short-Term Irrigation Supply

An optimization model has been developed toaid decision making in real time fordeficit irrigation when conflict betweenwater supply and demand arises in amultiple crop irrigation scheme. The resultis the optimal allocation of short-termsupply of irrigation water. Theoptimization model is based on DynamicProgramming. In the optimization model, theshort-term supply is optimized in functionof a specified strategy determined by theuser. The strategies that the user canselect from are: maximum benefit, equitablebenefit, equitable yield and maintainingequity in the system. The potential of themodel has been assessed through applicationof the model to Perkerra irrigation schemein Kenya. In the 680 ha scheme, maize,onion and chili are cultivated in theirrigation season. Analysis of the resultsfor the 1999/2000 season, where the watersupply was 35 percent smaller than thedemand, indicates that improvements in cropproduction can be achieved throughapplication of the optimization model.Sensitivity of production system to variouslevels of water restriction is demonstratedby sensitivity analysis.     

Model for performance based land area and water allocation within irrigation schemes

This paper focuses on irrigation schemes under rotational water supply in arid and semiarid regions. It presents a methodology for developing plans for optimum allocation of land area and water, considering performance measures such as productivity, equity and adequacy. These irrigation schemes are characterized by limited water supply and heterogeneity in soils, crops, climate and water distribution network, etc. The methodology proposed in this paper, therefore, uses a previously developed simulation–optimization model (Area and Water Allocation Model, AWAM) that considers the heterogeneity of the irrigation scheme in the allocation process, and modifies this to take account of equity and adequacy of supply to irrigated areas. The AWAM model has four phases to be executed separately for each set of irrigation interval over the irrigation season: 1. generation of irrigation strategies for each crop–soil–region combination (CSR unit), 2. preparation of irrigation programmes for each irrigation strategy, 3. selection of specified number of irrigation programmes for each CSR unit and 4. optimum allocation of land area and water to different parts of the irrigation scheme (allocation units) for maximizing productivity. In the modified AWAM model, the adequacy is included at Phase-2 (by including only the irrigation programmes for full irrigation of each CSR unit) and equity is included at Phase-4 (by including the constraints for equity). The paper briefly discusses the applicability of the modified AWAM model for a case study of Nazare medium irrigation scheme in Southern India. The results of the case study indicated that the performance measures of productivity, equity and adequacy conflict with each other.     

基于DP-PSO算法的灌区农业水资源优化配置

针对引水灌区,考虑灌溉用水总量约束和时段可供水量约束,以单一作物非充分灌溉下灌溉制度优化为第一层,区域多种作物种植结构及水量分配为第二层,分别采用动态规划和粒子群算法求解,建立了基于DP-PSO算法的灌区农业水资源优化配置模型。针对多重约束问题,提出了一种初始化粒子群的方法,并通过粒子速度的动态变化来保证每代粒子都满足约束,提高了算法的收敛速度和收敛精度。以赣抚平原灌区为对象,考虑降雨和水源可供水量不同步的特点,计算了3种降雨频率、多年可供水条件下的农业水资源优化配置方案。结果表明,基于DPPSO算法的农业水资源优化配置模型合理可靠,为引水灌区农业水资源优化提供了一种新的方法。     

Simulation of irrigation demand hydrographs at sector level

An appropriate estimation of demand at turnouts supplying the distribution network of the sectors constituting an irrigation project is an essential tool to improve delivery scheduling in an upstream controlled irrigation system. This paper reports on studies developed at Sorraia irrigation system, Portugal, where main crops are paddy rice and furrow irrigated row crops. The project covers 15,000 ha and deserves near 2,000 farmers, the delivery being organized through near 20 sectors. Records of supply data by farmer and outlet are available for several years and have been utilized to calibrate the models. The model ISAREG has been adopted for the simulation of irrigation demand for row crops. This is an irrigation scheduling simulation model, with several options including the evaluation of delivery schedules. Adopting and calibrating theETa/ETm ratio as irrigation threshold, the model could be calibrated for the main crops. Aggregated results for several irrigation sectors closely follow the recorded ones. The model IRRICEP has been developed for simulating paddy rice irrigation. Continuous flow deliver is adopted and the model computes the flooding time and the corresponding irrigation units. The irrigation requirements are those required to keep the target water depths in the basins. The aggregated results also satisfactorily follow the recorded supplies. Models ISAREG and IRRICEP are coupled when both rice and row crops are planted in the same irrigation sector.     

Characteristics of water reuse and its effects on paddy irrigation system water balance and the riceland ecosystem

Rapid industrial development in the rice-growing regions has increased competition for the scarce water resources. Water reuse (surface and subsurface agriculture drainage water, storm runoff, sewerage effluent and industrial wastewater recycling) is in widespread use as a method of supplementing the paddy water supply, therefore, there is a need to clarify its effects on the paddy system water balance and riceland ecosystem. Field data and simulation results from a complex runoff model (created on a daily basis), were used to estimate the water balance and assess the effects on the irrigation system of a water shortage area in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. For three years (1991–1993), the average water reuse component was within the range 14∼ 15% of the total irrigation water supply. Apart from meeting the water needs at peak demand periods, water reuse is a quick-response water supply solution during dry spells, increasing both the water reliability and crop security. To understand the impact of water reuse on the riceland ecosystem, its effect on total phosphorus (T-P), total nitrogen (T-N), suspended solids (SS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was assessed. Blending of the drainage water was done to reduce the irrigation water concentrations, to approximate the traditional dual canal system and to increase farmer satisfaction with the water reuse system. Apart from the fact that the amount of return flow drained out of the irrigation system was reduced when drainage water was reused for irrigation, the effluent load reductions for SS and T-P owing to water reuse were consistently high. Hence, water reuse not only helps meet irrigation water needs, but also aids purification of the agricultural drainage water and preservation of the riceland ecosystem.     

Linking hydro-meteorological factors to the assessment of nutrient loadings to streams from large-plotted paddy rice fields

Excessive nutrient loadings from rice paddy fields has been a great concern in Korea as rice paddy area spans over 1,153,000 ha, which covers approximately 60% of the total agricultural land area in Korea. The principal tasks of this study included undertaking work to better identifying the scope of the nutrient loadings from paddy fields to assess their adverse effects. Hydro-meteorological factors, rainfall and surface discharge, were considered as the major driving forces of nutrients into the water. A Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model was applied and its capability evaluated to predict the nutrient loading into the neighboring water. The 15 ha paddy fields surrounded by drainage and irrigation channels were chosen as a study area. Field data, such as rainfall, quantities of irrigation and discharge water, and nutrient contents (total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P)) from two different water sources, were obtained throughout the study period. Simulation results showed that surface discharge had a positive correlation with rainfall (R = 0.84). In addition, the resulting predictions for nutrient concentrations corresponding to surface discharge were varied (R = 0.72 and 0.40 in total nitrogen and total phosphorus, respectively). This study found that both natural and artificial variations of nutrient contents in irrigation streams were significantly influenced the model results of nutrient predictions. Therefore, the nutrient loadings into the neighboring water can be accurately described with a more comprehensive and sufficient representation of both environmental inputs and hydrological processes.     

节水灌溉的作物需水量试验研究

对节水灌溉条件下的冬小麦、夏玉米、棉花和水稻需水量进行试验研究 ,结果表明 ,节水灌溉模式对作物需水量变化产生较大影响。与浅水灌溉模式相比 ,控制灌溉模式的水稻需水量减少 3 4.6% ,覆膜旱作节水模式的水稻需水量减少 3 9.94%。采用节水灌溉模式后 ,冬小麦需水量减少 1 0 %左右 ,夏玉米需水量减少1 3 % ,棉花需水量减少 3 0 %。因此 ,对大田农作物进行高效节水灌溉 ,能在获得高产 (增产 )的前提下 ,较大幅度地减少作物的蒸发蒸腾量 ,其中无效蒸腾量的减少成为主要因素之一     

基于评价的水资源优化模型适用性比较

为了比较不同目标的水资源优化配置模型在黑河中游的适用性,在充分考虑地表径流随机性的基础上,分别构建以灌区农业水生产力最大、农业灌溉损失最小、净经济效益最大为目标函数的灌区水资源优化配置模型,并引入多指标综合评价法以及熵权法对3个优化模型的配置结果进行综合效应评价．评价结果显示,基于黑河中游水资源利用现状,以灌区农业水生产力最大为目标函数的模型,更适合现阶段黑河中游灌区水资源配置要求．使用灌溉水生产力最大为目标函数的优化模型对有限水资源进行优化后的配水方案整体用水比现状水平年减少了334×108 m3,灌溉水生产力增加了0453 kg／m3,用水成本比实际减少了421×107元．评价结果验证了水资源优化配置模型方案评价的可行性．     

作物优化灌溉制度理论与方法研究进展

重点论述了国内外作物优化灌溉制度理论与方法的研究进展,其中问题有：在单一作物模型中基于SPAC理论的研究不够充分,作物需水时间划分不够具体;多种作物水资源优化配置注重经济效益而在面向生态的综合效益研究较少。文中还比较了在模型设计中多种方法的优缺点,提出了在今后作物灌溉制度研究中应运用多种模型组合优化方法,加强学科交流以解决灌溉决策支持系统的问题,以期为解决区域内不同节水模式下作物优化灌溉制度和面向生态的水资源配置提供灵活可行的科学依据。     

灌区灌溉用水时空优化配置方法

将传统的灌溉水量在作物间的优化分配模型和建立的渠系工作制度多目标优化模型与地理信息系统相集成,提出了基于空间决策支持系统的灌区灌溉用水优化配置的新方法.综合考虑了灌区内作物、土壤、气象站点、渠系布置的空间差异、年季间气象以及作物不同生育阶段对应参数的时间差异.与传统优化方法相比,该方法可根据管理者对优化精度的要求,灵活选择优化尺度,同时,简化了求解时空优化配水问题的繁琐程度,结果表现形式更加丰富.在此基础上建立的空间决策支持系统界面友好,运行效率高,可移植性和通用性强.经实例验证,优化后的配水方案与原配水方案相比较,灌溉总用水量减少296％,产量增加243％,水分生产率提高05 kg／m3,灌溉净效益增加168％.优化后配水方案具有将有限的水资源向经济价值较高作物转移的趋势.该方法为灌区灌溉用水优化配置提供了新思路.     

辽河平原水田灌区灌溉水源的优化开发与应用研究

针对水资源相当贫乏的辽河平原地区，运用系统工程理论，采用模拟技术，研究利用区内冲洪积层，建设地下水库；依循三水转化规律，人工强化回灌，加大地下含水体的反调节能力，大大提高水资源的重复利用率。在科学的水源开发规程下，找到了数十万公顷水田灌溉可不依靠上游水库调节供水的区内多种水源的优化开发与运用策略。灌溉节省的水量，转向工业及城市建设，综合效益巨大。     

Ring dike system to harness floodwater from the Mekong River for paddy rice cultivation in the Tonle Sap Lake floodplain in Cambodia

Located in the floodplain of the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap River, Batheay irrigation system and its reservoir directly receive floodwater from the Mekong. The Batheay reservoir formed by a ring dike functions as both a reservoir and a paddy field. In the wet season, the ring dike prevents floodwater from entering the reservoir and rainy season rice is grown inside the dike. After harvesting, the gates on the ring dike are opened to receive floodwater. The water is stored inside the dike for cultivating dry season rice outside the dike. In this paper, the irrigation system is studied as a model site for future development of the floodplain of the Tonle Sap Lake of Cambodia. Specifically, this paper is concerned with the study of water balance and analysis of the hydrologic components of the Batheay irrigation system, and the effectiveness of the ring dike system. The study found that floodwater of the Mekong River contributed about 74% to the total inflow to the Batheay reservoir. Contributions to the total water supply of reservoir water, floodwater remaining in the fields, and precipitation were 73, 12, and 15%, respectively. The efficiency of the system was found to be 92%. The dike system is expected to be a paradigm for the floodplain of the Tonle Sap Lake.     

基于模糊几何加权模型的灌区水资源优化配置

针对农业水资源优化配置中多目标赋权的不确定性问题,以黑龙江省绰尔屯灌区为研究区域,构建了基于模糊几何加权法的灌区水资源优化配置模型,把多目标规划问题转化为单目标非线性问题,得到了不同权重下不同生育期的灌区水资源最佳配置方案,并通过灌区综合能力评价体系进行比选.结果表明:通过与线性多目标模糊规划模型的对比,模糊几何加权模型可以根据实际情况对不同目标的权重进行调整,得出该条件下的灌区水资源最佳配置方案;当灌水量权重为0.3和经济权重为0.7时为最优方案,水稻产值为8 245万元,分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期的灌水量分别为1 154.56万、779.12万、539.45万、336.57万m³.验证了模糊几何加权法在灌区水资源优化配置的可行性应用,为灌区农业水资源高效利用提供参考方案和决策支持.