脱落酸对棉花体细胞胚胎发生的影响

【目的】研究脱落酸(Abscisic acid, ABA)对棉花体细胞胚胎发生过程中下胚轴脱分化和再分化的影响,优化体细胞胚胎发生体系和初步解析脱落酸调控棉花体细胞胚胎发生分子机制。【方法】以棉花品种中棉所24(CCRI 24)下胚轴为外植体,设置5个ABA浓度0、0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08μmol·L~(-1),分别以A0、A1、A2、A3、A4表示,添加至MSB(MS培养基+B5维生素)培养基诱导愈伤和胚性愈伤,研究ABA对棉花下胚轴初始细胞脱分化、愈伤组织诱导和胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响。【结果】ABA促进下胚轴初始细胞脱分化;显著提高愈伤组织的脱分化率和增殖率;0.02μmol·L~(-1)ABA显著提高胚性愈伤分化率,0.04～0.08μmol·L~(-1)ABA显著降低胚性愈伤分化率。ABA处理后胚性愈伤和非胚性愈伤的增殖率均显著提高且质地受到影响。0.02～0.08μmol ABA处理下,LBD和LBD在愈伤起始期上调表达。0.02μmol·L~(-1)ABA处理下,在愈伤增殖早期和中期BBM、LEC1和AGL15上调表达,愈伤增殖后期FUS3、LEA、ABI3基因上调表达。【结论】脱落酸调控的棉花体细胞胚胎发生与相关标记基因的时空性表达密切相关,这些基因表达水平的增加是ABA调控愈伤和胚性愈伤分化的分子基础。     

卡那霉素对棉花胚性愈伤组织生长发育的影响

卡那霉素对棉花胚性愈伤组织的增殖、胚胎发生及发育均有一定的抑制作用,但不同浓度的卡那霉素对棉花胚性愈伤组织的生长发育作用程度不同,低浓度较弱,高浓度较强;胚性愈伤与体细胞胚生长发育的不同阶段对卡那霉素的敏感性有所不同。在棉花遗传转化过程中,卡那霉素浓度不能低于５０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１,胚性愈伤的继代培养时间应控制在３０ｄ左右。     

棉花愈伤组织分化过程中的DNA甲基化分析

DNA甲基化是表观遗传修饰的途径之一,在维持生物基因组稳定性与调控基因转录和表达中起着重要作用。为明确棉花愈伤组织分化过程中基因组DNA的甲基化变异模式以及甲基化图谱,本研究利用全基因组亚硫酸盐测序(WGBS)技术对棉花愈伤组织分化(非胚性与胚性)过程中的DNA甲基化模式进行了全面比较。全基因组DNA甲基化分析表明,在棉花愈伤组织分化过程中非胚性愈伤组织的mCG与m CHG所占比率高于胚性愈伤组织,而不对称m CHH的比率则低于胚性愈伤组织;非胚性愈伤组织的mCG、m CHG、mCHH及mC的平均甲基化水平均低于胚性愈伤组织。基因组甲基化区域分析表明,棉花愈伤组织分化过程中基因间、启动子和基因下游(转录终止位点下游2 kb)的甲基化水平较高,同时胚性愈伤组织的基因间、启动子及基因下游的平均甲基化水平均高于非胚性愈伤组织。因此,本研究分析了棉花愈伤组织全基因组DNA甲基化水平,为进一步研究棉花体细胞胚胎发生的表观遗传机制提供了依据。     

海岛棉愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响因素初探

本研究以新疆自育海岛棉品种新海16无菌苗下胚轴为外植体材料,进行愈伤组织诱导、分化及再生植株的初步研究,筛选出适合于海岛棉体细胞胚胎再生的培养体系。结果表明,最佳诱导愈伤组织及分化配方为MSB附加0.1mg/L2,4-D及0.05mg/LKT,分化率达到88%;于MSB1附加0.01mg/LKT及0.3mg/LNAA中对胚性愈伤组织进行增值培养;由MSB2附加0.1mg/LIBA中可分化出成熟体细胞胚胎及再生植株,分化率达73%。本研究通过体细胞胚胎发生途径获得了海岛棉再生植株,为海岛棉遗传转化体系的建立及分子育种奠定了基础。     

茶树愈伤组织继代培养与体细胞胚发生

利用添加不同种类,浓度的１／２ＭＳ修改培养基、Ｂ５培养基交叉培养茶树（ＣａｍｅｌｌｉａｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．）愈伤组织,有利于延长愈伤组织继代培养时间,并维持胚性愈伤组织高的体细胞胚分化能力,不同品种的胚性愈伤组织体细胞胚分化率存在明显差异,试管苗茎胚性愈伤组织分化率高于大田栽培的成龄茶树叶柄胚性愈伤组织。胚性愈伤组织随着继代培养时间的延长,体细胞胚分化率随之有所下降,胚性愈伤组织在继代培养过程中,     

转基因棉花再生植株育性影响因素研究

【目的】探究影响农杆菌介导棉花体细胞转化体系产生的再生植株育性的影响因素。【方法】从载体大小、目的基因大小、不同阶段组织培养时间等因素对6个载体的转基因再生植株当代(T₀)育性影响进行分析。【结果】不同载体/目的基因的转基因植株不育率呈现显著差异，但是转基因植株育性与载体大小、目的基因大小之间没有明显关系。进一步研究发现转基因再生植株不育率与胚性愈伤组织分化-植株再生的培养时间呈显著正相关，分化-植株再生培养时间少于110 d、110～130 d、130～150 d、150～170 d、超过170 d的植株不育率分别为19.6%、45.5%、63.8%、72.3%、94.5%；而与诱导愈伤组织形成-胚性愈伤组织分化的持续培养时间没有相关性。【结论】转基因棉花再生植株育性受到胚性愈伤组织持续培养时间的显著影响，缩短胚性愈伤组织到植株再生的培养时间能够提高转基因再生植株的育性。     

利用RNAi研究棉花SSH文库上调表达EST的功能

为了进一步研究棉花体细胞胚胎发生的分子机制,采用RNAi技术,利用棉花生物学国家重点实验室在表达载体p BI121的基础上成功改造的双元表达载体pCRI1210,构建了针对棉花胚性愈伤组织抑制性消减文库中上调表达的4个ESTs干涉载体pCRI210-EST(EST-418、EST-447、EST-496和EST-653)。以从中棉所24中筛选出的体细胞胚胎分化率较高的株系W10的无菌苗下胚轴切段为受体,利用农杆菌介导法转化pCRI1210-EST干涉载体,浸染后的下胚轴切段在愈伤组织诱导培养基上进行分化。利用半定量RT-PCR技术检测愈伤组织的cDNA。结果表明,转化4个ESTs干涉载体后的胚性愈伤组织中均检测到了载体骨架,证明干涉载体均成功整合进了基因组DNA中,而4个ESTs对应的cDNA的表达量均出现不同程度的下调,不同干涉载体转化的下胚轴出愈率呈现上升和下降2种结果。其中转化EST-418干涉载体的下胚轴出愈率与对照相比有所提高,转化EST-447、EST-496和EST-653干涉载体的下胚轴出愈率与对照相比出现不同程度的下降。因此推断,4个ESTs在愈伤组织分化过程中发挥着不同的作用。其中,EST-418在棉花体细胞胚胎发生过程中起抑制作用,而EST-447、EST-496和EST-653国外品种中在棉花体细胞胚胎发生过程中起促进作用,其结果为分离棉花体细胞胚胎发生相关基因提供了技术和理论支撑。     

棉花组织培养直接胚胎发生和植株再生

选用陆地棉(GossypiumhirsutumL.)品种中棉所12,首次直接诱导获得棉花体细胞胚胎发生,并获得了再生植株。结果表明,激素是影响棉花体细胞胚胎直接发生的重要因素,单独使用ZT可直接诱导获得棉花胚性愈伤组织和胚状体,2,4-D的添加虽有利于愈伤组织的形成,但却没能直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织,IAA的添加削弱了ZT的诱导效果。下胚轴、子叶和胚根直接诱导获得胚胎发生的能力不同,其中以子叶的分化能力最强,胚根次之,下胚轴较差。实验中,棉花体细胞胚胎直接发生的最高频率为11.42%,占诱导获得总愈伤组织的44.44%。     

低酚陆地棉直接体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生

选用低酚陆地棉无菌苗下胚轴为材料进行全固体组织培养,直接诱导获得了胚性愈伤组织,并进一步分化为再生植株.结果表明,激素是影响棉花直接体细胞胚胎发生的重要因素.MSB培养基中添加2,4-D有利于愈伤组织的形成,却不能直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织.MSB培养基中添加IBA和BA也不能直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织.MSB培养基附加适当浓度的IBA和KT能直接诱导出胚性愈伤组织.最适激素组合(1.0 mg/L IBA,0.5 mg/L KT)能使诱导棉花下胚轴产生大量胚性愈伤组织,并且在3个月内就可肉眼观察到不同发育时期的胚.MSB培养基中附加1.0 g/L谷氨酰胺和0.5 g/L天门冬酰胺有利于胚萌发成苗.本研究建立了简便高效的棉花直接体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生培养体系,从胚性愈伤组织诱导到植株再生约需5～6个月时间.     

渗透胁迫下芦苇胚性愈伤组织中脯氨酸含量的变化及外源ABA的影响

研究了PEG－6000胁迫下两种生态型芦苇胚性愈伤组织游离脯氨酸含量的变化及外源ABA对其变化的影响。结果表明：在10％－30％PEG的胁迫下脯氨酸迅速积累，沙生芦苇胚性愈伤组织（SREC）的积累量明显高于水生芦苇胚性愈伤组织（WREC）。施加10μmol/L ABA后WREC的脯氨酸含量大幅度升高，但对SREC的影响较小。     

A Regeneration System for Cotton Variety Xinluzao 45 via Somatic Embryogenesis

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to expand upland cotton genotypes suitable for regeneration via somatic embryogenesis, so as to provide excellent receptor materials for the genetic transformation of cotton. [Method] Six different hormone combinations were studied to establish a somatic embryo regeneration system for hypocotyl explants of Xinluzao 45, a widely planted variety in Xinjiang Province. [Result] Faint yellow callus was induced on a medium consisting of hormone combinations C1 (0.1 mg·L^－1 acetic acid dichlorobenzene oxide [2, 4-D] + 0.1 mg·L^－1 kinetin [KT]) or C5 (0.1 mg·L^－1 2, 4-D + 0.5 mg·L^－1 indo-3-butyric acid + 0.1 mg·L^－1 KT). The generated callus was able to successfully induce embryogenic callus on hormone-free medium containing doubled KNO3. The embryogenic callus then developed into somatic embryos and regenerated plants. Maximum rates of callus induction and regeneration were 92.2% and 40.3%, respectively. Although no significant difference was observed in the rate of callus induction of Xinluzao 45 hypocotyls between hormone combinations C1 and C5, the incidence of induced embryonic callus was higher on C1 than on C5. [Conclusion] The somatic embryo regeneration system developed in this study provides technical support that will facilitate Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of upland cotton Xinluzao 45.     

Effects of Melatonin on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Seed Germination of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under Salt-Stress Conditions

[Objective] Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed germination, in which melatonin plays an important regulatory role, is seriously affected by soil salinization. Cotton seed germination, antioxidant enzyme activity levels and other physiological indicators were analyzed to clarify the regulatory effects of exogenous melatonin on cotton seed germination under salt-stress conditions. [Method] The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Hebei Agricultural University in Baoding City, Hebei Province from 2018 to 2019 using Guoxin Cotton 9 as the material. The germination rate, germination potential, seed biomass after germination, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, of cotton seeds were measured after exposure to different melatonin concentrations (0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μmol·L^－1) and 150 mmol·L^－1 NaCl treatments. [Result] After germination, the germination rate, germination potential, radical length and seed biomass significantly decreased, as did the SOD, POD and CAT activities. However, the MDA content significantly increased under salt-stress conditions. Low exogenous melatonin concentrations (10 and 20 μmol·L^－1) increased the germination potential, germination rate and biomass of cotton seeds, and promoted the elongation of radicals; however high melatonin concentrations (50 and 100 μmol·L^－1) inhibited cotton seed germination and decreased seed biomass after germination. Low melatonin concentrations (10 and 20 μmol·L^－1) increased the SOD, POD and CAT activities and decreased the MDA content in cotton seeds. [Conclusion] Low melatonin concentrations could promote germination and improve the salt tolerance of cotton seeds, while high melatonin concentrations could inhibit their germination. A 20 μmol·L^－1 melatonin concentration is appropriate for regulating cotton seed germination under salt-stress conditions.     

Effects of Exogenous Proline on the Growth,Physiological Characteristics,and Proline Metabolism of Cotton Seedlings under Boron Deficiency Stress

[Objective] This study investigates the effects of exogenous proline on the growth, physiological responses, and proline metabolism of cotton (Ekang No.8) seedlings treated with varying boron (B) concentrations. [Method] We conducted a randomized experiment with six treatments using the hydroponic method in a greenhouse at Huazhong Agricultural University. We applied three different concentrations of boron, including 0.02 μmol·L^－1 (low-concentration B), 2.5 μmol·L^－1 (medium-concentration B), and 100 μmol·L^－1 (sufficient-concentration B). The first two are boron-deficient treatments. We also applied an exogenous proline treatment at 20 μmol·L^－1(0 μmol·L^－1 as control). When any significant difference among the treatments were observed, the related indicator was measured. [Result] The results showed that exogenous proline inhibited the growth of cotton seedlings under sufficient-concentration B treatment while promoting the absorption of B by roots under low-concentration B treatment. The application of exogenous proline to the seedlings under low-concentration B treatment reduced the contents of proline and H₂O₂ in leaves but increased the accumulation of MDA and H₂O₂ in roots. The activities of SOD and antioxidant enzymes (APX) in the roots and leaves were dramatically enhanced. Conversely, POD activity reduced significantly and there was no significant change in CAT activity relative to low-concentration B treatment. More importantly, we found that the application of exogenous proline under B deficiency increased the activities of P5CS, P5CR, OAT (synthetase), and PRODH (degrading enzyme) in proline metabolic pathways. [Conclusion] Applying exogenous proline under sufficient-B concentration inhibits growth. The application of proline to seedlings under low-B concentration promotes the absorption of B by roots, increases the activity of APX, and decreases the membrane lipid peroxidation in leaves. A B deficiency leads to proline accumulation in plants. The addition of proline under low-B concentration can reduce the proline content in leaves, which is caused by affecting the critical synthetase and catabolic enzyme activities in the proline metabolism pathway (Glu and Orn pathway). The main reason for this occurrence is the significant increase of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) activity.     

Applying Plant Growth Regulators at Early Stages Affects Maturation of Cotton

[Objective] Early initiation and early maturity are the foundation of high yield and good quality of cotton. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of plant growth regulators applied at the seedling and squaring stage on the early initiation of flower bud and the rate of the opened cotton boll (ROCB) during later development period, and to provide practical measures for hastening the maturity of cotton. [Method] Several plant growth regulators were applied from cotyledonary to squaring stage under greenhouse and field conditions, water was used as the control. The first fruiting branch node (indicating the initiation of flower bud), the number of bud prior to blooming and the ROCB at mid-term of boll maturation period (23 September, 2017) were compared among treatments. [Result] Under greenhouse conditions, gibberellic acid (GA₃) applied at the cotyledonary stage with 140 μmol·L^－1 as well as the three consecutive applications of sodium nitrophenolate (CSN, 2.23 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary, two-leaf and four-leaf stage made the first fruiting branch node move down by about 0.9 nodes. In field experiments, the application of gibberellin₄₊₇(GA₄₊₇, 288 and 576 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by about 0.4 nodes. Also, the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA, 44.4 μmol·L^－1) at the three-leaf stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by 0.2 nodes. However, there was no significant correlation between the first fruiting branch node and the ROCB in late September. Moreover, the application of Brassinolide (BR, 0.10 μmol·L^－1) at the bud stage increased the ROCB in late September, which was mainly associated with the increased boll set in the lower and middle fruiting branches. [Conclusion] The reasonable distribution of bolls (concentrated in the lower and middle fruiting branches as well as inner fruiting sites) is more important for the earliness of cotton than lowering the first fruiting branch node.     

Induction of Embryogenic Callus in Gossypium barbadense L. and Gossypium hirsutum L. by Hormone Treatments

The aim of this study was to induce embryogenic callus from various cultivars of cotton in tissue culture, so that a stable and efficient regeneration system could be developed to produce new cotton varieties for cultivation in Xinjiang. The explant materials were hypocotyls of the main cotton cultivars grown in Xinjiang, i. e. Xinhai 25, Xinhai 16, Xinluzao 39, and Xinluzao 42. We tested the effects of different combinations of two hormones (kinetin, KT; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D) on induction of callus from these explants. Calli were produced by the explants under four different combinations of hormones in the media. The optimal hormone combination to induce callus from Gossypium hirsutum explants was 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT + 0.05 mg·L^-1 2,4-D, while that to induce callus from Gossypium barbadense explants was 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT + 0.1 mg·L^-1 2,4-D. Hormone-free medium and medium containing double to the normal concentration of KNO₃ promoted the emergence of embryogenic callus. Filter paper placed under the medium promoted somatic embryo growth and regeneration of the root system. The differentiation and embryogenesis processes occurred more rapidly in G. hirsutum explants than those in G. barbadense explants. Using this protocol, normal plantlets of these cotton cultivars with strong roots were produced within 10 to 12 months. These methods could be used to increase the number of cotton genotypes that can be regenerated in tissue culture.     

杜仲愈伤组织诱导及胚性愈伤组织的判别

为探索杜仲胚性愈伤组织诱导的条件,建立杜仲体细胞胚胎发生初步体系,以杜仲幼嫩叶片和未成熟合子胚为外植体、MS为基本培养基,探究外源激素配比、未成熟合子胚发育阶段与基因型对愈伤组织诱导的影响,并从形态学和细胞学对愈伤组织进行胚性的判断。试验结果表明：4种不同激素配比的培养基诱导出的叶片愈伤组织在形态上具有差异,MS+ 2,4-D 2 mg/L+ 6-BA 1 mg/L和MS+ 2,4-D 2 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L有利于叶片胚性愈伤组织诱导;在培养基MS+ 2,4-D 2 mg/L+ 6-BA 1 mg/L上,以未成熟合子胚为外植体诱导出4种类型愈伤组织,其中圆球形和颗粒型突起的愈伤组织具有胚性;未成熟合子胚采集时间对愈伤组织诱导率具有显著差异,6月14日采集的外植体愈伤诱导率最高,不同基因型差异不显著。     

掌叶半夏悬浮培养下的体细胞胚胎发生的研究

掌叶半夏种子在附加２，４－Ｄ２．０，ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳ培养基上形成浅黄色或白色颗粒状胚性愈伤组织。胚性愈伤组织在附加２，４－Ｄ１．０，ＢＡ０．５，ＣＨ３００ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳ液体培养其中振荡培养，可产生大量的体细胞胚。２，４－Ｄ对体胚诱导效果显著并促进其早期发育，但抑制其进一步发育成熟。ＮＡＡ对体胚诱导效果不如２，４－Ｄ，但可使体胚正常发育。水解酷蛋白明显提高体胚诱导频率。显微观察表明：体胚起源     

农杆菌介导海岛棉转化体系优化的研究

为建立高效规模化棉花转基因技术体系,解决棉花转化率受基因型限制、转化效率低以及转化苗畸形率高等问题。以棉花胚性愈伤组织作为受体,用农杆菌介导法将Bt基因导入海岛棉棉花品种‘新海16号’,在提高海岛棉遗传转化效率的同时,建立了相对高效地转基因再生植株成苗技术体系。结果表明：分3次依次继代于具头孢霉素浓度梯度的抗性愈伤增殖培养基,较3次均继代于含500 mg/L头孢霉素(Cef)的抗性愈伤增殖培养基MS₂,抗性愈伤增殖速度较快。且60天添加1次50 mg/L Kan时,转化苗成苗率达到最大值。降低NH₄⁺/NO₃^-水平对提高体胚发生率具有有效促进作用。选择继代90天后的愈伤组织,胚状体诱导率可达到最大值;继代180天以上的愈伤组织可以摒弃。经转化后所获的子叶畸形胚,具有较强再生能力,其产生的次生胚经再次培育出正常转基因植株这一途径可有效缩短转化周期。     

Effect of genotype and light intensity on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in melon (Cucumis melo L.)

The efficiency of 14 commercial cultivars of melon (Cucumis melo L.) for callus induction, plant regeneration and somatic embryogenesis under different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) (150 or 50μmol m^?2 s^?1) was investigated. Cotyledonal explants were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented either with 9.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 23.2μM kinetin or with 0.05 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.26 μM 6-benzyladenine for the induction of somatic embryogenesis and shoots, respectively. For embryo maturation and root induction, growing callus tissues were transferred on growth regulator-free MS medium. Both genotype and the intensity of light significantly affected the rate of somatic embryo-genesis, embryo maturation and plant regeneration. On average, 12–47 primary globular-stage embryos were produced per mm² of explant surface. Fully developed, cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos were obtained from only three cultivars. Relatively high root induction rates were observed both on the shoot induction medium (11 cultivars) and on growth regulator-free medium (seven cultivars). In contrast, only six cultivars responded positively to the shoot induction treatment. Callus growth and somatic embryogenesis were significantly improved if cultures were incubated under higher PPFD values, although plant regeneration from all cultivars was significantly reduced under the same conditions.