苹果汁发酵乳饮料的研制

以苹果汁和牛奶为原料,以pH值和感官评分为指标,通过单因素和正交试验,确定苹果汁发酵乳的最优配方及工艺参数。产品的最佳配比:牛奶添加量55%、苹果汁添加量12%、蔗糖添加量5.5%。最佳发酵工艺条件:乳酸菌接种量3.0%、发酵时间5.0h、温度40℃。     

发酵乳清柠檬饮料的研制

以乳清和柠檬为原料,采用正交试验确定了乳清发酵的最佳条件和发酵乳清柠檬饮料的最佳配方,并对其稳定性进行了研究。结果显示:①乳清最佳发酵条件为混合乳酸菌接种量4%,发酵时间5h,发酵温度40℃;②在饮料中添加0.3%的黄原胶,沉淀率最低(4.3%),稳定效果最好;③发酵乳清柠檬饮料最佳配方为柠檬汁9.0%,绵白糖6.0%,稳定剂0.4%。     

乳酸菌发酵豆粕工艺参数优化及其对豆粕营养成分的影响

试验旨在研究乳酸菌发酵豆粕工艺参数优化及其对豆粕营养成分的影响。采用单因素试验和正交试验探究发酵时间、发酵温度、乳酸菌粉接种量、液料比对发酵豆粕中粗蛋白含量的影响,优化发酵工艺参数,比较最优工艺条件下发酵前后豆粕中各营养成分的差异。结果显示,影响发酵豆粕中粗蛋白含量的因素排序为发酵时间>乳酸菌粉接种量>发酵温度>液料比,最优工艺参数为发酵温度32℃、乳酸菌粉接种量1.5%、发酵时间72 h和液料比0.8 L/kg。在最佳工艺条件下,发酵后豆粕中粗蛋白含量达49.64%。与发酵前相比,发酵豆粕中粗蛋白含量显著高于发酵前（P<0.05）,胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量降解率达97.32%(P<0.05)。研究表明,利用乳酸菌对豆粕进行固态发酵可进一步有效改善豆粕营养价值,提高豆粕利用率。     

发酵型红枣乳酸菌饮料生产关键技术研究及应用

选用草地放牧牛所产牛乳和红枣粉为主要原料,辅以益生元——低聚异麦芽糖,通过乳酸菌发酵等技术集成,研制出具有营养平衡和保健价值的红枣乳酸菌饮料。通过预处理单因素试验和正交试验,红枣乳酸菌饮料最佳工艺配方为:红枣粉1.0%、鲜牛乳40%、糖类4.0%(其中,低聚异麦芽糖2.0%)、复合稳定剂(羧甲基纤维素钠、三聚磷酸钠、魔芋粉)0.2%。采用直投式菌种(保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌的比例为2∶1,添加量为40 g/1 000 kg)发酵酸奶:发酵温度为43℃、发酵时间4 h、终点酸度60°T,均质温度65℃、均质压力22 MPa。     

发酵型乳酸羊乳果味饮料加工工艺研究

本试验选用草莓,胡萝卜,五味子,羊奶为主要原料,采用正交试验对发酵型乳酸菌羊乳饮料生产工艺进行了系统的研究,最终确定了该新型复合酸羊乳饮品的加工工艺、方法及最佳配方。结果表明：①乳酸羊乳果味饮料加工工艺为：鲜羊乳→过滤、消毒→加糖、果蔬汁、菌种发酵→冷藏→添加果汁与其它辅料调配→灌装→灭菌。②五味子的最佳提取工艺为：第一次加入5倍的水,保持温度在70～80℃之间30min,第二次加入3倍的水,温度与时间同第一次,第三次同第二次。③乳酸菌羊乳饮料的最佳配方为羊乳酸乳为40％、草莓2．5％、五味子6％、稳定齐0．5％。     

低醇苹果汁发酵饮料的研制

以苹果为原料,通过单因子试验研究苹果汁酒精发酵的条件,在此条件下以正交试验研究低醇苹果汁发酵饮料的配方。结果表明,酒精发酵的工艺参数为:高活性干酵母用量8%,初始糖度12%,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间4 d时,效果最佳。低醇苹果汁发酵饮料最佳配方为:柠檬酸2.5%、蜂蜜15%、低聚木糖醇3.0 g/100mL。     

复合菌发酵玉米蛋白粉的条件优化

试验旨在研究复合菌（黑曲霉、乳酸菌、酵母菌和地衣芽孢杆菌）发酵玉米蛋白粉的优化条件。通过各菌种玉米蛋白粉水解驯化试验、菌种混合比例及发酵条件（温度、时间、含水量及初始pH）的正交试验,以玉米蛋白粉多肽得率为指标,确定发酵玉米蛋白粉的最优发酵条件。并在此条件下,测定发酵液中粗蛋白质、总糖、还原糖、氨基酸含量以及多肽得率。结果显示,正交试验优化的最佳接种比例为地衣芽孢杆菌4%、乳酸菌4%、酵母菌6%、黑曲霉6%,最佳发酵条件为发酵温度35℃、发酵时间84 h、含水量45%、初始pH为6,在此条件下多肽得率为44.03%。在发酵过程中,粗蛋白质含量和多肽得率呈上升趋势,发酵终止时,粗蛋白质含量提高了15.17%,多肽得率提高了205%,还原糖含量提高了850%,总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量分别增加了12.58%和12.37%。本试验结果可为扩大玉米蛋白粉的应用提供科学依据。     

凝固型黑糖酸奶工艺条件的优化研究

本研究以广西马山老黑糖及水牛乳为主要原料,乳酸菌种YO-MIX883 LYO 50DCU为发酵剂,以酸奶感官品质评分和酸奶酸度的综合评分作为考察指标,采用单因素及正交试验方法对凝固型黑糖酸奶发酵工艺进行优化,得到最佳的发酵黑糖酸奶的工艺与配方。结果表明,在黑糖添加量8%、菌种添加量3%、发酵时间8h、发酵温度43℃、水牛奶85%,发酵后在4℃条件下冷藏24h,获得的发酵酸奶的感官品质评分为92分,产品组织状态均匀,口感细腻,略带有黑糖独特风味,感官评价最佳。最佳发酵条件下制备的凝固型黑糖酸奶酸度为90.5°T、乳酸菌数为1.3×10⁷CFU/g,蛋白质含量3.4%,脂肪含量4.6%,均符合中国乳制品工业行业规范发酵水牛乳(RHB703-2012)的要求。     

钦工肉圆乳酸发酵工艺的研究

为了探讨不同发酵条件对乳酸菌发酵肉圆的影响,以获得肉圆发酵的最佳工艺条件。选取发酵温度、接种量、食盐添加量和葡萄糖添加量4个因素,采用正交表L9（34）进行正交试验,并对试验结果进行分析。结果表明：①影响pH值的因素顺序为接种量、葡萄糖添加量、食盐添加量、发酵温度;②乳酸菌发酵肉圆的最佳工艺条件为：发酵温度34℃,接种量3.0mL,食盐添加量0.6%,葡萄糖添加量1.5%。结论：采用乳酸菌发酵肉圆,可以制得口感好、更营养、保质期长的食品。     

清汁苹果乳酸饮料的研制

通过单因素及正交试验,对清汁苹果乳酸饮料工艺进行优化研究。结果表明：苹果乳酸饮料发酵工艺条件：保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌菌液按体积比2：1：2复配,温度38℃、复合菌剂接种量6%、牛奶添加量11mL/100mL、发酵时间11d,此时乳酸产量达13.85g/L;澄清条件：壳聚糖添加量0.3g/L、温度40℃、时间2h,该条件下透光率达96.167%。饮料配方为：100mL饮料中,乳酸含量0.5g、蔗糖添加量6g、氯化钠添加量60mg、蜂蜜添加量0.05g。苹果乳酸发酵醪的总抗氧化能力为42.68mg/mL,100μL时对DPPH自由基清除率达52.186%。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.