动物逃笼原因分析及防范措施和处理方法的探讨

通过对动物园或动物养殖场9例动物逃笼事件的分析，总结归纳出动物逃笼的主要原因，并提出有针对性的防范措施以及发生野生动物逃笼后的处理方法。     

浅析圈养野生动物的营养平衡

动物营养与动物的生长、繁殖、疾病息息相关,均衡的营养供给是动物健康的基础,也是衡量动物园动物福利的内容之一。本文就国内外动物园行业内圈养野生动物营养平衡问题进行了探讨,从野生动物对营养物质需求、饲料原料的选择及营养对野生动物繁殖与疾病的影响等方面进行了分析与总结,为动物园野生动物饲养管理及饲料的选择提供参考。     

南宁市动物园动物饲养专业技术人员的现状与建议

正南宁市动物园位于南宁市大学西路,创建于1973年,1975年建成正式对外开放,总面积39.1公顷,每年接待国内外游客100万人(次)。是广西唯一一家集珍稀动物展出、精品动物表演、主题游乐园与水上世界于一体的一流大型主题乐园,为国家AAAA级精品旅游景区。动物园区内由海豚馆、大象馆、长臂猿馆、黑叶猴馆、长颈鹿馆、企鹅馆、河马馆、蛇馆等30多个景区组成,其中以动物饲养展出为主。而动物饲养展出又以动物饲养专业技术人员骨干为中坚力量,保证动物的正常展出。但是,动物园动物品种繁多,饲养专业技术人     

圈养野生动物的行为观察与分析

野生动物从野外到圈养,由于生存空间、环境、食物等因素发生了根本变化,导致其行为也发生了一系列的变化,其中许多行为是野生状态所不常见的,一旦环境、食物等因素加以调整,特异行为也就消失。笔者就几年来在动物园的实际饲养管理工作中,对各类野生动物的一般性行为、特异性行为进行了观察,通过分析、整理如下,同时浅析观察研究动物的行为在野生动物人工饲养中的作用和意义。1观察结果1.1动物的自理行为自理行为主要是一般情况下动物的日常活动行为。1.1.1身体的护理。常见的野生动物自身护理行为,如晒太阳(日光浴)、水浴、砂浴、泥浴,理羽…     

城市动物园安全工作不容忽视

城市动物园作为一个承载着野生动物异地保护、科学研究、科普教育和休闲娱乐的主题公园,已成为市民文化和生活中不可或缺的重要组成部分。动物园的安全管理不仅涉及动物的安全,还涉及饲养管理人员的安全和游客的安全。各地多发的动物园死伤事件,原因无外乎两个,一是游客或外来人员无视安全警示进入危险区,二是动物园管理者违规操作。     

笼养白鹇的饲养与繁殖

在动物园中的白鹇 ,主要是供大众观赏 ,兼有普及动物知识的目的 ,在珍稀物种保护方面有一定的作用。但动物园中饲养的白鹇群体比较小 ,很难参与整个物种的基因交流 ,经几代隔离 ,会使有利于物种生存的基因减少或丢失 ,动物个体患病率增大 ,死亡增多 ,寿命缩短。希望大家积极开展探索解决这方面的问题。3.2　受人类活动的影响 ,白鹇生存的自然环境越来越小 ,野生白鹇会更加稀少。现在国内除了动物园和一些野生动物保护中心之外 ,一些珍禽养殖场从事了一些白鹇的人工试验养殖。但在利用方面进展不顺 ,因为是国家二级保护动物 ,很难进入市场 ,…     

浅谈野生动物病料的采集与寄送

<正>随着动物园内饲养的野生动物品种和数量越来越多,动物疾病变得多而复杂。大型动物园特别是近几年新建的半放养或全放养式森林动物园、     

野生动物饲料的供给与体会

近年来,动物园野生动物饲料逐渐商品化,政府相关部门也逐渐的在减少动物园野生动物饲料的投入。在自然中,野生动物可能会自行根据自身的需要来进行养分的摄取,而在动物园,野生动物的养分是依靠人工喂养而摄取的。所以动物园在野生动物饲养的过程中,对饲料的供给技术的加强,在野生动物合适的时期喂养安全、适合的饲料,不仅关乎着野生动物的生命安全,更与动物是否能健康的成长发育以及繁殖后代息息相关。     

野生动物行为与安全管理

野生动物行为与安全管理关系密切.研究动物行为可以提高动物园安全管理质量和水平.本文浅谈与安全相关动物行为. 众所周知,动物园的野生动物受笼舍或隔离网的保护,参观通道的游客可以非常安全观赏它们.而管理人员长期与野生动物直接或间接接触有可能受到伤害.动物园的管理人员除严格按照操作规程和安全守则执行外,有必要了解研究与安全相关的动物行为,有效地保护动物和自身的安全.     

黑熊炭疽病例

现将我们对瑞丽市某动物养殖场发生的黑熊急性型炭疽病例的诊治情况报道如下 ,想必对一些野生动物养殖场和动物园野生动物的疾病防治及管理有一定参考意义。1　发病情况　瑞丽市某动物养殖场饲养的一群野生黑熊中午饲喂时还一切正常 ,下午 4时左右饲养员发现有两头狂躁不安 ,在笼舍内来回走动不停 ,并带有呼吸急促、喘咳等症状 ,下午 7时左右死亡。2　临床症状及解剖特征　尸体僵硬不全 ,鼻孔内有带血的泡沫流出因当时怀疑为食物中毒该场兽医随即将尸体运离饲养区作了尸体剖检 ,解剖记录为血液凝固不全、脾脏、肝脏、腹腔淋巴结肿大 ,肠腔内…     

动物园环境丰容与动物福利管理

环境丰容是我国动物园近十几年来新接触的概念。近年来,环境丰容逐渐地被引入到我国动物园的建设和管理中,我国动物园相继开展丰容的相关工作,并取得了一定的成效,是动物园工作中的一个热门话题。动物福利是动物的一种康乐状态。开展动物福利,对于人类、自然及社会的和谐发展有着重要的作用。要强化和完善我国的动物福利保护,必须明确动物福利的管理,确定有关的强制性法律规范,提高民众的动物福利意识。本文简要介绍了丰容原则、内容和动物福利的管理,为动物园今后更好地开展环境丰容的相关工作和如何提高动物福利的问题提供借鉴。     

刍议动物类型自然保护区兽医的素养

传统养殖和动物园养殖的动物发病时,其发病时间、数量和症状等情况,兽医可以仔细询问畜主或饲养人员;而野生动物生活在自然环境中,是动物类型自然保护区从事兽医专业人员的服务对象,发病时及以后的一系列情况无从问及。所以动物类型自然保护区的兽医职业,不同于传统养殖和动物园内的兽医工作,必须掌握多学科基础理论知识,必须主动从野外观察入手,充分掌握野生动物的生物学特性,收集和梳理好有效的本土自然信息、本区内野生动物信息、保护区周边社区家养动物信息,并将它们融为一体,才能分辨出野生动物发病时,是属于个发、散发、群发,还是普通病与传染病。因此,动物类型自然保护区的兽医比传统兽医人员会有更高、更严且更全面的素养。     

The killing of surplus and old animals in zoos

The painless killing of animals in order to avoid considerable suffering has a legal basis and is sufficiently accepted by the society. The situation is, however, different when the matter concerns zoological gardens having on some occasions to put down apparently healthy animals. Since the natural populations of many species have almost been extinguished in the wild or are already eradicated, zoos play a prominent role in the ex-situ survival-breeding of many wild animals. This means that zoos often have self-supporting populations of species rather than only single individuals, as was frequently the case in the past. Such breeding also brings with it the possibility that animals will survive without the option of transferring them to other acceptable locations. In the wild, natural environmental factors prevent excessive population growth, whereas in zoos and in other protective reservations, such regulatory mechanisms are simply not existent. Such regulation can, however, often be achieved by animal transfers and other stock regulating measures. If these measures are not available the option of putting the animals down must be considered. Preventing suffering is of course the priority, as is demanded by zoos together with recognised animal protection organisations. This is compliant with German law and takes place for obvious and sensible reasons. The scientific zoological gardens organised in the German Zoo Directors Council discussed the problem of killing animals at the 1999 conference at Rostock and drafted a paper presenting its position on the subject. The paper argues that even under optimal husbandry conditions, while alternative options of breeding, planning and stabilisation of stock must be considered, the humane killing of animals will sometimes be unavoidable.     

两栖爬行动物的异地保护

中国是世界上动植物种类最丰富的国家之一，但国内对野生两栖爬行动物的掠夺性利用还在发展；国内野生两栖爬行动物资源在这种疯狂的掠夺下已经接近枯竭，多数物种处于濒危状态。动物园作为野生动物异地保护的重要场所，饲养繁殖野生动物的最终目的是实现濒危物种的再引入，恢复野外种群数量．出于以上目的，动物园中两栖爬行动物的饲养管理方式有别于爬虫爱好者单纯的满足对宠物的要求和增殖牟利追求。这种区别不仅表现在选择动物种类方面，更多的体现在丰容概念的引入及工作方法的应用：营造合理的饲养环境、饲养环境小气候的周期性变化、设施的丰容、群体的调整、食物及供给方式的变化、对繁殖行为的鼓励等。这些丰容手段对保持两栖爬行动物的自然行为，从而保证动物的野外生存能力具有重要作用．     

Heifer breeding farms as a source for spreading the BVD virus?

It is well known that, in Switzerland, communal grazing of livestock on alpine pastures plays an important role in the spread of BVD virus. Analogously, we might expect that the communal raising on farms specialising in raising heifers of animals born on different farms would also favour the spread of BVDV. This study investigated whether a persistently infected (PI) breeding heifer kept on this type of farm over a period of 26 months would put the other animals at risk of being infected.The PI-animal was in contact with 75 heifers (here defined as contact animals) on this farm. Thirty-two of the contact animals that were probably pregnant (animals at risk of giving birth to a PI-calf) were moved to 8 different breeding farms (here defined as farms at risk). On these 8 farms, 246 calves were found to be at risk of being infected with BVDV. We examined 78 calves and investigated whether the move of the pregnant animals from their original farm had permitted the virus to spread to these 8 other farms.The contact animals had a seroprevalence of 92% and the animals at risk a seroprevalence of 100%. Only one PI-animal was found on the farms at risk.This BVD infection, however, occurred independently of the PI-breeding animal. Seropositive calves were found only on 2 farms. This study did not provide any proof for a spread of BVDV with the PI-breeding animal as a source; likewise, no persistent infection was proven to exist on the farms at risk. This result is likely to be representative for the endemic situation of BVD in Switzerland. Thus, PI-animals present on heifer raising farms infect calves well before servicing. Hence, no new PI-animals are generated, and the infection becomes self-limiting. When we reconstructed the animal movements between the farms and determined the animals to be examined with the aid of the Swiss national animal traffic database (TVD) we found the data of 37% of the heifers to be incomplete and failed to successfully establish the whereabouts of 3 animals.     

Reports of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with animal exhibits and availability of recommendations for preventing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people in such settings

OBJECTIVE: To assess the number of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with animal exhibits and identify published recommendations for preventing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people in exhibit settings. DESIGN: Literature review and survey of state public health veterinarians and state epidemiologists. PROCEDURE: MEDLINE and agriculture databases were searched from 1966 through 2000. Retrieved references and additional resources provided by the authors were reviewed. A survey was sent to state public health veterinarians and state epidemiologists to determine whether their states had written recommendations or guidelines for controlling zoonotic diseases in animal exhibition venues, whether their states maintained a listing of animal exhibitors in the state, and whether they had any information on recent outbreaks involving animals in exhibitions. RESULTS: 11 published outbreaks were identified. These outbreaks occurred in a variety of settings including petting zoos, farms, and a zoological park. An additional episode involving exposure to a potentially rabid bear required extensive public health resources. A survey of state public health veterinarians identified 16 additional unpublished outbreaks or incidents. Most states did not have written recommendations or guidelines for controlling zoonotic diseases or any means to disseminate educational materials to animal exhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: Recent outbreaks of zoonotic diseases associated with contact with animals in exhibition venues highlight concerns for disease transmission to public visitors. Only a handful of states have written guidelines for preventing zoonotic disease transmission in animal exhibition venues, and published recommendations currently available focus on preventing enteric diseases and largely do not address other zoonotic diseases or prevention of bite wounds.     

Defining issues of space in zoos

The amount of space available to animals in zoos is always limited by a range of factors that has little to do with animal biology. Most zoos exist on confined sites, their absolute boundaries are usually fixed. The starting point in a discussion about an animal's perceived needs is necessarily immediately to be considered in terms of other demands on the space available. Nonetheless, a detailed scientific understanding of the wild biology of a species has come to be regarded as essential to the determination of what constitutes appropriate captive conditions of zoos for that species. An examination of how zoos have confined animals through the last 2 centuries shows a trend away from the closest forms of confinement in cages, toward larger spaces, often with open viewing for visitors. Elephants represent an anomaly. They continue to be maintained in zoos according to traditions involving extraordinarily close human control, as if they were working animals. Looking at traditional captive elephant management practices, however, does not provide any reasonably complete view of elephant needs. Wild biology suggests that zoo elephants should enjoy a naturalistic social life and live more independently than they traditionally have done in zoos. For this, zoo elephants need far more extensive living spaces than those with which they are currently provided.     

生殖激素检测应用于国内动物园繁殖监测实践的可行性分析

近年来,随着中国动物园圈养野生动物管理理念、饲养技术、设施设备和人才队伍的不断发展,基于生殖内分泌学基础进行的对人工圈养下野生动物繁殖生理的科学探讨得到越来越多从业者的重视,涉及的野生动物种类也逐渐增加,获得了非常宝贵的初始数据,为动物园行业更加科学规范管理打下了坚实基础。同时,在生殖激素检测的实际操作过程中也凸现出一些现实问题。结合现阶段中国动物园行业具体情况,着重综合近年来部分相关文献资料,回顾国内动物园相关工作进展,对生殖激素分析检测在动物繁殖监测实践中的细节工作进行分析,探讨在日常饲养管理中应用的可行性,提出解决对策,为实践工作提供参考。     

野生动物饲草基地的建设在野生动物保护方面的成果及意义

人工饲养繁育是保护野生动物（特别是濒危动物）的一种有效方法,虽然我国对于野生动物的人工驯养繁殖已有很长的历史,但真正为保护资源、发展经济而进行的野生动物饲养繁育还是最近几年才发展起来的。在对比国内外种植饲草饲养繁育野生动物方面的发展水平的基础上,对国家林业局甘肃濒危动物保护中心野生动物饲草基地建设的内容、方法及成果进行了总结,以期能够科学地推动当地草产业技术的发展及其在野生动物保护方面的利用。     

动物园兽医的使命及发展思路

野生动物的移地保护和保护教育是现代动物园的主要功能,兽医在保障野生动物健康方面承担着重要的使命。动物园兽医在本质上是医学的一个特殊分枝,由于野生动物及其疾病种类的复杂性和个人精力、能力的局限性,动物园兽医的职业化和专业化是提高野生动物健康保障能力的根本出路;应激因素对圈养动物的健康造成很大的威胁,而适度驯化则可以最大限度地减少应激的发生;在国内建立区域动物园兽医服务网络、建立兽医行业内部信息交流平台是提高动物园兽医行业整体水平的基本思路：正确的疾病诊断和规范的处方,以及全面关注动物的基本需求、积极主动的疾病防疫等在兽医日常工作中占有同等重要的地位。由于兽医掌握了动物发病和死亡的第一手资料,动物园应当为兽医参与动物管理提供条件。