Development and validation of fuzzy logic inference to determine optimum rates of N for corn on the basis of field and crop features

A fuzzy inference system (FIS) was developed to generate recommendations for spatially variable applications of N fertilizer. Key soil and plant properties were identified based on experiments with rates ranging from 0 to 250 kg N ha⁻¹ conducted over three seasons (2005, 2006 and 2007) on fields with contrasting apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a), elevation (ELE) and slope (SLP) features. Mid-season growth was assessed from remotely sensed imagery at 1-m² resolution. Optimization of N rate by the FIS was defined against maximum corn growth in the weeks following in-season N application. The best mid-season growth was in areas of low EC_a, high ELE and low SLP. Under favourable soil conditions, maximum mid-season growth was obtained with low in-season N. Responses to N fertilizer application were better where soil conditions were naturally unfavourable to growth. The N sufficiency index (NSI) was used to judge plant N status just prior to in-season N application. Expert knowledge was formalized as a set of rules involving EC_a, ELE, SLP and NSI levels to deliver economically optimal N rates (EONRs). The resulting FIS was tested on an independent set of data (2008). A simulation revealed that using the FIS would have led to an average N saving of 41 kg N ha⁻¹ compared to the recommended uniform rate of 170 kg N ha⁻¹, without a loss of yield. The FIS therefore appears to be useful for incorporating expert knowledge into spatially variable N recommendations.     

Use of soil nitrogen parameters and texture for spatially-variable nitrogen fertilization

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential importance of using soil texture to modify fertilizer N recommendations. The objective of this study was to determine (i) if surface clay content can be used as an auxiliary variable for estimating spatial variability of soil NO₃–N, and (ii) if this information is useful for variable rate N fertilization of non-irrigated corn [Zea mays (L.)] in south central Texas, USA across years. A 64 ha corn field with variable soil type and N fertility level was used for this study during 2004–2007. Plant and surface and sub-surface soil samples were collected at different grid points and analyzed for yield, soil N parameters and texture. A uniform rate (UR) of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2004 and variable rates (VAR) of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2005 through 2007 were applied to different sites in the field. Distinct yield variation was observed over this time period. Yield and soil surface clay content and soil N parameters were strongly spatially structured. Corn grain yield was positively related to residual NO₃–N with depth and either negatively or positively related to clay content depending on precipitation. Residual NO₃–N to 0.60 and 0.90 m depths was more related to corn yield than from shallower depths. The relationship of clay content with soil NO₃–N was weak and not temporally stable. Yield response to N rate also varied temporally. Supply of available N with depth, soil texture and growing season precipitation determined proper N management for this field.     

Quantifying spatial variability of indigenous nitrogen supply for precision nitrogen management in small scale farming

Understanding spatial variability of indigenous nitrogen (N) supply (INS) is important to the implementation of precision N management (PNM) strategies in small scale agricultural fields of the North China Plain (NCP). This study was conducted to determine: (1) field-to-field and within-field variability in INS; (2) the potential savings in N fertilizers using PNM technologies; and (3) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) N status variability at the Feekes 6 stage and the potential of using a chlorophyll meter (CM) and a GreenSeeker active crop canopy sensor for estimating in-season N requirements. Seven farmer’s fields in Quzhou County of Hebei Province were selected for this study, but no fertilizers were applied to these fields. The results indicated that INS varied significantly both within individual fields and across different fields, ranging from 33.4 to 268.4 kg ha⁻¹, with an average of 142.6 kg ha⁻¹ and a CV of 34%. The spatial dependence of INS, however, was not strong. Site-specific optimum N rates varied from 0 to 355 kg ha⁻¹ across the seven fields, with an average of 173 kg ha⁻¹ and a CV of 46%. Field-specific N management could save an average of 128 kg N ha⁻¹ compared to typical farmer practices. Both CM and GreenSeeker sensor readings were significantly related to crop N status and demand across different farmer’s fields, showing a good potential for in-season site-specific N management in small scale farming systems. More studies are needed to further evaluate these sensing technology-based PNM strategies in additional farmer fields in the NCP.     

Estimation of economic and environmental potentials of variable rate versus uniform N fertilizer application to spring barley on morainic soils in SE Norway

Spring barley was grown for 4 years (2001–2004) in field trials at two sites on morainic soil in central SE Norway, with five N level treatments: 0, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha^-1. Regression analyses showed that a selection of soil properties could explain 95–98% of the spatial yield variation and 47–90% of the yield responses (averaged over years). A strategy with uniform fertilizer application of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (U _N120) was compared with two variable-rate (VR) strategies, with a maximum N rate of either 150 kg N ha⁻¹ (VR_N150) or 180 kg N ha⁻¹ (VR_N180). These strategies were tested using either Norwegian prices (low price ratio of N fertilizer to yield value; P_N/P_Y), or Swedish prices (high P_N/P_Y). The VR_N180 strategy had the highest potential yield and net revenue (yield value minus N cost) at both sites and under both price regimes. Using this strategy with Norwegian prices would increase the profit of barley cropping as long as at least 40 and 31% of the estimated potential increase in net revenue was realized, respectively. Using Swedish prices, uniform application appeared to be as good as or even better economically than the VR methods, when correcting for extra costs of VR application. The environmental effect of VR compared with uniform application, expressed as N not accounted for, showed contrasting effects when using Norwegian prices, but was clearly favourable using Swedish prices, with up to 20% reduction in the amount of N not accounted for.     

Application of the CSM-CERES-Rice model for evaluation of plant density and nitrogen management of fine transplanted rice for an irrigated semiarid environment

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM)-CERES-Rice to simulate growth and development of an aromatic rice variety under irrigated conditions in a semiarid environment of Pakistan and to determine the impact of various plant densities and nitrogen (N) application rates on grain yield and economic return. The crop simulation model was evaluated with experimental data collected in experiments that were conducted in 2000 and 2001 in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications and included three plant densities (one seedling hill⁻¹, PD₁; two seedlings hill⁻¹, PD₂; and three seedlings hill⁻¹, PD₃) and five N fertilizer regimes (control, N₀; 50 kg ha⁻¹, N₅₀; 100 kg ha⁻¹, N₁₀₀; 150 kg ha⁻¹, N₁₅₀; and 200 kg ha⁻¹, N₂₀₀). To determine the most appropriate combination of plant density and N levels, four plant densities from one seedling hill⁻¹ to four seedlings hill⁻¹ and 13 N levels ranging from 0 to 300 kg N ha⁻¹ (52 scenarios) were simulated for 35 years of historical daily weather data under irrigated conditions. The evaluation of CSM-CERES-Rice showed that the model was able to simulate growth and yield of irrigated rice in the semiarid conditions, with an average error of 11% between simulated and observed grain yield. The results of the stimulation analysis result showed that two seedlings hill⁻¹ along with 200 kg N ha⁻¹ (PD₂N₂₀₀) produced the highest yield as compared to all other scenarios. Furthermore, the economic analysis through the mean gini dominance also showed the dominance of this treatment (PD₂N₂₀₀) compared to the other treatment combinations. Thus, the management scenario that consisted of two seedlings hill⁻¹ and 200 kg N ha⁻¹ was the best for high yield and monitory return of irrigated rice in the semiarid environment. The mean monetary returns ranged from 291 US $ ha⁻¹ to 1 460 US $ ha⁻¹ to 1 460 US  ha⁻¹ among the 52 production options that were simulated. This approaching was demonstrated as effective way to optimize the density and N management for high yield and monetary return. It will help the rice production.     

Spring Wheat Response to Fertilizer Nitrogen Following a Sugar Beet Crop Varying in Canopy Color

Experiments were conducted in the Red River Valley (RRV) of Minnesota to determine the responses of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aerstivum L.) to fertilizer N after a sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) crop that varied spatially in canopy color and N content. A color aerial photograph was acquired of the sugar beet field just prior to root harvest, and six sites were selected that varied in sugar beet canopy color, three each of green and yellow canopy sites. The three green sugar beet canopies returned 369, 265, and 266 kg N ha^–1 to the soil while the three yellow sugar beet canopies returned 124, 71, and 73 kg N ha^–1 to the soil. Spring wheat response to fall-applied urea-N fertilizer (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg N ha^–1) was determined the following year at each of the above antecedent canopy sites. Soil NO₃-N in the top 0.6 m of soil varied among the locations with a range of 35 to 407 kg NO₃-N ha^–1 at the green canopy sites and 12 to 23 kg NO₃-N ha^–1 at the yellow canopy sites. Application of fertilizer N according to traditional recommendation methods would have resulted in fertilizer applications at all three yellow canopy sites and two of the three green canopy sites. At the antecedent green sugar beet canopy sites, fertilizer N had little or no effect on spring wheat grain yields, grain N concentration, anthesis dry matter, and anthesis N content. In contrast, fertilizer N increased all four parameters at the antecedent yellow sugar beet canopy sites. The data indicate that fertilizer N management can be improved by using remote sensing to delineate management zones according to antecedent sugar beet canopy color.     

猕猴桃园氮素投入特点及硝态氮累积和迁移特性研究

为指导果园科学施肥及合理评价施肥对环境的影响,2014年对该区域的陕西省周至县俞家河小流域氮素投入状况进行了调查,并采集猕猴桃园土壤样品进行测定,评价了猕猴桃园土壤硝态氮(NO_3~--N)累积及降雨对坡地猕猴桃园NO_3~--N迁移特性的影响。结果表明:该区域猕猴桃园氮素投入量过高,盈余量高达1195 kg·hm~(-2),0~200 cm土壤剖面NO_3~--N累积量高达827kg·hm~(-2),且52.1%的NO_3~--N累积在100~200 cm土层;对于坡地猕猴桃园,坡下部0~200 cm土壤剖面NO_3~--N累积量明显高于坡上部,在经过一个雨季后,0~200 cm土壤剖面NO_3~--N发生明显的向深层土壤淋溶现象且坡下部与坡上部0~200 cm土壤剖面NO_3~--N累积量差异增大。俞家河小流域猕猴桃园大量氮素盈余,造成土壤NO_3~--N过分累积,在集中降雨条件下,NO_3~--N出现明显的向深层土壤淋溶且可能存在顺坡向下迁移的趋势,不仅造成氮肥的损失,而且对地表及地下水环境构成潜在威胁。     

渭北旱地冬小麦监控施氮技术的优化

【目的】氮素是限制旱地小麦增产的主要养分因子,不合理施氮不仅难以增加小麦产量,还会造成土壤剖面硝态氮累积、氮素损失增大和氮素利用效率降低。优化氮肥用量推荐方法、解决旱地小麦不合理施氮问题,对旱地小麦可持续生产有重要意义。【方法】基于平衡土壤氮素携出,以稳定作物产量、培肥土壤和调控硝态氮残留为目标,对现有的土壤硝态氮监控施氮方案（施氮量=作物目标产量需氮量+肥料氮素损失量+收获/播前土壤硝态氮安全阈值（55.0/110.0 kg•hm-2）-环境氮素投入量-秸秆还田带入氮素量-种子带入氮素量-生长季土壤氮素矿化量-收获/播前1 m土壤硝态氮）进一步优化,得出公式：施氮量=作物目标产量需氮量+收获/播前土壤硝态氮安全阈值（55.0/110.0 kg•hm-2）-收获/播前1 m土壤硝态氮。应用这一方法在西北典型旱地冬小麦种植区渭北旱塬两年6县30个地块布置田间试验。【结果】在该区域由于不合理施氮或没有规范的氮肥推荐方法,不同试验地播种前1 m土壤累积硝态氮积累量变化较大,介于34.2-708.4 kg•hm-2,平均为165.2 kg•hm-2,其中有17块在小麦播种前超过110 kg•hm-2。优化后的监控施氮技术确定的小麦氮肥用量介于30.0-247.3 kg•hm-2,平均为128.4 kg•hm-2,较农户习惯氮肥用量（171.6 kg•hm-2）减少25.2%。监控施肥和农户习惯施肥的小麦籽粒产量平均分别为5 658和5 489 kg•hm-2,籽粒氮含量为20.8和20.3 g•kg-1,两者均无显著性差异。监控施肥能够显著提高氮素利用率和氮肥偏生产力,较农户习惯施肥分别提高24.0%（由46.3%提高到57.3%）和130.1%（由34.9 kg•kg-1提高到80.3 kg•kg-1）。收获时,农户习惯施肥0-100 cm土层的硝态氮残留量介于17.4-203.4 kg•hm-2,地块间变幅大,平均为70.6 kg•hm-2;而监控施肥介于15.6-113.9 kg•hm-2,平均为51.4 kg•hm-2,稍低于预期的55 kg•hm-2的目标。在降水较多的夏闲期,优化的监控施氮技术可使0-100 cm土层的硝态氮淋失减少47.9%。【结论】优化后的旱地冬小麦监控施氮技术可以方便地确定和有效调控氮肥用量,稳定小麦籽粒产量,提高氮素利用效率和氮肥偏生产力,降低土壤硝态氮残留和淋溶。     

不同氮肥水平下玉米根际土壤特性与产量的关系

【目的】明确不同生育时期根际土壤特性与玉米籽粒产量之间的关系,能够为生产上合理施肥、提高氮素利用效率和减轻环境污染提供理论依据。【方法】2012年大田设置5个氮肥梯度固定施肥样地（对照、180 kg·hm^-2、240 kg·hm^-2、300 kg·hm^-2和360 kg·hm^-2,分别简写为CK、N180、N240、N300和N360）,并于2012、2013和2014年连续3年在玉米拔节、吐丝、成熟3个关键生育时期测定玉米根际和非根际土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、pH,同时测定玉米根系和地上部生物量及其氮素累积量,重点分析CK、N240和N360 3个处理根际土壤特性以及植株氮素累积量与玉米籽粒产量之间的关系。【结果】与CK相比,4个施肥处理（N180、N240、N300和N360）3年产量的平均值分别增加了23.85%、36.40%、39.87%和34.78%;其地上部不同阶段氮素累积量均显著高于CK（2012年播种-拔节除外）,并随施肥量增加呈先增加后降低趋势。与CK相比,4个施肥处理根际土硝态氮含量分别增加23.38%、57.13%、57.87%和69.74%,非根际土壤硝态氮分别增加59.49%、92.01%、132.08%和179.35%。随施氮量的增加根际土铵态氮含量显著增加;与CK相比,4个施肥处理3年的非根际土壤铵态氮含量分别增加4.27%、3.51%、5.04%和26.26%。根际土壤pH和非根际土壤pH均随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低,其中根际土壤和非根际土壤pH的变化范围分别为4.5-6.7和5.5-7.2。与非根际土pH相比,根际土壤pH平均降低5%。根际土壤脲酶活性随氮肥用量的增加呈先增加后降低趋势。与对照相比,4个施氮处理3年非根际土壤脲酶活性平均值分别增加了4.02%、14.73%、24.55%和19.64%。根际土和非根际土过氧化氢酶活性均随氮肥用量的增加而降低,与CK相比,4个施氮处理3年的非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性平均值分别降低了3.03%、5.09%、8.24%和12.67%。CK、N240和N360 3个处理不同生育时期玉米根际土壤特性以及植株氮素累积量与籽粒产量之间的相关分析结果表明,拔节期根际土壤硝态氮含量连续3年均与产量呈显著正相关。吐丝期玉米根际和非根际土壤硝态氮、根际土壤铵态氮和非根际土pH均与籽粒产量呈显著正相关;其中2013和2014年根际脲酶活性和根际土壤pH与产量的相关性也达到显著水平。2013和2014年成熟期根际和非根际土硝态氮含量也与玉米产量呈显著相关。主成分分析表明,玉米籽粒产量与拔节期土壤硝态氮含量、根际过氧化氢酶、地上部生物量和氮素累积量相关性较强;与吐丝期根际和非根际土壤硝态氮含量、根际土壤铵态氮含量和土壤pH以及地上部生物量及氮素累积量、根系生物量相关性较强;与成熟期地上部生物量和氮素累积量相关性较强。【结论】根据不同生育时期玉米根际土壤特性与籽粒产量之间的关系,进行合理施肥,能够保证玉米根际养分的有效供应,营造良好的根际土壤环境,提高氮素利用效率、增加玉米籽粒产量。     

氮肥用量对小麦开花后根际土壤特性和产量的影响

【目的】明确小麦开花后根际土壤特性动态特征及其与产量和籽粒氮素积累量之间的关系,能够为生产上合理施肥、提高氮肥利用效率和减轻环境污染提供理论依据。【方法】2014—2015和2015—2016年在小麦季设置4个氮肥水平(0,CK;150 kg N·hm~(-2),N150;240 kg N·hm~(-2),N240和300 kg N·hm~(-2),N300)并于小麦开花期、灌浆中期和成熟期分层(0—20 cm和20—40 cm)测定小麦根际和非根际土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶,同时测定根、茎、叶和穗生物量及其氮素含量;重点分析根际土壤特性与小麦籽粒产量和氮素积累量之间的关系。【结果】(1)与CK相比,N150、N240和N300处理2年小麦籽粒产量的平均值分别增加99%、130%和107%,且处理之间差异显著。随施氮量的增加小麦根、茎、叶、穗生物量和地上部氮素积累量均呈增加趋势;氮肥回收率呈下降趋势,且处理之间差异显著。(2)从开花到成熟期,0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层小麦根际和非根际土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量、土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶(0—20 cm除外)活性均呈下降趋势。处理CK、N150、N240和N300根际土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量显著低于非根际土壤。4个处理2年0—20 cm根际土壤铵态氮含量平均值比非根际土壤降低29%,硝态氮含量降低22%;20—40 cm根际土壤铵态氮含量比非根际土降低34%,硝态氮含量降低14%。而根际土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著高于非根际土。4个处理2年0—20 cm根际土壤蔗糖酶活性比非根际土壤提高29%,脲酶活性提高15%;20—40 cm根际土壤蔗糖酶活性比非根际土壤提高33%,脲酶活性提高13%。(3)相关分析结果表明,小麦籽粒产量和籽粒氮素积累量均与0—20 cm和20—40 cm根际和非根际土壤无机氮(铵态氮+硝态氮)、脲酶和蔗糖酶(2016年籽粒氮素积累量除外)呈显著正相关。【结论】小麦根际土壤可利用性氮素含量小于非根际土壤,而酶活性高于非根际土;根际和非根际土壤与籽粒产量和籽粒氮素积累量呈显著正相关。根际和非根际土壤特性显著影响小麦籽粒产量。     

Within-field nitrogen response in corn related to aerial photograph color

Precise management of nitrogen (N) using canopy color in aerial imagery of corn (Zea mays L.) has been proposed as a strategy on which to base the rate of N fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between canopy color and yield response to N at the field scale. Six N response trials were conducted in 2000 and 2001 in fields with alluvial, claypan and deep loess soil types. Aerial images were taken with a 35-mm slide film from ≥1100 m at the mid- and late-vegetative corn growth stages and processed to extract green and red digital values. Color values of the control N (0 kg N ha⁻¹) and sufficient N (280 kg N ha⁻¹ applied at planting) treatments were used to calculate the relative ratio of unfertilized to fertilized and relative difference color values. Other N fertilizer treatments included side-dressed applications in increments of 56 kg N ha⁻¹. The economic optimal N rate was weakly related (R ² ≤ 0.34) or not related to the color indices at both growth stages. For many sites, delta yield (the increase in yield between control N and sufficient N treatments) was related to the color indices (R ² ≤ 0.67) at the late vegetative growth stage; the best relationship was with green relative difference. The results indicate the potential for color indices from aerial photographs to be used for predicting delta yield from which a site-specific N rate could be determined.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and ratios of base and topdressing on wheat yield, soil nitrate content and nitrogen balance

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures that increases grain yield and improves grain quality in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Presently, there is a large number of investigations (experiments) in the field on different nitrogen fertilizer application regimes. However, there still exists a serious problem of low nitrogen use efficiency, especially in winter wheat high yield conditions: unsuitable nitrogen fertilizer, which often leads to lower yield and large accumulation of nitrate in the soil, bringing a potential risk to the environment. In order to explore the optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer application suitable for environment and economy, a field experiment on the different rate and ratio of base and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer at the different growth periods of winter wheat was conducted. The field experiment was undertaken from the fall of 2003 to the summer of 2004 in the village of Zhongcun in Longkou city, in the Shandong Province of China. The field experiment with three repeats for each treatment was designed in a split-plot. The major plot was applied with urea at a nitrogen fertilizer rate of three levels, namely, 0 kg·hm⁻² (CK), 168 kg·hm⁻² (A), and 240 kg·hm⁻² (B). In the sub-plot, the ratios of base and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at the different development periods of wheat were 1/2:1/2 (A1 and B1), 1/3:2/3 (A2 and B2) and 0:1 (A3 and B3). Treatment B1 was under a regime used now in the local region. It was found that the amount of N accumulation in plants had no significant difference between treatments applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The grain yield and grain protein content were all elevated remarkably by applying nitrogen fertilizer compared with those of treatment CK. There was no significant difference in the grain yield and grain protein content between A2 and B2 and B3. However, when compared with those of B2 and B3, in A2 there was an increase in nitrogen use efficiency and residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N and N losses were reduced. Under the condition of the same rate of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing topdressing nitrogen rate clearly elevated the grain yield, grain protein content and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N in A1 and B1 accumulated higher than that of CK in 80–160 cm soil layers at the jointing stage, but that of A2 had no significant difference compared with that of CK in 0–200 cm soil layers. At the maturity stage, more residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N was detected in B2, B3 and A3 than that in CK in 120–180 cm soil layers, which could not be absorbed by the roots of wheat, but led to be eluviated easily. The amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N accumulation in treatment A2 had no significant difference compared with that of treatment CK in the 100–200 cm soil layer. In conclusion, A2, whose nitrogen fertilizer rate was 168 kg·hm⁻² and the ratio of base and topdressing was 1/3:2/3, had a higher grain yield and grain protein content, and heightened N use efficiency and minimized the risk of NO₃ ⁻-N leaching. This should be one of the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in wheat production in local regions in China. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3661–3669 [译自: 生态学报]     

不同质地黑土净氮转化速率和温室气体排放规律研究

为探讨黑龙江省半干旱地区不同质地黑土的净氮转化速率和温室气体排放规律,以壤砂土和粉壤土为研究对象开展室内培养试验,对土壤净硝化速率和净矿化速率、N2O和CO2排放速率与累积排放量进行研究。结果表明:7d培养期间壤砂土的平均净矿化速率和CO2平均排放速率分别为0.49mgN kg-1 d-1和0.30mgCO2-C kg-1 h-1,显著低于粉壤土的平均净矿化速率(1.37 mgN kg-1 d-1)和CO2平均排放速率(0.47mgCO2-C kg-1 h-1)。壤砂土的平均净硝化速率和N2O平均排放速率分别为1.65mgN kg-1 d-1和212.6ngN2O-N kg-1 h-1,显著低于粉壤土的5.02mgN kg-1 d-1和521.3ngN2O-N kg-1 h-1。壤砂土和粉壤土的N2O排放比率分别为0.081%~0.301%和0.210%~0.254%。研究表明,土壤质地显著影响土壤净氮转化速率和温室气体排放,壤砂土较低的pH、有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量是导致其净硝化速率、净矿化速率以及N2O、CO2排放速率显著低于粉壤土的主要原因。     

节水减氮对温室土壤硝态氮与氮素平衡的影响

【目的】针对日光温室蔬菜生产中肥水超量施用问题,以提高氮肥利用率和实现温室菜田可持续利用为目标,研究节水减氮在温室蔬菜生产中的增效潜力,推荐适宜水氮用量。【方法】采用当地典型种植茬口冬春茬黄瓜-秋冬茬番茄,在沟灌方式下设计农民习惯灌溉（W₁,＞100%田间持水量）和减量灌溉（W₂,75%-95%田间持水量）2个灌水水平;农民习惯施氮（N₁）、较农民习惯减氮25%（N₂）、减氮50%（N₃）和无氮（N₀）4个氮肥水平,对应黄瓜季施氮1 200、900、600和0 kg·hm^-2,番茄季施氮 900、675、450和0 kg·hm^-2,共W₁N₁、W₂N₂、W₂N₃、W₁N₀和W₂N₀ 5个水氮用量组合处理,3年6季定位研究蔬菜关键生育期0-100 cm土体硝态氮动态变化,分析氮素平衡和经济效益,推荐合理水氮用量。【结果】农民习惯水氮管理W₁N₁处理土壤硝态氮积累明显,并向土壤深层迁移。节水减氮W₂N₃处理3年0-60 cm土层硝态氮供应保持在相对适宜水平,平均硝态氮含量为53.3-80.9 mg·kg^-1;0-100 cm土体硝态氮未出现明显积累,平均含量较W₁N₁处理下降13.9%-31.1%;氮素表观损失下降56%,氮肥利用率提高2.4-3.3个百分点,并保持较高的经济效益。依据0-20 cm土层硝态氮含量与产量之间的显著回归关系,获得最佳产量土壤硝态氮含量黄瓜为37.4-72.9 mg·kg^-1,番茄应低于90 mg·kg^-1。根据蔬菜氮素需求量和关键生长期适宜的土壤硝态氮含量,结合根区土壤水分监测,推荐与供试条件相近的温室,沟灌冬春茬黄瓜产量160-180 t·hm^-2下灌水450-550 mm配合施氮600 kg·hm^-2较适宜,秋冬茬番茄产量70-80 t·hm^-2时灌水170-200 mm配合施氮250 kg·hm^-2较适宜。分析水氮减施增效原因为：节水20%-30%使土壤硝态氮趋近根区分布,节氮50%降低土壤剖面硝态氮积累,节水20%-30%配合减氮50%将根区硝态氮供应维持在适宜水平的同时,降低进入损失途径的氮素,从而实现增效。【结论】华北平原沟灌温室黄瓜-番茄农民生产现状节水减氮潜力较大。优化水分管理是实现氮肥减施增效的关键,在合理灌水量下,推荐适宜的施氮量是水氮减施增效的有效措施。较农民习惯管理节水20%-30%配合减氮50%,能有效降低氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率,保持较高经济效益。     

Study of Dynamics of Floodwater Nitrogen and Regulation of Its Runoff Loss in Paddy Field-Based Two-Cropping Rice with Urea and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

The article deals with the effects of urea and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF） on dynamics of pH, electronic conductivity （EC）, total nitrogen （TN）, NH4^＋-N and NO3 -N in floodwater, and the regulation of runoff TN loss from paddy field-based two-cropping rice in Dongting Lake, China, and probes the best fertilization management for controlling N loss. Studies were conducted through modeling alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil （ASP） and purple calcareous clayey paddy soil （PCP） using lysimeter, following the sequence of the soil profiles identified by investigating soil profile. After application of urea in paddy field-based two-cropping rice, TN and NHa＋-N concentrations in floodwater reached peak on the 1st and the 3rd day, respectively, and then decreased rapidly over time; all the floodwater NO3--N concentrations were very low; the pH of floodwater gradually rose in case of early rice within 15 d （late rice within 3 d） after application of urea, and EC remained consistent with the dynamics of NH4^＋-N. The applied CRNF, especially 70% CRNF, led to significantly lower floodwater TN and NH4^＋ concentrations, pH, and EC values compared with urea within 15 d after application. The monitoring result for N loss due to natural rainfall runoff indicated that the amount of TN lost in runoff from paddy field- based two-cropping rice with urea application in Dongting Lake area was 7.47 kg ha^-1, which accounted for 2.49% of urea- N applied, and that with CRNF and 70% CRNF application decreased 24.5 and 27.2% compared with urea application, respectively. The two runoff events, which occurred within 20 d after application, contributed significantly to TN loss from paddy field. TN loss due to the two runoffs in urea, CRNF, and 70% CRNF treatments accounted for 72, 70, and 58% of the total TN loss due to runoff over the whole rice growth season, respectively. And the TN loss in these two CRNF treatments due to the first run-off event at the 10th day after application to early rice decreased 44.9 and 44.2% compared with urea, respectively. In conclusion, the 15-d period after application of urea was the critical time during which N loss occurred due to high floodwater N concentrations. But CRNF decreased N concentrations greatly in floodwater and runoff water during this period. As a result, it obviously reduced TN loss in runoff over the whole rice growth season.     

生物质炭对旱作春玉米农田N2O排放的效应

通过田间试验,采用密闭式静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究不同生物质炭添加量(0、10、20、30t·hm-2)对黄土旱塬旱作春玉米农田N2O排放的影响。结果表明:生物质炭添加降低了施氮农田春玉米生长季N2O排放通量峰值和排放总量,添加30、20、10 t·hm-2生物质炭的三个处理N2O排放总量比不添加生物质炭的处理分别降低19.24%、9.89%、3.40%,其中添加30 t·hm-2生物质炭处理降低显著(P0.05),但添加20 t·hm-2的生物质炭未对不施氮农田N2O排放通量和总量产生显著影响。无论添加生物质炭与否,生长季不施氮处理的N2O排放通量和总量均显著低于施氮处理。添加生物质炭不同程度提升了农田0 cm和10 cm土壤温度,减少了施氮处理0~20cm土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量,但对农田0~20 cm土层土壤含水量影响不显著。相关分析表明,试验农田N2O的排放通量与0~20 cm土层土壤NO-3-N和NH+4-N含量、含水量均呈极显著正相关关系(P0.001),与0 cm与10 cm土壤温度呈负相关关系。添加生物质炭后矿质氮含量的减少可能是旱作春玉米农田N2O排放减少的主要原因。     

不同施氮措施对柴达木枸杞园土壤无机氮的影响

通过施用不同量氮肥和硝化抑制剂，研究其对柴达木枸杞园土壤无机氮转化和枸杞产量的影响，并筛选出最佳的施氮措施。田间试验设置10个处理：除 CK 处理不施用任何肥料外，其余处理均施用1 667 kg/hm的商品有机肥和725 kg/hm的重过磷酸钙。N₆₆₇~N₀ 处理依次施氮667、534、400、267、133、0 kg/hm，Ni₄₀₀~Ni₁₃₃处理是在N₄₀₀~N₁₃₃处理的基础上，配施 Nitrapyrin 2、1.33、0.63 kg/hm 。结果表明：不同施氮处理土壤NO^-₃-N含量在 0~200 cm土层中均出现双峰，且 0~200 cm土层土壤NO^-₃-N平均含量较N₀处理增加34.65%~75.64%。施用氮肥增加0~40 cm土层中NH⁺₄-N含量，但对深层土壤无明显影响。Ni₄₀₀~Ni₁₃₃ 处理80~ 200 cm土层土壤NO^-₃-N含量较N₄₀₀~N₁₃₃ 处理降低12.13%~15.27%，但表层土壤 (0~20 cm) NH⁺₄-N含量增加338.5%~600%。Ni₂₆₇处理0~200 cm土壤硝态氮累积量较N₆₆₇处理降低 29.9%，但其枸杞产量较N₆₆₇处理增加 6.94%。适宜的氮肥用量以及增施 Nitrapyrin 可有效降低枸杞园土壤NO^-₃-N含量及累积量，同时使土壤中NH⁺₄-N含量保持在较高水平。综合经济效益和生态效益，施氮量为267~400 kg/hm且配施纯氮量0.5% 的Nitrapyrin为柴达木地区高肥力枸杞园的适宜施氮方案。     

应用于水稻生产的增效减负环保型施肥技术比对——以宁夏引黄灌区为例

过量施肥及盲目灌溉导致宁夏引黄灌区水稻种植中氮素淋失严重,氮肥利用率低下.探索能够在保障水稻产量前提下减少氮素淋失、提高氮素利用率的环保型施肥技术是该区域实现农业可持续发展的现实需求.本研究在前期研究的基础上,就不同施肥技术对灌区水稻生育期内氮素淋失、氮素利用率及水稻产量的影响效果进行比对,旨在为后续工作中技术筛选及推广提供依据.试验共设置4个处理,分别是(1)无肥对照(CK):不施氮肥;(2)常规施肥(FP):施用氮肥300 kg N·hm^-2, 60%作为基肥,分蘖和孕穗期各追肥20%;(3)侧条施肥(SD):施用水稻专用控释肥120 kg N·hm^-2,水稻插秧时将肥料一次性施入;(4)育苗箱全量施肥(NB):施用水稻专用控释肥,用量为120 kg N·hm^-2,育秧时一次性全量施入育秧盘.结果表明,采用SD和NB在氮素用量较FP降低60%的情况下,水稻产量都不会下降.SD可以显着降低稻田氮素淋溶损失,FP水稻生育期内可溶性总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO₃-N)和铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)淋失量分别为39.89、26.22 kg·hm^-2和5.49 kg·hm^-2,SD和FP相比,TN、NO₃-N和NH₄⁺-N的淋失量分别减少18.97、11.18 kg·hm^-2和2.27 kg·hm^-2;同时SD可以显着提高宁夏灌区水稻氮素利用率,较FP提高21.4%. NB和FP相比,TN、NO₃-N和NH₄⁺-N淋失量分别减少14.36、10.14 kg·hm^-2和1.84 kg·hm^-2,氮素利用率亦提高15.7%,但是TN、NO₃-N和NH₄⁺-N淋失量较SD处理分别增加4.61、1.04 kg·hm^-2和0.43 kg·hm^-2,同时氮素利用率亦减少5.7%.综合考虑水稻产量和环境效益,SD更适合在宁夏灌区水稻种植中推广应用.     

Maize Nitrogen Response as Affected by Soil Type and Drainage Variability

Site-specific application of nitrogen (N) to maize (Zea mays L.) may provide economic and environmental benefits. Variations in soil drainage and texture within fields are often believed to cause localized differences in soil N availability and therefore are a potential basis for site-specific N fertilizer application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of imposed variations in drainage conditions in two soils on early season soil water conditions, soil nitrate levels, and crop response to N fertilizer. Maize was grown for three years following conversion from sod. Two soil drainage regimes and three N rates (22, 100 and 134 kg ha^–1) were experimentally imposed on plots on two soil types, a clay loam and a loamy sand. Soil water potential and soil nitrate content were intensively monitored for the 0–150 and 150–300 mm soil layers during the early growing season. Early season soil water potentials showed small effects of drainage variability at the 75 and 225 mm depths. However, the clay loam soil experienced prolonged periods of saturation after significant precipitation, while the loamy sand never experienced such conditions. Soil nitrate levels were strongly affected by cropping history, but were also subjected to losses as a result of precipitation and short-term soil saturation. Maize N response was minimally affected by differences in soil drainage conditions in all 3 years. In years with a wet spring, justification exists for higher N fertilizer rates on finer-textured soils. This study therefore showed only moderate potential for varying N application within fields based on soil type and drainage conditions, but suggests that seasonal differences in N dynamics greatly affect maize N response.     

减氮适墒对冬小麦土壤硝态氮分布和氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】针对黄淮冬麦区过量施氮的现象,研究了适量减氮在不同土壤墒情下硝态氮分布以及冬小麦对氮素吸收利用效率和籽粒产量的变化,为该地区小麦生产上科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】于2014—2015和2015—2016两个小麦生长季,在大田条件下设置3个灌水处理,自然降水(W1)、适墒(W2,70%±5%)、足墒(W3,80%±5%)和3个施氮量处理(不施氮,N1;减氮施肥,N2:195 kg·hm~(-2);常规高量氮肥,N3:270 kg·hm~(-2)),测定了0—100 cm土层硝态氮含量、冬小麦植株氮素吸收转运量和籽粒产量。【结果】0—60 cm土层硝态氮(NO_3-N)的分布随土层加深而减少,随施氮量增加而提高,随土壤墒情的增大而减少;60 cm又出现不同程度的回升,尤其是足墒(W3)加大了NO_3-N的淋溶,N2、N3水平下80—100 cm土层W3平均比W1高出了3.8 mg·kg~(-1)和4.2 mg·kg~(-1);减氮处理(N2)促进了NO_3-N吸收,成熟期0—20 cm土层NO_3-N比开花期平均降幅为2.3 mg·kg~(-1),高氮处理(N3)收获后土层中NO_3-N却有较多的富集。减氮适墒处理(W2N2)显著增加了开花期营养器官氮素积累量(P0.05),并促进氮素向籽粒的有效转运,尤其表现在叶片中;花前氮素转移量和对籽粒的贡献率均达最大,籽粒产量和籽粒中的氮素积累量分别比其他处理平均高出15.4%、27.3%,从而极显著提高了氮素吸收率和生产效率(P0.05)。【结论】本试验条件下,施氮量195 kg·hm~(-2),拔节后土壤相对含水量维持在70%±5%,是兼顾产量、氮肥吸收和生产效率的最佳处理。