引黄灌区玉米种植密度对不同品种产量和产量构成因素的影响研究

大田栽培条件下采用裂区设计对宁夏引黄灌区主栽的6个玉米品种设置3种不同种植密度进行产量潜力研究。结果表明:先玉335、正大12、宁玉524、LB-5的产量随种植密度的增加而增加,郑单958的产量随密度的增加而降低,且密度对产量的影响不显著;东单60的产量随种植密度的增加先降低后升高,且种植密度对产量的影响具有显著性。综观不同玉米品种不同种植密度下的产量差异可以看出,宁夏引黄灌区主栽的6个玉米品种产量范围为14 553.00～19 181.10kg/hm2,LB-5在不同种植密度下的产量较其他品种的产量变化显著。     

密度对不同株型玉米产量和农艺性状的影响

以连玉16、丹玉39和郑单958为试材,研究了不同株型玉米在不同种植密度下的产量和部分群体性状的关系.结果表明:三个品种的产量潜力差异明显,为郑单958＞丹玉39＞连玉16;紧凑型品种达到最大产量潜力所需的密度较大,平展型品种较小;密度增大条件下,均表现为双穗率降低,空秆率提高,其中密度对紧凑型品种郑单958的双穗率影响程度要明显高于其他两者;总体来看,平展型和半紧凑型品种的双穗率较低,空秆率较高,而紧凑型株型品种相反.     

杂种优势效应对中国玉米育种的贡献评价

试验选用中国不同时期具有代表性的20个玉米单交种及其32份亲本自交系为材料,采用3点3种密度3次重复的裂区试验设计,研究亲本产量、密度和杂种优势对产量的贡献。结果表明:亲本和品种产量随年代推进逐渐提高;早期品种高密条件下产量下降,当前品种随密度增加产量逐渐提高;杂种优势指数随年代呈"降—升—降"的变化趋势,当前推广的品种杂种优势较低。杂种优势随年代变化并没有显著提高,亲本产量的提高、种植密度的增加、是当前中国玉米产量提高的主要原因。     

密度对沈玉17号产量及构成因素的影响

目前,玉米在农业生产中已经占有举足轻重的地位,其产量直接影响我国粮食安全。针对不同品种采取相应的栽培技术是发挥新品种增产潜力的重要保证。国内外生产实践表明,玉米产量随种植密度增加而增加,达到一定密度后产量下     

品种和密度对贵州玉米杂交种金玉838、贵单8号和金玉819产量的影响

为了扩大我公司高产优质杂交玉米品种推广面积,开展优质杂交玉米品种不同密度比较试验,寻找合适密度的高产配套栽培技术就显得尤为重要。以玉米杂交品种金玉838、贵单8号和金玉819为供试材料,研究4种密度对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:从小区产量表现来看供试品种的产量随种植密度的增加而发生变化,而金玉819在贵州中高海拔上种植随密度增加而产量增幅不大。在同一栽培水平下,供试品种间的产量达到极显著水平,金玉838产量最高,贵单8号其次,金玉819产量最低;不同种植密度下玉米的产量差异达到了显著水平,密度与品种的互作达到极显著水平,说明玉米品种对产量有一定的影响,不同种植密度对玉米杂交种的产量影响不同,而种植玉米品种金玉838产量最高,其最佳栽培密度是60000株/hm~2-69000株/hm~2间为宜。     

鲁中地区综合性状优良高产玉米品种筛选

为筛选出适宜鲁中当地气候的玉米品种,为当地玉米种植品种选择提供依据,对鲁中地区有较大推广潜力的优良玉米品种进行了筛选试验。本试验分别选取了20个玉米品种,考察这些品种在60 000株/hm~2密度下和67 500株/hm~2密度下的田间表现及产量性状。试验结果表明:种植密度为60 000株/hm~2时,黑马603、淄玉308、士海928等7个品种增产潜力较大,综合性状优良,有较好的推广利用价值;种植密度为67 500株/hm~2时,伟科702、鲁单818、登海3737等8个品种增产潜力较大,综合性状优良,有较好的推广利用价值。     

渭北旱地不同玉米品种栽培密度研究

渭北旱地不同玉米品种栽培密度研究结果表明,种植密度对品种的产量表现有显著影响,即种植密度越大,产量越高;玉米品种与种植密度互作效果明显,郑单958最佳种植密度为7.5万株/hm2,陕单609最佳种植密度为9.0万株/hm2。     

玉米种植密度对产量及性状的影响

为探讨不同种植密度对玉米产量和性状产生的影响,选择丹3363玉米品种和丹玉86玉米品种作为试验研究材料,观察、统计和分析不同种植密度下玉米产量与各种性状的异同性.结果表明:玉米品种丹3363的产量达到最高和最低的种植密度分别为7 50万株/hm2和5.25万株/hm2;玉米品种丹玉86的产量达到最高的种植密度为6.00万株/hm2,且该种植密度下棒3叶宽度和面积达到最大值;随着种植密度的增加,两种品种玉米植株的倒佚率和空秆率均表现为上升趋势,茎粗、株高、穗高以及叶片数等的变化不显著.结论种植密度除了会对玉米种植的产量产生影响之外,同样会对玉米的棒3叶宽度和面积等性状产生影响,所以在实际的玉米种植过程中,需要结合所用玉米品种等条件来合理确定玉米种植密度,确保可以提升玉米的种植效益.     

不同种植密度条件下东北春玉米区主栽品种的适应性分析

以东北春玉米区主栽品种郑单958、农华101、先玉335、辽单565、丹玉39为试验品种,在3000、4000、5000和6000株／667m24个种植密度下,探讨了不同种植密度对其产量、叶面积指数及干物质积累的影响。结果表明：叶面积指数随种植密度增大而增大,吐丝期达到高峰,后期基本逐步下降;随着种植密度逐渐增加,各品种群体产量与之基本呈正相关,单株各器官干物重呈负相关;随着种植密度的增加,玉米籽粒产量显著提高,说明这些品种在东北春玉米区,还有密植增产的潜力可挖。这为进一步突破东北春玉米区玉米单产提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

种植密度对早熟春玉米南北73农艺性状及产量的影响

以早熟玉米杂交种南北73 为试验材料,在6 种不同种植密度条件下,研究了种植密度对南北73 玉米品种农艺 性状及产量的影响。结果表明:南北73 玉米品种的产量随着种植密度的增加是先增后减,在每亩密度为5500 株时产量 最高,达到了501.9 kg/亩;株高、穗位随着密度的增加而增加,百粒重、单穗粒重随着密度的增加而减少,单株产量明显 降低。     

中国不同年代玉米单交种及其亲本主要性状演变 对密度的响应

【目的】探讨中国不同年代玉米主要性状的演变规律及其对密度的响应,为玉米品种的遗传改良提供理论依据。【方法】选择中国1960s、1980s、2000s 3个年代在生产中大面积推广应用的玉米单交种及其亲本为试验材料,比较分析了遗传改良过程中玉米单交种及其亲本主要性状的演变特征。【结果】随着年代的更替,不同时期玉米单交种及其亲本的籽粒产量均显著提高,其中2000s单交种相比1980s和1960s平均提高25.7%和35.8%,而其亲本提高了16.3%和29.7%,百粒重明显增加,但杂种优势指数差异不显著。不同年代玉米随年代更替株高、穗位高以及穗位高/株高变化不明显,而植株茎粗增大,叶向值显著升高,植株形态耐密抗倒明显增强。当代品种及其亲本的干物质积累量、花后物质/总干重、收获指数均明显高于1980s和1960s品系,高密度条件下当代品系的光合生产能力（平均叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和平均净光合速率）具有明显优势。高密度条件下当代品种具有较高的粒叶比,且单位叶面积指数可以获得较高的籽粒产量。相关性分析表明,籽粒产量与百粒重、穗粒重、茎粗、叶向值等形态性状显著正相关,与株高、穗位高和穗位高/株高相关性不显著,而与生物量、花后物质比例以及平均净光合速率呈显著正相关;单交种的粒叶比和单位叶面积获得的籽粒产量与其产量呈极显著正相关,而其亲本中二者与籽粒产量相关性不显著。表明高产玉米群体的生理耐密性得到明显改善。【结论】中国玉米品种的遗传改良过程中,籽粒产量的提高是其植株形态改良和生理耐密性协同提高的结果。     

Maize grain yield and water use efficiency in relation to climatic factors and plant population in northern China

Water scarcity has become a limiting factor for increasing crop production. Finding ways to improve water use efficiency (WUE) has become an urgent task for Chinese agriculture. To understand the response of different maize populations to changes in precipitation and the effects of changes in maize populations on WUE, this study conducted maize population experiments using maize hybrids with different plant types (compact and semi compact) and different planting densities at 25 locations across China. It was found that, as precipitation increased across different locations, maize grain yield first increased and then decreased, while WUE decreased significantly. Analyzing the relationship between WUE and the main climatic factors, this study found that WUE was significantly and negatively correlated with precipitation ($$ (daily mean precipitation) and R (accumulated precipitation)) and was positively correlated with temperature (T_M (daily mean maximum temperature), T_M–m (T_m, daily mean minimum temperature) and GDD (growing degree days)) and solar radiation ($$ (daily mean solar radiation) and Ra (accumulated solar radiation)) over different growth periods. Significant differences in maize grain yield, WUE and precipitation were found at different planting densities. The population densities were ranked as follows according to maize grain yield and WUE based on the multi-site experiment data: 60 000 plants ha^–1 (P₂)>90 000 plants ha^–1 (P₃)>30 000 plants ha^–1 (P₁). Further analysis showed that, as maize population increased, water consumption increased significantly while soil evaporation decreased significantly. Significant differences were found between the WUE of ZD958 (compact type) and that of LD981 (semi-compact type), as well as among the WUE values at different planting densities. In addition, choosing the optimum hybrid and planting density increased WUE by 21.70 and 14.92%, respectively, which showed that the hybrid played a more significant role than the planting density in improving WUE. Therefore, choosing drought-resistant hybrids could be more effective than increasing the planting density to increase maize grain yield and WUE in northern China. Comprehensive consideration of climatic impacts, drought-resistant hybrids (e.g., ZD958) and planting density (e.g., 60 000 plants ha^–1) is an effective way to increase maize grain yield and WUE across different regions of China.     

Quantitative design of yield components to simulate yield formation for maize in China

Maize(Zea mays L.) stands prominently as one of the major cereal crops in China as well as in the rest of the world. Therefore, predicting the growth and yield of maize for large areas through yield components under high-yielding environments will help in understanding the process of yield formation and yield potential under different environmental conditions. This accurate early assessment of yield requires accuracy in the formation process of yield components as well. In order to formulate the quantitative design for high yields of maize in China, yield performance parameters of quantitative design for high grain yields were evaluated in this study, by utilizing the yield performance equation with normalization of planting density. Planting density was evaluated by parameters including the maximum leaf area index and the maximum leaf area per plant. Results showed that the variation of the maximum leaf area per plant with varying plant density conformed to the Reciprocal Model, which proved to have excellent prediction with root mean square error(RMSE) value of 5.95%. Yield model estimation depicted that the best optimal maximum leaf area per plant was 0.63 times the potential maximum leaf area per plant of hybrids. Yield performance parameters for different yield levels were quantitatively designed based on the yield performance equation. Through validation of the yield performance model by simulating high yields of spring maize in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Jilin Province, China, and summer maize in Shandong Province, the yield performance equation showed excellent prediction with the satisfactory mean RMSE value(7.72%) of all the parameters. The present study provides theoretical support for the formulation of quantitative design for sustainable high yield of maize in China, through consideration of planting density normalization in the yield prediction process, providing there is no water and nutrient limitation.     

种植密度对玉米杂交组合产量和品质的影响

以3个玉米杂交组合为试验材料,研究了3种种植密度对他们的产量和品质的影响。结果表明,贵农318、PGX-5、PGX-6玉米杂交组合之间产量差异显著,不同密度间的玉米产量存在极显著差异,供试玉米杂交组合的最佳种植密度均为6.3万株/hm2,但杂交组合与密度互作之间差异不显著。杂交组合与密度互作对玉米籽粒蛋白质含量的影响达极显著水平。不同种植密度间的淀粉含量存在显著差异,不同玉米杂交组合之间可溶性糖含量差异显著。     

遗传改良对中国华北不同年代玉米单交种产量的贡献

 【目的】为提高中国玉米育种技术水平而探索突破方向和寻找理论依据,对不同年代玉米杂交种的产量与年代的回归进行研究。【方法】试验于2005－2006年在新疆省农业科学院科研基地和北京顺义屯玉公司北京研究院进行。采用裂区试验设计,3个密度为主区,华北地区近40年有代表性的23个单杂交种为副区。【结果】新疆点1980s－2000s中密度下的产量年代响应>高密度,北京点1980s－2000s中密度下的产量年代响应与高密度下的差异不显著,表明1980s年代以后中国华北地区玉米杂交种在每公顷60 000株的密度水平上没有实现更高的产量年代响应;1980s－2000s产量显著提高主要是由于千粒重、穗行数的正向改良,而秃尖度、出籽率的消极改良同时又限制了1980s－2000s年代玉米产量的提高;此外,空秆率、茎倒折率、根倒伏率、秃尖度等性状在1980s－2000s间没有得到显著改良。【结论】1980s－2000s期间中国玉米杂交种在高密度条件下玉米产量的年代响应取得了一定的进展,但与国外还有相当大的差距,今后的玉米育种应强化和完善高密度育种技术路线,使未来中国玉米单交种向依靠群体增产的早熟、耐密、出籽率高、秃顶度小的育种目标方向发展。     

中国不同时期玉米单交种产量变化的研究

 【目的】分析中国不同时期玉米品种产量、杂种优势及主要农艺性状发展变化规律,为今后玉米育种的发展提供理论依据和参考意见。【方法】利用中国不同时期具有代表性的20个玉米单交种及其32份亲本自交系为材料,采用3点裂区试验设计,分析产量、杂种优势及主要农艺性状的变化规律,产量与各性状间的相关性。【结果】品种产量和中亲产量随年代推进逐渐提高;早期品种高密条件下产量下降,当前品种随密度增加产量逐渐提高;不同时期品种随年代变化杂种优势在低密条件下逐渐增加,而高密条件下逐渐下降,中密和平均杂种优势没有变化;随年代变化,雄穗分枝和穗上叶与主茎夹角逐渐减少,行数、籽粒长和百粒重逐渐增加,行粒数、出籽率和容重没有变化;随年代变化品种产量增加与杂种优势效应相关性不显著,与穗行数、穗粗、籽粒长、百粒重和中亲产量呈极显著正相关,与雄穗分枝数和穗上叶与主茎夹角呈极显著负相关。【结论】杂种优势并没有显著提高,亲本产量的提高、种植密度的增加、株型的改善、雄穗分枝的减少及果穗性状的优化是当前中国玉米产量提高的主要原因。     

两个早熟玉米新品种在黑河地区耐密性鉴定试验

为了筛选适合黑河地区种植的玉米品种,选取新选育的2个玉米新品种为试验材料,通过对不同年间2个品种不同密度下性状进行分析。同时利用不同种植密度下的表现,对小区产量进行比较分析。结果表明:2个品种随着种植密度加大,玉米各生育时期会相应推迟1~2d。在密度加大的情况下,各品种在不同时期的生育进程、株高和穗位并没有因为密度的增加而存在较大的差异。德美亚1号适宜种植密度90 000株·hm-2;边单3号适宜种植密度75 000株·hm-2。     

玉米材料的耐密性鉴定及耐密型育种的思考

逐步增加玉米种植密度是当前玉米生产发展的必然趋势,而玉米自交系的耐密性在一定程度上决定了杂交种的耐密性。以夏玉米育种上常用的4个基本骨干自交系为试验材料,以耐密自交系130为对照,在种植密度7.5万～15.0万株/hm^2范围内设计6个梯度水平,分析不同种植密度对玉米主要生育期、穗部性状、倒伏倒折率和产量的影响,旨为耐密型玉米育种提供合理的选系密度。结果表明：随着种植密度的增大,4个参试玉米材料的穗长变短、穗粗变细、秃尖长度增大,当密度超过某一个范围后倒伏倒折率明显增大,产量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,其中产量最高的种植密度范围为12.0万～13.5万株/hm^2;而耐密自交系130（对照）的穗部性状变化幅度较小,倒伏倒折率明显较低,产量一直呈增加趋势。在试验密度范围内,不同种植密度对同一玉米材料的主要生育期和穗行数均无显著影响。并对耐密型玉米品种选育的种植密度和杂交种鉴定技术进行了探讨,认为在选择耐密型自交系时低代选系材料的种植密度应〉13.5万株/hm^2,在选择耐密型杂交种时还要保证穗粒数和穗粒重不能降低得太多,对耐密型杂交种进行鉴定时设立一年多点异地鉴定并适当加大鉴定种植密度。     

The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.