氯化钙处理对垂枝樱花扦插生根及抗氧化酶活性的影响

使用不同浓度的CaCl2处理垂枝樱花(Cerasus subhirtella var.pendula)插穗来研究氯化钙处理对插穗生根、抗氧化酶活性以及过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:55 mg/L CaCl2处理垂直樱花,其插穗的生根率可达40%,而对照仅有22%。处理的插穗在单株生根数量、根系活力与根鲜样质量方面,均显著优于对照,而且插穗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等保护酶的活性也显著增强,MDA的含量则显著降低。     

壳聚糖对玉米幼苗生长及生理生化活性的影响

采用浸种实验,研究不同分子量壳聚糖对玉米种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化活性的影响。结果表明,5种壳聚糖均能显著提高玉米种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗的根长、芽长和株鲜重,提高幼苗的叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量,增加幼苗的根系活力,有效诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的表达,显著提高酶活性。平均分子量5 000的壳聚糖对种子萌发和幼苗生长促进效果较好,分子量为3 000的壳聚糖对幼苗生理活性及酶活力提高最大。     

外源IBA对裸花紫珠插穗营养物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以药用植物裸花紫珠(Callicarpa nudiflora)一年生半木质化枝条为材料,使用吲哚丁酸(IBA,1 500 mg/L)处理插穗,以清水为对照,每隔6 d取样1次,测定生根过程中插穗基部可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白含量及吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的动态变化。结果表明,扦插后0~12 d,1 500 mg/L IBA处理增加了插穗内可溶性蛋白含量,降低了淀粉含量,可溶性糖含量先降后升,IAAO、POD、PPO活性增加;扦插后12~30 d,淀粉及可溶性糖含量逐渐降低,可溶性蛋白含量先升后降,但仍都高于对照,IAAO和PPO活性逐渐下降,POD活性先降后增;扦插30 d后,可溶性糖、蛋白、淀粉含量逐步趋于稳定,IAAO活性趋于稳定,而PPO和POD活性逐渐降低。总之,较高浓度的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白,低浓度的淀粉,较高的IAAO、POD和PPO活性有利于裸花紫珠插穗不定根形成和发育。     

硅对干旱胁迫下野生大豆幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为探讨外源硅对干旱胁迫下野生大豆生长的影响,以野生大豆为试验材料,研究不同浓度外源硅对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗的生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫会使野生大豆鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量、根系活力及SOD、CAT、POD活性降低,细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量增加。随着硅处理浓度的不断升高,野生大豆鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量、根系活力逐渐增加;低浓度硅胁迫提高了SOD、CAT、POD活性,降低了细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量,随着硅胁迫浓度的不断提高,SOD、CAT、POD活性逐渐下降,细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量先下降再升高。说明一定浓度的外源硅能有效促进干旱胁迫下野生大豆幼苗的生长,提高抗氧化酶活性,降低细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量,能够缓解干旱胁迫对野生大豆幼苗的危害,提高野生大豆抗旱能力。     

镉胁迫下苎麻生理生化变化规律及品种间差异比较

选取了三份镉吸收量差异较大的苎麻品种,通过水培方式进行浓度为7 mg/L镉胁迫处理,比较分析了其在镉胁迫下不同处理时间生理生化的变化规律及品种间的差异。结果表明:苎麻在镉胁迫下有较活跃的生理调控机制,随着镉胁迫时间的延长,根系中的可溶性蛋白含量增加,POD、CAT酶活性降低,但根系活跃吸收面积几乎不受影响;叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量增加,POD、CAT酶活性则先升高后降低,叶绿素含量增加;三份苎麻种质资源中,邵阳3号叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性随着镉胁迫时间的延长变化幅度不大;邵阳3号表现出更强的吸镉潜力,其根系活跃吸收面积平均值达到(63.45±5.21)%。     

顶梢和功能叶对茶树全光照弥雾扦插快繁的影响研究

为进一步缩短茶树无性苗繁育周期,提高无性苗质量,本试验以3年生台茶12号（又名金萱）茶树嫩枝为扦插材料,采用全光照弥雾快繁育苗技术,研究了插穗顶梢保留与摘除、不保留成熟功能叶、保留1~3片成熟功能叶对茶树扦插苗根系和地上部生长的影响,并于扦插前对茶树嫩枝不同部位芽叶的相关生理生化指标进行了测定分析。结果表明,随叶片成熟度增加,可溶性糖和叶绿素含量呈递增趋势。净光合速率也随叶片成熟度的增加呈递增趋势,但以第2片成熟功能叶最高。可溶性蛋白含量随叶片成熟度的增加呈下降趋势,以顶部一芽一叶含量最高。带成熟功能叶插穗成活率和生根率均为100.00%,而不带成熟功能叶的一芽一叶插穗和一芽二叶插穗成活率和生根率均仅为5.00%和23.33%。根系生长以带3片功能叶留梢插穗最好,生根早且根量大,10βd内就有大量白色根点从茎段基部冒出,60%~70%茶苗形成二次根仅需37βd,且地上部新形成的成熟功能叶数也最多,但是新梢高度增长值小于保留顶梢带1片成熟功能叶插穗,基部茎粗增长值小于带2片成熟功能叶插穗。成熟功能叶片数的增加有利于根系生长发育,提高成活率和生根率;保留顶梢插穗的根系和地上部的生长优于去梢插穗。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对干旱胁迫下降香黄檀幼苗生长、根系生理特性的影响

以1.5年生降香黄檀幼苗为试材,通过溶液培养的方式,研究不同浓度(0、10、25、50、100 mg/L)的5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)对聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫条件下降香黄檀幼苗的生长发育、根系性状、光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、有机渗透调节物质含量等生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:PEG-6000胁迫14 d后,降香黄檀幼苗的苗高、地径、根、茎、叶干重、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、类胡萝卜素含量显著下降,MDA含量显著上升,而抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)活性和有机渗透调节物质含量(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质)、根系活力明显下降。同时,一定浓度的外源5-ALA降低了PEG-6000引起的降香黄檀幼苗生理上的干旱胁迫,其中以25 mg/L处理时效果最好,且与PEG处理相比,叶片相对含水量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、类胡萝卜素含量、SOD与POD活性、可溶性糖与可溶性蛋白含量、根系活力分别提高了157.95%、34.44%、33.33%、24.49%、84.66%,87.66%、59.23%、76.8%、62.72%,MDA含量则降低了37.81%。因此,根系施用外源5-ALA可促进干旱胁迫下降香黄檀幼苗的生长,并可通过提高根系的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来增加其抗旱性,其适宜浓度为25 mg/L。     

铬胁迫对水稻幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

用不同浓度的重铬酸钾溶液处理水稻幼苗,研究了重金属铬对水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明,随着铬胁迫浓度的提高,水稻幼苗的株高、单株鲜重、主根长等生长指标及叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性、根系活力等生理指标均逐渐降低,而MDA含量逐渐升高.在各项指标中,水稻幼苗主根长和根系活力受到显著抑制时的重铬酸钾浓度为10mg/L,低于株高、单株鲜重、叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性受到显著影响的浓度(50mg/L),说明水稻根系生长对Cr6+胁迫较地上部分更敏感.     

花生专用叶面肥对花生根系的影响

研究结果表明,花生专用叶面肥能增加花生幼苗根长、根系体积、鲜重和干重,提高根系活力。其中以浓度为２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的处理最明显。专用叶面肥还能提高幼苗根的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,增加花生根瘤鲜重和干重,提高根瘤固氮酶活性。     

EBR对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生理指标及抗氧化酶和水孔蛋白基因表达量的影响

以玉米自交系Mo17为材料,用不同浓度的EBR处理150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫的玉米幼苗,测定其叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和根系活力等指标,同时通过荧光定量PCR测定CAT酶基因和ZMPIP2-4基因的表达.结果 表明,EBR处理后,玉米幼苗的POD酶活性...     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。