不同豆禾牧草混播对土壤质地及肥力的影响

以豆科牧草(红豆草)和禾本科牧草(黑麦草、无芒雀麦、扁穗冰草)为材料,研究了2 a生不同豆禾牧草的混播种植方式对当地土壤物理结构及土壤有效养分分布与积累规律的影响。结果表明:在不同混播比例中,大多数豆禾组合以红豆草与无芒雀麦豆禾比为4∶6和3∶7作用效果较好,其中4∶6的混播方式最好,与豆科单播相比较,其土壤容重减少了7.25%,土壤孔隙度和团聚体的含量增加了8.14%和13.56%,土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了23.1%、20.1%、77.2%和13.5%;与禾草单播相比较,其土壤容重减少了9.86%,土壤孔隙度和团聚体的含量增加了10.81%和13.45%,土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了15.5%、16.1%、66.5%和19.1%。双因素方差分析结果表明,混播种类及混播种类与混播比例的交互效应是影响土壤养分差异的主导因素。因此,不同豆禾牧草混播的种植方式有利于改善土壤物理结构,改善土壤养分供应,对提高土壤肥力具有重要意义。     

水氮调控对苜蓿与无芒雀麦混播草地生长和辐射利用的影响

针对我国内陆干旱区人工草地生产管理粗放及气候资源利用不充分等问题,探究合理的牧草种植与水氮供应模式,以充分挖掘区域牧草的生产潜力。采用3 a生(2018年播种)紫花苜蓿(简称‘苜蓿’)和无芒雀麦,分析种植模式(苜蓿与无芒雀麦混播,D1;无芒雀麦单播,D2)、施氮量(低氮量N1:60 kg·hm^-2;高氮量N2:120 kg·hm^-2)和灌水量(以灌水下限占田间持水量θ_f的百分比计,分枝期均充分灌水(75%～85%θ_f),现蕾和初花期轻度亏水W1:65%～75%θ_f、中度亏水W2:55%～65%θ_f、重度亏水W3:45%～55%θ_f,灌水上限均为85%θ_f)对牧草叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质累积量、累积截获光合有效辐射量(CIPAR)、辐射利用效率(RUE)、产量(Y)、耗水量(ET_a)、水分利用效率(WUE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)的影响。结果表明：(1)牧草LAI和...     

无芒雀麦苗期耐盐指标筛选及耐盐性综合评价

采用温室模拟Na Cl盐胁迫试验方法,设置5种Na Cl浓度即0%(CK)、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%,对5份无芒雀麦种质材料叶绿素含量(Chl)、相对电导率(REC)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、丙二醛含量(Pro)等11项指标进行测定,对各单项指标的耐盐系数进行主成分分析、隶属函数法和逐步回归等方法进行无芒雀麦苗期耐盐性综合评价。结果表明:根据耐盐综合评价值D值得出材料耐盐性排序:ZXY05P-171>ZXY05P-604>ZXY05P-629>ZXY06P-2592>ZXY05P-735,筛选出叶绿素含量(Chl)、脯氨酸含量(Pro)、过氧化物酶活性(POD)、丙二醛含量(MDA)4个无芒雀麦苗期耐盐性评价指标;5份材料耐盐性预测回归模型:D=-4.344+6.158Chl+0.076Pro-1.591POD-0.129MDA,为无芒雀麦苗期耐盐种质材料评价及新品种选育提供科学理论依据。     

两种雀麦种子萌发期耐热性比较研究

设置了八个变温梯度 ,三种播前预措方式及一个对照 ,分别对两种雀麦 (沙地雀麦Bromus ircutensis和无芒雀麦 Bromusinermis)种子进行萌发测试。测定了不同处理下的发芽率、发芽指数、休眠率和死亡率 ,并依此比较了这两种牧草种子在萌发期的耐热性能。结果表明 ,从发芽率和发芽指数看 ,二者并无明显的差异 ( P<0 .0 5) ,在较低的温度下二者都有较高的发芽率和发芽指数 ,当温度超过 45℃时二者都不萌发。从休眠和死亡状况可知 ,沙地雀麦种子比无芒雀麦种子有较强的耐高温性。三种预措方式中 ,三次回干效果较好     

禾草内生真菌与丛枝菌根互作对多年生黑麦草生长及叶斑病的影响

为明确禾草内生真菌和丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)互作对多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne生长发育及叶斑病的影响,设置禾草内生真菌处理(由带有和不带禾草内生真菌种子建立)、AMF(幼套球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum和根内球囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices)单独接种和混合接种处理及不接菌处理(对照),并在植物生长6周后接种或不接种多年生黑麦草叶斑病病原菌根腐离蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana,测定各处理多年生黑麦草的发病率、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、水分利用效率、AMF侵染率、P含量和生物量。结果表明:接种病原菌2周后,多年生黑麦草叶斑病的发病率为25.00%～38.75%,禾草内生真菌和幼套球囊霉均在一定程度上降低了多年生黑麦草的发病率,二者共同作用时发病率显著降低了35.48%。禾草内生真菌与AMF互作能在一定程度上提高植物叶绿素含量,促进光合作用,并促进P吸收和植物生长,二者的互作效应因禾草内生真菌与AMF组合而异,但均优于二者单独使用时的效应,其中禾草内生真菌与幼套球囊霉互作对多年生黑麦草生长及叶斑病防治的效果最好。     

多种植物生长调节剂在紫花苜蓿上的应用效果比较

以11种植物生长调节剂为供试药剂,开展田间试验,调查各施药处理对紫花苜蓿的生长调节效果。结果表明,11种药剂不同程度地提高了处理区紫花苜蓿的分枝数、叶绿素含量、干草产量、粗蛋白质含量,降低了酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量。除多效唑外,其他10种药剂均能促进紫花苜蓿株高、节间数、节间距、分枝数增加。芸苔素内酯、三十烷醇对紫花苜蓿增产作用明显,较清水对照分别增产19.54%、15.32%,并能提高牧草品质,具有较好的应用前景。     

陇东黄土高原春播紫花苜蓿不同茬次生物量动态研究

2003～2005年,在陇东黄土高原区进行的春播紫花苜蓿生物量观测试验表明,春播紫花苜蓿当年的株高,由缓慢增长转为快速增长的转变时段在分枝到现蕾期,由快速增长再次转为缓慢增长的时段在开花期后;生长二、三年紫花苜蓿,一年中适宜刈割三次,前二茬鲜草的平均日增长量明显高于第三茬,并且生长三年的各茬鲜草平均日增长量普遍高于生长二年的;最大地上生物量均出现在第一、二茬,其鲜草和干草重量分别占三茬总重量的76.9%～84.3%和79.1%～86.3%;各茬次紫花苜蓿鲜干比在现蕾期后明显降低,到开花期刈割前降至最低.年际和地域的气候条件差异直接反映在紫花苜蓿各茬次生物量和鲜干比的变化上,在水份满足的情况下,以气温日较差大的地域更有利于紫花苜蓿物质积累.     

填闲种植和施氮量对旱作冬小麦农田土壤水分及作物产量的影响

田间试验研究了填闲种植和施氮对旱作冬小麦农田土壤水分和作物产量的影响。试验设双因素处理随机区组设计,填闲作物采用黑麦草单播(R)、长武怀豆单播(S)、黑麦草与怀豆混播(SR)以及裸地休闲(NC),氮肥水平设0、60、120 kg·hm-2三个水平。结果表明,与裸地休闲相比,长武怀豆单播和与黑麦草混播夏闲期降水贮存效率分别降低了9.2%和7.7%,小麦播前土壤含水量减少了19 mm和15 mm,进而导致后续小麦产量的显著下降;而黑麦草单播对土壤水分和后续小麦产量没有显著影响;种植小麦前施加氮肥可以提高粮食作物产量、收获指数和千粒重,同时可增加次年填闲作物生物量,但会加速土壤水分消耗、降低降水储存效率。从土壤水分和作物生产角度考虑,旱作冬小麦种植系统休闲期间可以考虑种植黑麦草以增加覆盖,提高肥力,但不建议填闲种植耗水量较高的怀豆等作物。     

陇东旱塬区秋播小黑麦与黑麦立体种植模式探究

研究5个饲用小黑麦（× Triticosecale Wittmack）品种（‘甘农2号’，‘甘农3号’，‘甘农4号’，‘甘农7号’，‘藏饲1号’）分别与‘甘农1号’黑麦（Secale cereale ‘Gannong No.1’）以不同混播比例（100∶0, 90∶10, 80∶20, 70∶30, 60∶40, 50∶50, 0∶100）进行立体种植的生产性能和营养价值研究，为陇东旱塬区秋播小黑麦和黑麦立体种植提供理论依据。结果表明，陇东旱塬区B1（‘甘农2号’小黑麦与‘甘农1号’黑麦混播）和B2组合（‘甘农3号’与‘甘农1号’黑麦混播）以不同比例混播的平均干草产量显著高于B5（‘藏饲1号’小黑麦与‘甘农1号’黑麦）组合，分别提高21.68%和18.80%；不同小黑麦品种与‘甘农1号’黑麦以A6（50∶50）的比例混播时，平均干草产量显著高于小黑麦单播，且高于黑麦单播，增幅分别为22.94%和3.05%；基于干草产量、营养价值和倒伏率的综合评价表明，‘甘农3号’小黑麦与‘甘农1号’黑麦以70∶30的比例混播进行立体种植时效果最好，适宜在陇东旱塬区及其他气候相似区推广种植。     

Effects of different grasses between rows of apple trees on soft characteristics of 1-year-old orchard

于苹果园建植第一年春季,果树行间分别种植不同草种,以清耕的土壤为对照,研究果园土壤温度、含水量、pH值、有机质及N、P、K的变化.结果表明,种草后,夏季高温时土壤温度降低、日变幅减小,含水量增加,生长季结束时,果园土壤pH下降,碱解N、全N、速效P、全P、有机质含量增加,而除种植红三叶的土壤速效K显著(P＜0.05)升高外,其余处理全K、速效K均无显著变化;种草后对不同深度土壤肥力的影响不同,马蹄金对土壤N、P和狗牙根与高羊茅对有机质的影响在0～20cm内表现一致,而种植多年生黑麦草、狗牙根、紫羊茅的0～10cm土壤碱解N、全N、全P和种植红三叶、紫军茅的0～10cm土壤有机质升高幅度较10-20cm大,多年生黑麦草、高羊茅、紫羊茅、红三叶、白三叶的速效P,红三叶和高羊茅的碱解N、全N,马蹄金、多年生黑麦草、白三叶的土壤有机质0～10cm土壤升高幅度较10～20cm小,白三叶10～20cm土壤碱解N增加幅度较0～10cm小,全N则反之;草种不同对土壤作用不一,马蹄金对土壤肥力改善作用最大,红三叶、白三叶次之,而狗牙根、高羊茅较差.说明种草后可改善土壤性状,而草种是影响果园种草效益的关键因素.     

Uptake, translocation and phytotoxicity of root-absorbed haloxyfop in soybean, Festuca rubra L. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb

The concentrations of haloxyfop in nutrient solution required to reduce the total plant dry weight of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. ‘Evans’), red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ‘Pennlawn’), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘Houndog’) by 50% (GR₅₀) were determined. The GR₅₀) values for soybean, red fescue and tall fescue were 76 μM, 3μM and 0.4 μM, respectively. The reduction in growth in roots and shoots of soybean was similar. In contrast, the relative reduction in root tissue weight was greater than that for foliar tissue in both grass species. The amount of ¹⁴C-haloxyfop in soybean roots or shoots was higher than in red fescue or tall fescue. Red fescue accumulated less haloxyfop in the foliage than in the roots. On the other hand, similar amounts of ¹⁴C-haloxyfop accumulated in both organs in both soybean and tall fescue. ¹⁴C-haloxyfop appeared to be actively absorbed by the roots of all species. Soybean absorbed more nutrient solution, but utilized it less on a per gram dry matter produced basis than the grass species. Differences in the uptake and translocation of haloxyfop by roots do not account for differences in tolerance between species. However, a higher level of retention of haloxyfop in the roots of red fescue than in tall fescue may provide the former with an additional selectivity advantage under conditions where there is significant root exposure to the herbicide.     

Effect of fungal pathogens on digestibility and chemical composition of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

Slight infection by Drechslera siccans or Rhynchosporium spp. significantly reduced in vitro dry matter digestibility, water-soluble carbohydrate and the total amino acid content of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) foliage. The concentration of all 15 amino acids detected was reduced, with arginine reduced significantly more than the others. Total nitrogen was either increased or not changed, and the amino acid composition was not altered. Limited work with Drechslera festucae on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) gave similar results. Small samples of healthy and diseased grass leaves at three different physiological stages were used to detect these changes.
Limited leaf spotting by D. siccans caused metabolic changes of the same magnitude as extensive leaf blotching by Rhynchosporium. Impaired photosynthesis and growth of the fungi within the leaf tissues are possible causes of these changes. Decreased digestibility and increased dry matter content of diseased grass foliage could be of great practical importance.     

Occurrence of barley yellow dwarf virus in pastures of western France

As pasture grasses are preponderant in the agriculture of western France, their role as reservoirs of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and its aphid vectors has been studied from 1984 to 1986. Aphids were observed on most crops of five pasture grass species (brome grass, cocksfoot, tall fescue, Italian and perennial ryegrass) but in very low numbers. Rhopalosiphum padi was the most numerous species. The incidence of BYDV was high, with levels of infection ranging from 6 to 80% depending on the species of pasture grasses. Fescue pastures were highly infected with BYDV, whereas the virus was not detected in cocksfoot pastures. PAV-, RPV-, MAV-like isolates of BYDV were detected in pasture grasses, but RPV- and MAV-like isolates were only detected from ryegrass and brome grass, respectively. The role of these grasses as source of viruliferous aphids infecting cereals is discussed.     

Effect of narrow-leaved hawk's-beard (Crepis tectorum L.) on yield and quality of lucerne hay and seed yield of creeping red fescue

Narrow-leaved hawk's-beard (Crevis tectorum L.) occurs in all provinces of Canada, but is particularly abundant in the northern portions of the agricultural regions of the three prairie provinces and British Columbia. The losses in yield in terms of quantity and quality due to narrow-leaved hawk's-beard were investigated in fields of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) used in the dehydration industry and in experimental plots. The effect of hawk's-beard on creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) seed yield in the Peace River Region of British Columbia was also investigated. In the lucerne, the average percentage of hawk's-beard in the total biomass over the 3 years of the study was only 2?5%, with a minimum of 1?2% in one year and a maximum of 5?5% in another year. In the lucerne vs hawk's-beard plots, yields on plots free of hawk's-beard were not significantly higher than on those with hawks'-beard. Although excellent control was achieved in creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) by the use of the herbicide 2, 4-DB, yields of seed were not significantly increased. Therefore, narrow-leaved hawk's-beard seems to be an excellent colonizer but a weak competitor and contributed little to crop losses in lucerne and creeping red fescue.     

A temperature-based model for latent-period duration in stem rust of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue

ABSTRACT A temperature-response curve for latent-period duration in stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola) on perennial ryegrass and tall fescue was developed from constant-temperature experiments with inoculated plants and evaluated in field experiments. Under constant-temperature conditions, time from infection to 50% of pustules erupted for perennial ryegrass ranged from 54 days at 3.5 degrees C to 5.9 days at 26.5 degrees C. The latent period (LP(50)) duration of tall fescue was 69 and 8.5 days at these respective temperatures. The dependence of latent-period completion rate on temperature was best described as a linear increase in rate with temperature up to approximately 26 degrees C, then an exponential decline with temperature up to the maximum (lethal) temperature of approximately 35.5 degrees C. LP(20), the time required for 20% of open pustules to appear, was used as an estimator of latent-period duration for field observations. Percentage of one latent period completed per half hour (half-hourly rate), for perennial ryegrass was modeled as (0.0156T - 0.0206) {1 - exp[0.497(T - 35.5)]}, where T = average temperature ( degrees C) during the half-hour period. For tall fescue the modeled rate was (0.0109T - 0.00214) {1 - exp[0.417(T - 35.5)]}. Latent periods modeled by these equations were compared with observed latent periods in field experiments with potted plants, where half-hourly temperatures were measured. Linear regressions of modeled versus observed latent periods had adjusted r(2) values of 0.96 for perennial ryegrass and 0.93 for tall fescue. The latent-period equations could be used as components of a weather-based disease advisory model to optimize fungicide use in stem-rust management on these crops.     

新疆杨树/紫花苜蓿林草复合系统中根系分布特征及生产力

为了解杨树（Populus L.）/紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）林草复合系统中两种植物根系的分布及相互关系，利用WinRHIZOTM对3 a生紫花苜蓿和7 a生杨树在单作和间作条件下0~60 cm土层中的根长密度（RLD）、平均根直径（ARD）和比根长（SRL）的分布进行测定分析。结果表明：间作紫花苜蓿RLD降低了10.01%~54.29%，20~60 cm土壤中紫花苜蓿ARD降低了11.15%~37.30%, 间作苜蓿的SRL比单作苜蓿高10.52%~28.78%；间作增加了 0~40 cm土层中杨树ARD的20.36%~28.08%，增加了苜蓿种植区域0~20 cm土层中杨树RLD的15.51%~34.23%。杨树SRL受到的影响较小，仅在8月5日的0~20 cm 土层中测得单作和间作SRL存在差异，单作杨树SRL比间作杨树高14.46%。单作和间作苜蓿的最高产量均在第一次收获时期，间作降低了苜蓿的产量，在第一次、第二次和第三次收获中产量分别降低了24.7%、30.9% 和 43.7%，与单作苜蓿相比，杨树/紫花苜蓿林草复合系统中苜蓿的总产量减少了31.2%。通过计算土地当量比，发现杨树与紫花苜蓿复合经营为杨树林带增加了额外来自紫花苜蓿的收入，能够提高系统41%的生产力。综上所述，林草复合系统中紫花苜蓿根系分布及生长受到了不利影响，而杨树根系受到了有利的影响。相比单作种植，林草复合系统有较高的生产力和资源利用效率，具有提高新疆地区防护林带生态和经济回报率的潜能。     

A study of competition between seedlings of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by means of a replacement series experiment

Competiton between seedlings of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L cv. Grasslands Nui) was studied in a replacement series experiment under glasshouse conditions. Without cutting, the shoot growth of gorse in monoculture exceeded that of ryegrass over 22 weeks but was reduced more by competition from ryegrass than the grass growth was reduced by competition from gorse. The root system of gorse was small compared with that of ryegrass and was further reduced by competition. Cutting three times at 2 or 4 cm reduced the total growth of both species and gorse was affected more than ryegrass. With grass, however, the ‘growth between succeeding cuts declined faster than that of gorse and in the final harvest period, gorse in monoculture oulyielded ryegrass. The relative crowding coefficients of gorse were low compared with those of ryegrass and their products consistently exceeded 1.0. The results are discussed in relation to lirmiting seedling establishment of gorse in the field.     

Genetic Structure of Magnaporthe grisea Populations Associated with St. Augustinegrass and Tall Fescue in Georgia

ABSTRACT Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to estimate phylogenetic relationships within Magnaporthe grisea and determine the genetic structure of M. grisea populations associated with tall fescue and St. Augustinegrass in Georgia. Sixteen clonal lineages were identified in a sample population of 948 isolates. Five lineages were isolated from tall fescue (E, G1, G2, G4, and H), with lineage G4 comprising 90% of the population. Isolates from tall fescue were closely related to those from perennial ryegrass, weeping lovegrass, and wheat. Two M. grisea lineages were isolated from St. Augustinegrass (C and K), with lineage C comprising 99.8% of the population. Populations from crabgrass were dominated (98%) by lineage K, but also contained a single lineage C isolate. Haplotype diversity indices ranged from 0.00 to 0.29 in tall fescue populations and from 0.00 to 0.04 in St. Augustinegrass populations. Selection due to host species was the primary factor determining population structure according to analysis of molecular variance; host cultivar and geographical region had no significant effect. The host range of M. grisea lineages from turfgrasses was determined in growth chamber experiments and supports the prominent role of host species in determining the genetic structure of M. grisea populations from turfgrasses in Georgia.     

The potential for selecting wheat varieties strongly competitive against weeds

The competitive abilities of a wide range of genotypes of wheat (Trilicvm aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) against Lolium rigidum Gaud, (annual ryegrass) were examined 1o determine the potential for breeders to select strongly competitive varieties, Considerable potential within the wheat genome to breed varieties with greater competitive ability was demonstrated. In 1993, 250 genotypes from around the world were screened and in 1994 a subset of 45 (mainly Australian) genotypes were further examined. A uniform density of L. rigidum reduced grain yield of wheat by up to about 80% in 1993 and to 50% in 1994, depending on wheat genotype. Reduction in grain yield was correlated with L. rigidum dry matter. Wheats varied in competitive ability with source, and durum wheats were less competitive than T. aestivum. The ‘old’ standard wheat varieties (released between 1880 and 1950) suppressed the weed more than all the current varieties, with the exception of eight F₁ hybrids. A doubling of the crop seeding rate of 10 of the genotypes in 1994 reduced the biomass of L. rigidum by an average of 25% compared with the standard seeding rate. Ranking of competitive ability of varieties at high density was consistent at both seeding rates. The strongly competitive genotypes had high early biomass accumulation, large numbers of tillers, and were tall with extensive leaf display. The potential for breeding enhanced competitive ability in wheat is discussed.     

Incidence of Acremonium lolii and lack of correlation with barley yellow dwarf viruses in Tasmanian perennial ryegrass pastures

The perennial ryegrass endophyte Acremonium lolii occurred in all ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pastures sampled in Tasmania. Cultivars tested included Ellett, Martlet, Tasdale, Tasmanian No. 1 and Victorian. The range in incidence was 4–94% (average 66%). Many pastures more than 4 years old caused perennial ryegrass staggers syndrome in livestock, and the range in incidence in these pastures was 79–94%. There was no correlation, positive or negative, between barley yellow dwarf virus infection and the incidence of A. lolii. There was good agreement between ELISA and microscopic examination of epidermal strips. However unlike previous studies, the ELISA test was specific for A. lolii and did not detect Acremonium coenophialum , the endophyte of tall fescue.