Social and Ecnomic Values of Urban Forestry：Malaysian Perspective

1 INTRODUCTIONUrban forestry means different things to differentpeople, depending on one’s perspective. Some peopleview urban forestry in terms of economic values,rather than cultural or social values, whereas othersmay perceive it in terms of all three types of values.As such, the management of urban green spaces maybe tailored to suchvalues. To Kuchelmeisterand TREECITY (1998), urban greening and urban forestry aretwo different fields altogether. They referred to urbangreening as t…     

泰安市城市森林结构与气体调节效益分析

城市森林结构是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,并且在城市生态平衡中起着重要作用。采用样方调查方法对泰安市的主要道路、高校和公园的树木进行了调查,分析了泰安不同土地利用类型的树木分布情况;同时对每个调查区树木的种类组成结构、胸径分布、树高分布、冠幅分布和树木在碳氧平衡方面的生态经济价值等反应城市森林结构特征的各类指标进行了分析。       

Socio-economic factors affecting smallholder tree planting and management intentions in Leyte Province,Philippines

Survey data have been collected from four rural communities in Leyte Province, the Philippines, on household tree planting and management intentions, as well as the socio-economic characteristics, attitudes to tree planting and management, farming practices and the number of trees planted. In relation to intended tree planting and management activities, respondents were asked a series of structured questions as to what tree species they intend to plant, how many individual trees of each of those species they plan to plant, and for what purpose they propose to plant each of the tree species. This paper reports the results of analyses of the stated tree management intentions of households in the four communities and identifies the socioeconomic factors that influence householders’ tree management intentions. Respondents were generally enthusiastic about the possibility for further tree planting on their land, 75% indicating they would undertake planting. About 60% indicated an interest in commercial tree farming, with no significant differences in this level of interest between communities. It was found that a number of socio-economic variables indicating higher levels of land ownership and previous experience in the forestry industry are related to the intention to plant trees to produce timber for sale. These include the use of materials from public lands, participation in community organisations and community forestry programs, and the present management of trees to produce timber for sale.     

美国的城市林业

本文介绍了城市林业的内涵以及在美国的发展简史。作者还对其经营范围、法规制定、价值计算、行道树管理、教育和科学研究等作了阐述。     

Agroforestry and soil conservation needs of smallholders in Southern Zambia

An agroforestry and soil conservation needs assessment survey conducted in southern Zambia revealed valuable insight into needs, constraints and development options as perceived by smallholders themselves. Inadequate efforts to conserve soil are due to technical and socio-economic factors, they do not result from a lack of awareness of the widespread erosion threat. Fruit tree planting, windbreak establishment as well as the protection of the natural Faidherbia albida regeneration in cropland are popular agroforestry interventions whose positive effects are widely acknowledged. Forty-two perennial species were found to directly contribute to people's diet. Although local fuelwood and fodder shortages as well as the need for fencing are recognized only few respondents envisage agroforestry solutions such as fuelwood and fodder tree planting or live fencing. Most smallholders are interested in tree planting but have so far only planted few trees. Those planted are usually exotic fruit trees. Drought hardly, termite and browse resistant perennials adapted to smallholder tree planting must be provided by the extension services. The widespread exclusion of women from decision making and the lack of tenure security hampers female participation in agroforestry development and consequently threatens sustainable development altogether.     

昆明市区樱花行道树应用效果综合评价

文章通过对昆明市区樱花行道树的数量、分布、部分生长指标、抚育管理状况及其所形成的景观效果进行调查,就其2004年的经营管理效益成本做了量化分析,并提出加强抚育管理的措施。       

云南省芒市古树名木资源调查与特征分析

通过对芒市古树名木资源现状进行调查,对古树名木的资源特征、空间分布格局、生长状况等方面的分析得出,芒市地区现有古树名木总量达1 028株,隶属17科23属32种。以高山榕等乡土树种为主要优势种,树龄呈金字塔结构,空间分布呈现以中心城区聚集逐渐向四周辐射的格局;人为活动对古树影响小,古树的海拔与数量具有极显著强相关关系(p=-0.959);胸径、冠径和树高的3者存在非线性正相关关系(高山榕为主),且树龄的增大不会对树种的外观生长状态造成影响。郊区的古树名木资源成为今后管理部门保护的重点。研究从多角度全面分析了全市古树资源状况,可为古树名木保护工作提供参考。     

Peoples’ Perception Towards Urban Forestry and Institutional Involvement in Metropolitan Cities: A Survey of Lalitpur City in Nepal

Universally, trees have been recognized as an important component of urban landscapes for millennia because they provide a wide range of benefits to society. Although the planting of trees has been an integral and important part of human settlements in Nepal, the concept of urban forestry is poorly understood and often neglected. This paper investigates urban peoples?? perceptions towards urban forests as well as the perceived benefits related to the use and existence of urban forests in Lalitpur, Nepal. A survey was conducted among residents and visitors to an urban park. Most respondents held positive attitudes towards urban forests and were aware of the benefits provided. Despite involvement of various agents from both government and non-governmental organizations in promoting urban forests, greenery was declining in the city. The loss and degradation of urban forests adversely affected the ecosystems because the city is suffering from water, air and soil pollution. In recent years, the local government has promoted urban greenery; however, there are no accompanying legislation or regulations governing urban forestry. Therefore, concrete scientific and professional knowledge is required in order to manage the forestry in the city.     

Practice and Use of Tree Species in Urban Forestry in Thailand

1 INTRODUCTIONUrban forestry can be viewed as a specialized branchof forestry, which deals with the science and art ofplanting, implementing the greenery in and around urbanand populated area. It includes tree planting in temples,offices, schools, hospitals, homesteads, highways orroads between towns or cities as well as public parksand recreational parks so that it contributes directlyand indirectly to the physical, physiological, sociologicaland economic well being of the communitiesconc…     

Homestead tree planting in two rural Swazi communities

Tree planting practices were investigated on a total of 95 homesteads in two communities in rural Swaziland. Information was also collected on socioeconomic characteristics of the homesteads. In both the study areas, Sigombeni and Bhekinkhosi, there was considerable variation amongst individual homesteads in size, relative wealth (as indicated by cattle and motor vehicle ownership), and amount and types of trees planted. Eighty-five percent of all homesteads in Sigombeni and 73 percent in Bhekinkhosi had planted at least one tree. Common forms of planting included small woodlots, fruit trees, and ornamentals. Virtually all the woodlots consisted of two introduced wattle species (Acacia mearnsii and A. decurrens). The most commonly planted fruit trees were avocadoes, bananas, and peaches. No complex or labor-intensive agroforestry practices (such as maize/leucaena intercropping) were observed. There was some evidence that the poorest and newest homesteads were the least likely to have planted any trees and that the richest homesteads were the most likely to have planted woodlots. The results indicate that forestry research and extension efforts should take into account homestead characteristics, and strive to offer a range of tree planting options that vary in input requirements, labor needs, and complexity.     

Role of Trees in Urban Areas and Challenges of their Establishment

1 INTRODUCTIONThe urban landscapes expand over large area. Asurbanization spreads into less developed rural areas, agrowing percentage of the natural resources will becomea part of urban forest ecosystems, and increasingamounts of forest outside these systems also will besubject to urban influence.The expansion of urban landscapes has particularlyimportant implications for the use and management ofpublic holdings, including protected forests, nationalparks, and state and locally administer…     

北京城区银杏行道树生长现状与健康状况研究

The planting site, size, and health condition of street tree Ginkgo biloba in Beijing urban area were investigated and the influence factors were analyzed based on filed survey. The results showed that G. biloba were mainly planted in tree pit within strip planting median. The average height, diameter at breast height and canopy diameter were 8.11 m, 13.22 cm and 4.07 m, respectively, 82.9% trees were less than 10 m in height, and most G. biloba trees were still in the initial stage of height and diameter increment. The tree health status was described with three classes: class I (healthy), class II (fair) and class III (unhealthy). The percentage of class I, II and III for G. biloba trees in Beijing urban area accounted for 16.0%, 37.2% and 42.9% respectively. The results of analysis showed that the health status of G. biloba was associated with the site condition, tree size and management practices. The trees planted in urban forest patch grew better than the trees planted in green belts and tree pits; meanwhile, the bigger trees were healthier than the smaller ones. In addition, the effects of urban heterogeneous environment and human activities on the health of Ginkgo biloba were analyzed and the suggestions on management were launched.     

包头市城市森林绿地树种选择及效果评价

以包头市东河区、青山区、昆都仑区、九原区、开发区等五个城区中公园、行道、游园、小区、厂区、防护带等景观类型中树种和群落为调查对象,利用植物物种数、丰富度、多样性指数、重要值等指标对包头市城市绿地植物群落进行调查,用层次分析法评价,对包头市城市绿化树种现状进行分析。针对出现的问题提出在今后城市绿化树种增加种类增加层片和季相,提高绿化的稳定性及不同时间的观赏要求,加大对乡土树种的开发和应用,提高适应性,以减少经济造价。       

赣州市街道和公园绿化树种的选择应用

本文针对目前赣州市城区绿化树种种类较少,尤其是乡土树种种类少数量少的现状,根据赣南的实际情况和具有丰富的亚热带树种资源的特点,为丰富赣州市城区绿化树种、提高城区的绿化品位,对赣州市城区街道和公园绿化树种选择的基本要求、以及适宜选择的绿化树种进行了研究探讨。     

城市树木养护与树艺学:欧美的做法及启示

城市树木是绿色基础设施的基本组成,是城市林业建设的基础,树木的管护水平决定了城市树木的生存质量。欧美城市树木养护和管理方面已形成专门的职业技术体系,并产生了树艺学(Arboriculture)学科。文中通过文献分析和研究,对欧美城市树木管理的教育、职业资格认证、职业要求情况进行总结分析,指出我国在城市树木管护方面应拓宽职业技术渠道,促进学科专业化发展;同时,要加强鼓励市民参与树木管理监督,扩大树木工作者权利范围,增加树木风险评估内容,规范职业资格认证与加强培训。     

Forest characteristics and their variation along the lakeshore–upland ecotone

Abstract

In forestry operations riparian buffer zones have been retained mainly to protect water quality. Because riparian forests are also important for maintaining terrestrial biodiversity, the associated ecotones need to be characterized and defined. Forest characteristics were studied along 50 m lakeshore–upland gradients in semi-natural forests in boreonemoral Sweden. Significant changes in the density of living and dead trees, as well as in their diameters, were recorded. The edge influence was generally discernible 10–30 m from the shoreline and was manifested in the very high density of understorey and midcanopy trees. The species-specific responses reflected the known shade and flooding tolerances of tree species. Most dead trees were standing, or broken from the roots or tree base; relatively few uprooted trees were recorded, suggesting that wind is only a moderate mortality factor. In comparison with the literature, the studied lakeshore forests are distinct from managed and set-aside upland forests in terms of tree species composition and woody debris characteristics; they thus contribute to landscape heterogeneity. If buffer zones along lakes were designed so that they captured the entire riparian ecotone, this would increase their contribution to the conservation of terrestrial biodiversity.     

Land classification for choice of tree species on farm lands in the Attock District of Punjab,Pakistan

In Pakistan, particularly in Punjab Province, it is difficult for agrofarmers to combine their indigenous knowledge and modern scientific methods to evaluate existing traditional farming systems and forestry practices. This requires an evaluation of indigenous soil classification in simple terms along with knowledge of the local flora, especially trees. This study focuses on land suitability classification for trees in the Attock District of Punjab, Pakistan. A survey was conducted which included interviews of local agrofarmers as well as standard soil analyses including both chemical and physical determinations of local soil types. An evalu- ation of soil types for cultivation of various crops was carried out given its total extent, component soil series and their proportions, spotting characteristics of each soil series and their major limitations/hazards for trees/crops. These would lead to the identification of various tree species according to soil characteristics. Then, according to the soil types and species, a land suitability map was obtained for the choice of tree species by using geographic information system (GIS) software. Land suitability classification will help local agroforesters/agrofarmers in matching suitable agricultural trees/crops properly for different soils in the area.     

Economics of the plant species used in homestead agroforestry on an offshore Sandwip Island of Chittagong District, Bangladesh

Introduction Bangladesh is a land hunger country having about 14.4 million hectares of land with a population of 133 million (BBS 2003). Of the total land area, about 1.48 ×106 hm2 are designated as government forest land, 0.72 million hectares are of Un…     

The response of planted trees to vegetation zonation and soil redox potential in created wetlands

We examined interrelationships among natural vegetation zones, soil redox potential (Eh), and metrics of tree seedling performance (i.e survival, growth, and photosynthesis) for planted Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer saccharinum, Quercus palustris, and Quercus bicolor at two created perched wetlands (two years and five years old) in Michigan, USA. Vegetation zones apparently associated with hydrology were fully developed at both sites. Wetland zones always had lower mean Eh than upland zones, indicating mostly anaerobic and aerobic root environments, respectively. Eh values for transition zones were similar to aerobic upland zones at the five-year-old site, and changed from anaerobic to aerobic conditions over the growing season at the two-year-old site. At the five-year-old site, transition zone trees of all species generally had greater height growth, survival, and were less likely browsed by deer than upland trees. They also had much greater survival and endured shorter periods of anoxia stress than wetland trees. Photosynthesis was positively related to survival and Eh, suggesting that unfavorable carbon balance may help explain low survival in the anoxic wetland zone. Management implications include: (1) vegetation zonation is a good indicator of wetland hydrological factors important to planted tree performance; (2) targeting developed transition vegetation zones for tree planting could increase the success and efficiency of efforts to create forested wetlands; and (3) transition zones extended over only a 9.3 cm vertical elevation gradient, indicating the importance of precise grading when creating perched forested wetlands.