Study of oxidative stress cadmium(Cd)-induced in Eisenia fetida based on mathematical modeling

As a sensitive biological indicator, earthworms are widely used to monitor various pollutants of soil and provide an early warning for soil pollution.However, because many indices are involved in the exposure-induced oxidative stress response, practical applications of these indices are quite inconvenient.Therefore, it is appropriate to investigate the key monitoring index for use in early warning and pollution monitoring. Using Eisenia fetida as an experimental model in an indoor simulation experiment, the mathematical modelling of the effect on oxidative stress in earthworms under cadmium(Cd) stress was studied.The test lasted 40 d, with the removal of one earthworm every 10 d. The Cd~(2+)concentration gradient was set as 0, 1, 10, 20, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg~(-1) dry weight. The earthworms were divided into two sections from the clitellum for the determination of total protein(TP) and peroxidase(POD), superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione-S-transferase(GST), glutathione peroxidase(GPX), catalase(CAT), malondialdehyde(MDA), and acetylcholinesterase(AChE)activities. Results showed that POD was the key index of oxidative stress in head tissues after 10 d of exposure, TP was the key index at 20 d, and POD became the key index again at 30 and 40 d. By contrast, in tail tissues, MDA and SOD were the key indices at an exposure time of 10 d, GPX at 20 d, CAT and TP at 30 d, and POD and MDA at 40 d. These results contribute to establishing a scientific method for ecotoxicological diagnosis and revealing the mechanism of soil Cd toxicity.     

DEHP对土壤蚯蚓氧化胁迫及DNA损伤的研究

土壤环境中的酞酸酯污染日益严重,为了探讨和分析典型酞酸酯邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)对土壤动物的生态毒理效应,以赤子爱胜蚓为指示生物,暴露于DEHP浓度为CK、0.1、1、10、50 mg kg~(-1)人工土壤中,并于染毒后的7、14、21、28d取样测定。通过蚯蚓体内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物(POD)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)等指标反映DEHP对蚯蚓的氧化激活程度,通过活性氧自由基(ROS)的含量反映DEHP对蚯蚓的细胞毒性,通过丙二醛(MDA)含量和Olive尾矩反映DEHP对蚯蚓的遗传毒性,从多个角度评价DEHP对蚯蚓的生态毒理效应。结果表明:(1)在DEHP的刺激下,各浓度组蚯蚓的SOD、CAT、POD、GST活性均呈激活状态,表明DEHP对蚯蚓的抗氧化酶有诱导作用;(2)DEHP影响蚯蚓的ROS含量,各染毒处理组与对照组相比均升高且差异性明显,表现出明显的剂量—效应关系;(3)对比各染毒处理组之间的数据,DEHP对蚯蚓MDA含量的影响无明显规律;(4)DEHP可使蚯蚓GST呈激活状态,表明中高浓度的DEHP对蚯蚓GST具有诱导作用;(5)DEHP能够引起蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的损伤,且随着浓度的增加,Olive尾矩值随之增加,说明DNA损伤程度与DEHP浓度之间具有剂量-效应关系。从实验结果可以看出,DEHP可以对蚯蚓机体和DNA造成一定程度的损伤,表现出较强的生态毒理效应。     

Effect of different forms of selenium on the plant–soil–earthworm system

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans, animals, and certain lower plants, but at higher concentrations Se becomes toxic to organisms. The boundary between the Se beneficial effect and its toxicity is narrow and depends on its chemical form, applied concentration, and other environmentally regulating factors. Due to the potential risk of toxicity in higher concentration, the aim of this study was to estimate the impact of increased concentrations of different forms of Se on the response of the wheat–soil–earthworm system. Soil, earthworms, and wheat grains were exposed to the Se in form of selenite and selenate in concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg kg⁻¹. As an indicator of oxidative stress in wheat, lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) and total H₂O₂ content were determined, while antioxidative response was determined by catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. The biomarker responses in earthworms were determined by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES), and antioxidative enzymes (CAT and glutathione S‐transferase) activities. Selenite and selenate increased Se content in the wheat and earthworms, while selenate application was more efficient, indicating higher bioaccumulation of this Se form. Both Se forms did not cause significant changes in the LPO level and H₂O₂ content, while GPX activities were elevated in all treatments, suggesting that oxidative stress was not induced in wheat. In earthworms, Se significantly reduced activities of AChE and CAT at some concentrations, while CES activity was increased at all concentrations applied. This study showed significant impact of Se on measured biochemical responses in wheat and earthworms, indicating the disruption of homeostasis. Obtained results can serve as basis for further studies on Se effects and will help in including different aspects necessary for understanding of Se impact on different components of soil ecosystems.     

DNA damage and effects on antioxidative enzymes in earthworm (Eisenia foetida) induced by atrazine

To evaluate atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1, 3, 5-triazine) ecotoxicology in soil, the effect of atrazine on the activity of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; and guaiacol peroxidase, POD) and DNA damage induced by atrazine were investigated in earthworms. Atrazine was added to artificial soil at rates of 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg per kg of soil. Earthworm tissues exposed to each treatment were collected on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day of the treatment. Compared to the controls, the CAT activity was stimulated at 2.5 mg kg⁻¹ treatment except on the 14th day, and inhibited at 5, 10 mg kg⁻¹ atrazine except 5 mg kg⁻¹ on the 28th day and 10 mg kg⁻¹ on the 21st day; the overall SOD activity was inhibited, while the POD activities were stimulated by all atrazine concentrations in 28 days. The olive tail moments of single-cell gel electrophoresis of coelomocytes, as an indication of DNA damage, were increased after treatment with different doses of atrazine on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day, and significant differences were found compared to the controls. In conclusion, atrazine induces oxidative stress and DNA damage on earthworms, and the adverse effects may be the important mechanisms of its toxicity to earthworms.     

干旱胁迫下甜橙叶片保护酶体系的变化研究

对2年生枳[Poncirus.trifoliate(L.)Raf.]砧无病毒奉节72-1脐橙[Citrus.sinensis(L.)Osbeck.cv.Fengjie.72-1.navel]嫁接苗进行持续性干旱胁迫处理,研究干旱胁迫期间甜橙叶片保护酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量随土壤和植株水分变化的生理适应性。结果表明,干旱胁迫明显导致了过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性上升,而MDA含量变化不明显。干旱胁迫初期或轻度胁迫期,保护酶活性已具有明显的适应性反应;当处于中度胁迫时,POD和SOD依然保持很高活性。在防止MDA产生中,CAT的作用不明显,POD和SOD起主要的协同作用。     

水分条件对豌豆保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响

为探讨不同水分条件对豌豆保护酶系统和膜脂过氧化的影响,采用盆栽人工控水试验方法,模拟干旱胁迫及复水条件,研究了不同水分处理对花荚期豌豆叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量和脂膜相对透性(RC)的影响,并对花荚期豌豆抗氧化能力进行了综合评价.结果表明:不同程度干旱胁迫历时5 d时并未影响豌豆叶片SOD、CAT活性,但有明显的滞后效应.重度干旱胁迫历时10 d可显著降低豌豆叶片SOD、CAT活性,显著提高MDA含量.不同程度的干旱胁迫均导致豌豆叶片POD活性提高,膜脂相对透性加大.复水可对干旱胁迫所造成的CAT、POD活性变化产生显著补偿作用,对SOD活性变化产生超补偿作用.同时,可显著降低MDA含量和脂膜相对透性;干旱胁迫历时10 d内和复水历时10 d内,豌豆有较强的抗氧化能力,仅在重度胁迫10 d后复水历时达到10 d时抗氧化能力趋弱.     

Effects of exogenous SA supplied with different approaches on growth,chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzymes of peanut growing on calcareous soil

To assess the role of salicylic acid (SA) supplied with 5 approaches in alleviating chlorosis induced by iron (Fe) deficiency in peanut plants growing on calcareous soil, SA was supplied as soil incorporation, making slow-release particles, seed soaking, irrigation and foliar application. SA application, particularly, SA supplied by slow release particles, dramatically increased growth parameters, yield and quality of peanut, and increased Fe concentration in peanut grain. Meanwhile, SA application increased the H⁺-ATPase activity, reduced pH of soil, increased Fe³⁺-Chelate Reductase (FCR) activity in roots, and increased Fe concentration in roots. Furthermore, SA increased active Fe content and increased chlorophyll content. In addition, SA improved enzymes activities containing superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and protected Fe deficiency induced oxidative stress. Therefore, SA has a good effect on alleviating chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency on calcareous soil. However, in the 5 SA supplied approaches, foliar application and making slow release particles were more effective.     

红壤水分条件对柑橘叶片质膜透性以及活性氧代谢和保护酶活性的影响

通过盆栽柑橘控制盆内红壤不同含水量处理,研究了不同红壤水分条件对柑橘叶片质膜透性以及活性氧代谢和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明,柑橘叶片相对电导率在红壤相对含水量75% 处理时最低,并与红壤相对含水量呈显著负相关(R2 = 0.8236*,n=50);柑橘叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量随土壤水分含量的减少而显著增加,并与红壤相对含水量呈显著负相关(R2 = 0.9051*,n=50).柑橘叶片超氧阴离子自由基(O2.-)生成速率与过氧化氢(H2O2)含量在不同红壤水分条件下具有相近的变化曲线,在红壤相对含水量60% 的处理下达最大值后,随红壤水分减少或增加均呈下降趋势;O2.-、H2O2并不是引起柑橘在红壤水分亏缺或盈余胁迫状况下氧化伤害的单一原因.随着红壤含水量的变化,柑橘叶片抗氧化系统处于动态的平衡中,柑橘叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)酶活性在红壤干旱条件下都保持了较高的活性,但过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随土壤水分减少却显著降低.     

土壤菲多次叠加污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应

采用多次叠加污染的方式模拟菲(Phenanthrene,Phe)在土壤中逐步累积的过程,分析在不同老化阶段(1、7、14、28和56 d)土壤Phe的生物有效性特征,及其对蚯蚓体腔细胞酶活性、染色体和溶酶体膜的毒性效应。结果表明:随着土壤培养时间的延长,土壤中Phe有效含量、蚯蚓体内Phe富集量、蚯蚓体腔细胞超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量以及微核率均呈前期(1~28 d)下降较快,后期(29~56 d)下降速率逐渐减小的趋势,中性红保留时间呈逐渐升高的趋势,表明随着培养时间的延长,Phe对蚯蚓的毒性效应逐渐减小。土壤Phe有效含量与蚯蚓体内Phe富集量、SOD和POD酶活性、MDA含量、微核率和中性红保留时间均呈极显著相关(p0.01),决定系数(R2)分别为0.887 9、0.893 4、0.870 9、0.930 5、0.893 3和0.885 1。在1~56 d老化时间内,多次叠加污染土壤中Phe有效含量和蚯蚓体内Phe富集量分别较一次污染低23.19%~50.15%和12.64%~57.89%;蚯蚓体腔细胞SOD和POD酶活性分别较一次污染低3.40%~47.24%和6.49%~38.02%;MDA含量比一次污染低1.30%~57.82%;微核率较一次污染低12.48%~22.99%;中性红保留时间较一次污染高1.35%~13.97%,这表明土壤Phe多次叠加污染对蚯蚓体腔细胞的毒性效应低于一次污染。     

氮素对花铃期干旱再复水后棉花纤维比强度形成的影响

2005—2006在南京农业大学卫岗试验站进行盆栽试验,设置正常灌水和棉花花铃期土壤短期干旱处理,每个处理再设置3个氮素水平（N 0、240、480 kg/hm2）,研究氮素对花铃期短期干旱再复水后棉花纤维比强度形成的影响。结果表明,干旱处理结束时,干旱处理棉花的纤维可溶性蛋白含量较正常灌水处理显著降低,而内源保护酶,即:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,丙二醛（MDA）含量增加;纤维加厚发育相关酶,即:蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和IAA氧化酶的活性均显著降低。在复水后第10d,干旱处理棉花的纤维内源保护酶活性迅速恢复到正常灌水处理水平,MDA含量降低,但纤维发育相关酶的活性仍低于相应正常灌水处理,纤维比强度亦显著低于正常灌水处理。在棉花的纤维加厚发育期土壤短期干旱再复水条件下,以N 240 kg/hm2最有利于形成高强纤维。干旱期间该处理棉花的纤维内源保护酶活性高,细胞膜脂过氧化程度最低,其纤维加厚发育相关酶活性均最高;复水后该处理的纤维内源保护酶活性迅速恢复,MDA含量最低,棉花的纤维加厚发育相关酶活性仍处于最高值,有利于纤维素的合成与累积,最终纤维比强度亦最大。施氮不足（N 0 kg/hm2）或过量施氮（N 480 kg/hm2）均表现出相反的趋势。     

镁对大豆叶片细胞膜透性和保护酶活性的影响

采用溶液培养方法研究不同的镁水平对两个大豆品种在五叶期和盛花期叶片细胞膜透性和保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,在缺镁胁迫下,大豆叶片的质膜透性(MP)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,产生的活性氧物质诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降;而施镁则能明显降低大豆叶片MP和MDA含量,提高CAT活性,有利于大豆抗膜脂过氧化胁迫。在施镁1～10.mg/L浓度下,大豆叶片的质膜透性和MDA以及SOD和POD活性均达最低值,而CAT活性则达最高值。说明在低镁胁迫下,大豆叶片的CAT活性受到抑制,而适量施镁则大大增强了CAT活性,有利于大豆体内活性氧的清除和抗逆境胁迫能力的提高。各处理下,大豆盛花期SOD和CAT活性明显降低,说明随着时间的延长,大豆叶片细胞内产生过多的活性氧超出了酶的防御能力,造成了酶活性伤害,而POD活性则变化不大;说明POD对活性氧具有较强的耐受性,是盛花期时起主要清除活性氧的作用的保护酶。本试验表明,大豆体内保护系统所存在的酶类在抵御逆境胁迫中相互协调,协同抗氧化。     

Influence of coastal plain yellowtops (Flaveria bidentis) residues on growth of cotton seedlings and soil fertility

Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze is an alien species that is highly invasive in Hebei Province. An assessment of the influence of F. bidentis leaf residues on the growth of cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.) seedlings and on soil fertility was carried out under controlled environmental conditions. Also, the concentrations of phenolics were determined in both F. bidentis residues and residue-amended soil. The results showed that the residues could significantly reduce height, root length and weight of cotton seedlings. The inhibitory effects increased gradually with increases in residue concentration. Peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, as well as the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), also increased. POD and SOD activity were not significantly increased by 10 g kg^?1 of residues, but the differences were significant at 20 g kg^?1 of residues. Available K increased with increasing concentration of residues, whereas available P decreased, but the concentration of hydrolyzed N did not change in the soil. The concentration of phenolics also increased with increases in the residue concentration. It is concluded that F. bidentis residues adversely affect the early growth of cotton and have an impact on soil fertility by releasing water-soluble allelochemicals into the soil.     

水分胁迫对苹果属植物抗氧化酶活性的影响研究

试验研究水分胁迫对 3种苹果属植物湖北海棠、西府海棠和新疆海棠根系和叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响结果表明 ,随水分胁迫的加重 ,3种海棠抗氧化酶活性逐渐增强 ,当土壤绝对含水量降至 6 .5 %时 ,过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性首先达高峰 ,而超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性高峰则出现于土壤绝对含水量为 2 .8%时 ,之后 2种酶活性逐渐降低 ,复水后又均有所升高 ;过氧化物酶 (POD)活性高峰出现于土壤绝对含水量为 3.2 %时 ,之后逐渐下降 ,至复水后仍呈下降趋势 ;丙二醛 (MDA)含量随水分胁迫的加重而逐渐增加 ,当土壤绝对含水量降至 1 .8%时其含量最高 ,复水后则呈下降趋势。种间抗氧化能力耐旱型新疆海棠 >西府海棠 >干旱敏感型湖北海棠     

钾对不同番茄线虫抗性品种生理指标的影响

采用水培试验, 研究了不同K 水平(0、4.0 mmol·L^-1、8.0 mmol·L^-1、16.0 mmol·L^-1)对易感线虫品种“早熟2 号”(HS)、抗线虫品种“06h-42”(HR)、普通品种“中杂102”(CK) 3 个番茄品种抗逆生理指标的影响。结果表明, 在0~8.0 mmol·L^-1 K 浓度范围内, 随着K 浓度的升高, 番茄体内的SOD、POD、CAT 活性及总酚和类黄酮含量显著增加, MDA 含量显著下降, 但过量的K(16.0 mmol·L^-1)则会降低HR 体内的SOD、POD、CAT 活性和类黄酮含量, 增加其MDA 含量。对于不同番茄品种而言, HR 的SOD、POD、CAT 活性及总酚和类黄酮含量显著高于CK 和HS, MDA 含量显著低于CK 和HS。通过交互作用显著性检验发现, K 有利于番茄体内保护性酶活性的提高, 在HR 中较CK 和HS 更为显著。     

盐胁迫对诱变小麦种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

本研究以化学诱变获得的小麦突变体为材料,研究了盐胁迫对小麦发芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度(0、100 mmol.L 1、200 mmol.L 1、300 mmol.L 1、400 mmol.L 1)的增加,小麦的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、芽长、根长、芽鲜重和干重、根鲜重和干重均呈下降趋势,300 mmol.L 1NaCl为4种小麦(3个突变体、1个对照CAO811CK)发芽能力的临界盐浓度,其中突变体CAO8113K优于其他小麦材料。在300 mmol.L 1NaCl胁迫下,随着时间延长(12 h、24 h、48 h、96 h、192 h),4种小麦材料幼苗可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈上升趋势。采用模糊数学隶属函数法对可溶性蛋白、MDA、SOD、POD、CAT 5项生理指标进行综合评价,4种小麦材料耐盐潜力由强到弱依次为CAO8113K>CAO811CK>CAO8114K>CAO8112K,CAO8113K突变体小麦材料表现出较强抗盐性,与发芽指标检测结果基本一致。     

水分胁迫下施磷对潮土玉米苗期叶片光合速率、保护酶及植株养分含量的影响

水分胁迫是潮土区玉米苗期生长的主要限制性因素,本研究采用水磷二因素完全随机设计的盆栽试验,设水分胁迫(W_1,田间持水量的70%~75%)和充分供水(W_2,田间持水量的85%~90%)2个水分处理;磷素处理设对照不施磷(P1)、施磷0.05 g·kg~(-1)土(P2)、0.10 g·kg~(-1)土(P3)、0.15 g·kg~(-1)土(P_4)和0.20 g·kg~(-1)(P5)5个处理,研究水分胁迫下施磷对玉米苗期叶片光合特性、酶活性及养分吸收的影响,为潮土区农田水分和磷素合理施用提供科学依据。研究结果表明:水分胁迫(W1)降低了玉米苗期净光合速率(Pn),W_1较W_2叶片Pn平均降低了27.96%;显著提高了玉米苗期丙二醛(MDA)含量,平均提高41.93%,水分胁迫还降低了过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。在W1条件下施磷达到P_2水平叶片Pn即显著提高27.56%,而在W_2条件下施磷量只有达到P_4、P_5高水平时Pn才显著提高,在W_1条件下施磷对MDA的抑制效果明显弱于W_2。W_1条件下施磷量在P3水平POD和CAT活性最高,而在W_2条件下POD和CAT活性在P4达到最大值。W_1条件下适宜的施磷量(P_2至P_4)可以增加苗期玉米植株氮磷含量,但对钾含量影响较小;在W_2条件下增施磷有利于植株氮磷含量的增加,但钾素含量出现降低。综上,适宜的施磷量对潮土玉米苗期水分胁迫有一定的补偿作用,在本试验条件下,P_3处理在水分胁迫下更利于光合产物积累和玉米苗期抗逆性提高。     

外源精胺对NO_3~-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性及光合作用的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究了添加不同浓度的精胺(Spm)对NO3-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶片抗氧化酶活性及光合作用的影响。结果表明,140 mmol/L NO3-胁迫下,外加1 mmol/L Spm,10 d后,黄瓜幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著增加,电解质渗漏率和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低;气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和净光合速率(Pn)显著升高,气孔限制值(Ls)显著降低。说明1 mmol/L Spm处理能增强黄瓜幼苗对活性氧的清除能力,降低膜脂过氧化程度;降低气孔关闭,改善叶片的气体交换,幼苗生长势增加,对高浓度NO3-胁迫的抗性增强。当Spm浓度高达1.5~2 mmol/L时,与1mmol/L Spm相比,SOD、POD、APX、CAT活性均开始降低,电解质渗漏率和MDA含量增加,Gs、Ci和Pn显著降低,黄瓜幼苗生长受到抑制。可见,外加一定浓度的Spm可通过提高抗氧化酶活性、降低膜脂过氧化程度及改善光合作用来缓解NO3-胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的影响。     

小麦对渍涝的响应及排水指标确定

湖北平原地区春季雨水较多,麦田易受渍涝危害,研究小麦对渍涝的响应,并建立作物相对产量与渍涝天数的关系模型,可为该区冬小麦农业生产防灾减灾管理提供依据。在可控制灌排的有底混凝土测筒中于小麦孕穗期和灌浆期设置持续渍涝(5、10、15和20 d)处理,旨在研究江汉平原冬小麦孕穗期和灌浆期持续渍涝胁迫对其生理活动及产量的影响。结果表明:小麦孕穗期、灌浆期受渍涝胁迫均导致叶绿素a、b和2者总含量降低,且渍涝时间越长,含量越低。孕穗期和灌浆期渍涝后,过氧化氢酶活性在旗叶、根系、灌浆期幼穗中的变化趋势均是先升高后降低,除孕穗期根系在渍涝15 d时达到最大,其余部位均是渍涝10 d时达到最大,在孕穗期幼穗中的变化趋势是随着渍涝程度的加剧,其活性持续升高;除孕穗期幼穗、灌浆期根系外,其余部位过氧化物酶活性的变化趋势是持续增加,且渍涝程度愈重,其增加幅度愈大,在孕穗期幼穗中的活性恰恰相反,在灌浆期根系中的变化趋势是先降低后升高,渍涝10 d时降到最低;旗叶、根系和幼穗中超氧化物歧化酶活性降低,且渍涝程度愈重,其降低幅度愈大。孕穗期、灌浆期小麦遭受渍涝后减产严重,孕穗期渍涝5、10、15和20 d 4个处理实际产量分别减少了18.4%、45.5%、63.9%、85.5%,灌浆期分别减少了7.6%、17.8%、43.7%、70.2%,孕穗期渍涝小麦减产的原因是单株有效穗数和穗粒数减少,灌浆期是穗粒数和千粒质量减少。若以小麦减产15%作为田间渍涝排除标准,孕穗期、灌浆期能承受的渍涝时间为3.6、6.4 d,田面渍涝排除后应在3 d内将地下水位降到70 cm以下。该研究可为长江中下游稻作区麦田排水管理提供科学依据。     

Cd~(2+)胁迫对西瓜幼苗光合生理及活性氧代谢的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了土壤中Cd2+对西瓜(Citrullus vulgaris)幼苗光合特性及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:Cd2+降低了小型西瓜叶绿素总含量,改变了叶绿素a/b的值,其叶绿素总含量与土壤中Cd2+浓度极显著(P0.01)负相关;减弱了西瓜幼苗的净光合速率(Pn),降低了胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)。西瓜叶片中超氧阴离子自由基(·O2-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量随着土壤中Cd2+浓度的升高而增加,且H2O2和MDA含量与Cd2+浓度极显著(P0.01)正相关。在Cd2+胁迫下,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化显著,其活性与H2O2含量、MDA含量极显著(P0.01)负相关。Cd2+胁迫引起叶绿素等光合相关生理因子降低,是导致西瓜幼苗净光合速率降低的直接原因;活性氧代谢失调,脂膜过氧化加重是导致其净光合速率降低的另一重要原因。     

Protective role of proline against salt stress is partially related to the improvement of water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in cucumber

Abstract

A salt-sensitive cucumber cultivar “Jinchun No. 2” (Cucumis sativus L.) was used to investigate the role of proline in alleviating salt stress in cucumber. Proline was applied twice (day 0 and day 4 after salt treatment) as a foliar spray, with a volume of 25?mL per plant at each time. Plant dry weight, leaf relative water content, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in the plants were determined at day 8 after salt treatment. The results showed that 100?mmol?L^–1 NaCl stress significantly decreased plant dry weight, leaf relative water and K⁺ contents, and increased leaf MDA, Na⁺ and Cl^? contents and SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities. However, leaf proline accumulation was not affected by salinity. The exogenous application of proline significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of plants induced by NaCl, and was accompanied by higher leaf relative water content and POD activity, higher proline and Cl^? contents, and lower MDA content and SOD activity. However, there was no significant difference in Na⁺ and K⁺ contents or in CAT and APX activities between proline-treated and untreated plants under salt stress. Taken together, these results suggested that the foliar application of proline was an effective way to improve the salt tolerance of cucumber. The enhanced salt tolerance could be partially attributed to the improved water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in the leaf.