超声波辅助浸提制备牡丹花茶饮料的工艺配方优化研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验对超声波辅助浸提制备牡丹花茶饮料的工艺配方进行优化。结果表明,牡丹花茶饮料最佳制备工艺条件为：料水比1∶20(g/mL),超声波浸提功率180 W,浸提时间30 min,浸提温度70℃。牡丹花茶饮料最优配方为：超声波浸提原液稀释比1∶11(V/V),酸味剂（苹果酸∶柠檬酸∶醋酸体积比为1∶1∶1）添加量0.1%,木糖醇添加量7%,天然植物萃取物添加量0.15%,按照该配方制备的牡丹花茶饮料风味独特、品质稳定。     

苹果茶复合饮料的研究

以茶叶和苹果为原料,对苹果茶复合饮料的加工工艺进行研究,分析护色液配比、茶水比例、浸提条件和茶汤与苹果汁的比例对茶饮料品质的影响,运用正交试验研究了苹果茶饮料配方的最佳比例.结果表明,护色液配比、茶水比例、浸提条件和茶汤与苹果汁的比例对茶饮料品质有较大的影响;苹果茶饮料最佳的生产工艺条件为:红茶与水的比例1∶110,90℃浸提5 min,茶汤和苹果汁的混合比2∶1;苹果茶饮料调味配方的最佳比例为:蔗糖添加量6％,柠檬酸添加量0.2％,食盐添加量0.15％,成品使用90℃,30 min沸水浴杀菌.     

苹果茶复合饮料的研究

以茶叶和苹果为原料,对苹果茶复合饮料的加工工艺进行研究,分析护色液配比、茶水比例、浸提条件和茶汤与苹果汁的比例对茶饮料品质的影响,运用正交试验研究了苹果茶饮料配方的最佳比例。结果表明,护色液配比、茶水比例、浸提条件和茶汤与苹果汁的比例对茶饮料品质有较大的影响;苹果茶饮料最佳的生产工艺条件为:红茶与水的比例1:110,90℃浸提5 min,茶汤和苹果汁的混合比2:1;苹果茶饮料调味配方的最佳比例为:蔗糖添加量6%,柠檬酸添加量0.2%,食盐添加量0.15%,成品使用90℃,30 min沸水浴杀菌。     

柑橘红茶复合饮料的研制

以柑橘和红茶为主要原料,探究了柑橘红茶复合饮料的制作工艺。分别以醇试验、碘试验和感官评价结果为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对柑橘汁的酶解条件、红茶茶汤的浸提工艺、柑橘红茶复合饮料最佳配方进行优化。结果表明,柑橘汁的最佳酶解工艺为0.2%果胶酶稀释液10%,酶解pH值3.5,酶解温度45℃,酶解时间2.0 h;最佳茶汤浸提工艺为料液比1∶60 (g∶mL),浸提时间10 min,浸提温度80℃;最佳配方为红茶汁用量40 g,柑橘汁用量8 g,白砂糖用量6 g,柠檬酸添加量0.2%,蜂蜜添加量4%。     

鼠曲草黄酮饮料的研制

以鼠曲草为原料,采用水提法提取鼠曲草中的黄酮类物质,再将鼠曲草水提液、柠檬酸、白砂糖、羧甲基纤维素钠进行调配,制作鼠曲草黄酮饮料。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验分别对鼠曲草黄酮水浸提工艺及鼠曲草黄酮饮料配方进行优化。结果表明,鼠曲草黄酮的最佳浸提工艺为：浸提料液比1∶130(g/mL),浸泡时间30 min,提取时间2.5 h,浸提温度80℃;鼠曲草黄酮饮料最佳配方为：以100 m L饮料计,鼠曲草水提液添加量40 mL,白砂糖添加量9 g,柠檬酸添加量0.05 g,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.05 g。按此配方制备的饮料可溶性固形物含量8.39%,总黄酮含量6.56 mg/100 mL。按上述工艺配方制备的鼠曲草黄酮饮料呈青绿色,具有鼠曲草的清香,酸甜适口。     

火龙果果粒蜜茶饮料的研制

为研制风味独特、营养丰富的火龙果果粒蜜茶饮料,采用正交试验分别对绿茶汁的最佳浸提条件、果粒蜜茶的最佳配方、果粒悬浮剂的选择和使用进行研究。结果表明,绿茶汁浸提的最佳条件为:茶水比1∶50(m∶m)、浸提温度80℃,浸提时间10 min;火龙果果粒蜜茶调配最佳工艺和配方为:果汁与茶汁比2∶1(V∶V),蜂蜜添加后的糖度为14%,柠檬酸添加量0.1%,p H 4.0,果粒添加量8%,琼脂添加量0.13%,CMC-Na添加量0.06%。该条件下制得的火龙果果粒蜜茶饮料清新柔和,酸甜爽口,感官品质评分最高。     

基于模糊数学综合评判优化分心木复合茶饮料配方

以分心木、菊花、金银花为主要原料,利用模糊数学算法综合评价优化分心木复合茶饮料配方。通过感官评定、正交试验优化得到最佳配方为：分心木浸提液添加量35%,菊花浸提液添加量20%,金银花浸提液添加量25%,β-环状糊精添加量4.0 g/L,柠檬酸添加量0.6 g/L,安赛蜜添加量0.8 g/L。该条件下制得的茶饮料呈浅褐色,组织均匀,酸甜可口,富有分心木独特的滋味。将产品分别于20 ℃室温和4 ℃低温条件下储藏100 d后色泽都会加深,但室温储藏的产品L*值下降了23.08%,而低温储藏的产品L*值仅下降了12.76%,说明低温条件更有利于保持分心木茶饮料的储藏品质。     

抹茶饮料复配稳定剂的筛选

为解决抹茶饮料均匀悬浮的问题,本文在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化抹茶饮料的复合稳定剂配方。结果表明,抹茶饮料的复配稳定剂最佳配方为:抹茶添加量0.8 g/100 mL,黄原胶添加量0.06 g/100 mL,CMC-Na添加量0.04 g/100 mL,卡拉胶添加量0.08 g/100 mL,海藻酸钠添加量0.02 g/100 mL,明胶添加量0.06 g/100 mL,琼脂添加量0.02 g/100 mL,糖粉添加量2 g/100 mL,阿斯巴甜添加量0.04 g/100 mL,甜蜜素添加量0.04 g/100 mL,β-环状糊精添加量0.04 g/100 mL。该配方下制备出的抹茶饮料茶汤呈浅绿色,均匀一致,悬浮体系稳定。     

玉米须保健复方茶饮品的研制

通过单因素试验和正交试验研究玉米须保健复方茶饮品加工工艺中的最佳物料比、最佳浸提条件,确定饮品的最佳调配比例。结果表明,茶汤浸提的最佳工艺条件为茶水比1∶90,浸提时间20 min,浸提温度90℃,浸提p H值6.0;绿茶汁与玉米须汁的配比1∶3.5,抗坏血酸添加量0.02%,白砂糖添加量1.5%,柠檬酸钠添加量0.020%,复合稳定剂0.2%,羧甲基纤维素钠与海藻酸钠的配比为0.1%∶0.1%。该产品汤色清淡、滋味清甜、鲜纯、香气清雅,口味更接近于茶的自然风味。     

无糖罗汉果菊花茶饮料的研制

以罗汉果、菊花、甜菊糖为主要原料,研制出一种无糖的罗汉果菊花茶饮料,将罗汉果和菊花经过浸提等处理后,加入柠檬酸进行调味。在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验确定了最佳配方为罗汉果水∶野菊花提取液比例5∶5,柠檬酸添加量0.02%,甜菊糖添加量0.003%,选用0.15%黄原胶为稳定剂,其产品感官品质最佳。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.     

The performance of double or mixed pollinations with compatible and self-incompatible or incongruous pollen of pear and apple

Summary Six pear and five apple trials were carried out to ascertain the outcome of combinations of compatible pollen (C) with self (S) or incongruous pollen (I) as to the pollination index (PI=seeds/pollinated flower). The PI of the mixture C+I (1:5) was consistently depressed as compared to that of the control C. The results of the double pollinations S/C and I/C were affected by the temperature at pollination; their PI's at <15°C were twice as high as those at >15°C, being well above and below the PI of C in the former and latter case respectively. The opposite was true for the C/S combination, the PI of which increased with the pollination temperature; the PI of C/I did not differ much from the PI of C, irrespective of temperature. The conclusion was reached that the interaction previously and presently found between compatible and self-incompatible pollen also exists to a fair extent between compatible and incongruous pollen. However, in pear neither the mentor nor the pioneer pollen technique proved to aid its hybridization with apple, the formation of self seed was not observed either. In apple the production of apple × pear hybrids was likewise doubtful, but the double pollinations S/C and C/S formed 4–10% self seed.