牦牛肾集合系统解剖结构的铸型分析

旨在探讨牦牛（Bos grunniens）肾集合系统的解剖结构。运用丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（acrylonitrile butadiene styrene，ABS）铸型技术，制作24个牦牛肾集合系统标本，通过观察标本，记录肾集合系统的解剖特点。结果显示：肾盂在所有标本中都存在，根据输尿管近端有无扩张分为两种类型：扩张型肾盂和未扩张型肾盂，后者更多见（58.3%）。集合系统中有前、后两个肾大盏，肾小盏通过漏斗状结构与肾大盏相连，一个漏斗状结构连接1～5个肾小盏。牦牛肾集合系统前后区域肾小盏数量差异显著（P<0.01），其中，后部肾小盏数量比前部多。根据肾前后区域和中间区域尿液收集引流特点，将牦牛肾集合系统分为两种类型：A型和B型。肾中间区域肾实质尿液的收集和引流依赖前、后肾盏组的为A型，独立于前、后肾盏组的为B型，在牦牛中，A型是常见类型，占70.8%，其次是B型，占29.2%。牦牛肾集合系统由1个肾盂、2个肾大盏和多个（11～21）肾小盏构成，根据尿液引流特点分为A、B两种类型，其中A型较常见。     

Anatomical relationship between the collecting system and the intrarenal arteries in the rabbit: contribution for an experimental model

Intrarenal anatomy was studied in detail to evaluate how useful rabbits could be as a urologic model. Only one renal artery was observed, which was divided into dorsal and ventral branches in all cases. Three segmental arteries (cranial, mesorenal and caudal) was the most frequent branching pattern found in both the dorsal and ventral division. There was an important artery related to the ureteropelvic junction in both dorsal and ventral surfaces in all specimens. The cranial pole was supplied by both dorsal and ventral divisions of the renal artery in 23 of 41 casts (56%). Although the cranial pole of the rabbit kidney could be useful as a model because of the resemblances with human kidney, the different relationship between the intrarenal arteries and the kidney collecting system in other regions of the kidney must be taken into consideration by the urologists, when using rabbit kidney in urological research.     

Development of the Bovine Metanephros

This study presents the gross and light microscopic features of the developing bovine metanephros. Thirty-six specimens, consisting of 19 whole embryos and foetuses, 15 foetal metanephroi, one calf kidney and one cow kidney, were examined. The development of the collecting duct system and nephron induction and formation were similar to those processes described for the human kidney but appeared to follow an accelerated time course. The bovine metanephros by 15–18 weeks gestation, had a well organized internal structure consisting of dilated major calyces, prominent minor calyces and papillae, and a definize cortex and medulla. Nephron induction started as early as 4–6 weeks gestation and was completed around 28 weeks.     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage for treatment of pyonephrosis in two dogs

Pyonephrosis refers to suppurative destruction of the parenchyma of the kidney with complete or nearly complete loss of renal function. In dogs, nephrectomy is still the most common treatment for pyonephrosis; however, in the present report, a method for percutaneous ultrasound-guided drainage of the renal pelvis in dogs with pyonephrosis that does not require local or general anesthesia was described, and results of the procedure in 2 dogs were reported. Briefly, dogs were positioned in lateral recumbency with the affected side up, and skin overlying the affected kidney was aseptically prepared. The dilated renal pelvis was punctured percutaneously, under ultrasound guidance, with a 22-gauge needle, and a sample of material was obtained for analysis. The needle was then replaced with an IV catheter, and as much pus as possible was removed from the renal collecting system. A povidone iodine solution was then used to lavage the renal pelvis. Ultrasound-guided drainage and lavage of the renal pelvis was repeated daily until the renal pelvis was so small that it could no longer be punctured. Both dogs recovered and were reported by the owners to be healthy after the procedure.     

猪肾段动脉与肾段的观察

通过对３７例猪肾动脉分支的观察，发现猪肾动脉较恒定地发出５支肾段动脉，即前内侧、前背侧、前腹侧、中间腹侧及后侧肾段动脉。相应的分布区即为具同名肾段。前内侧肾段位于肾门前内侧，前背侧肾段位于肾前侧半的背侧部，前腹侧肾段位于肾前侧半的腹侧部，中间腹侧肾段分布区呈狭长带形，位于肾腹侧中间处后侧，而后侧肾段分布区很广，可分为背、腹侧两个亚段。     

Macroscopic features of the arterial supply to the reproductive system of the male ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The macroscopic features of the arterial supply to the reproductive system of the male ostrich was studied in 16 pre-pubertal and eight sexually mature and active birds. The left and right cranial renal arteries arise from the aorta, between the cranial divisions of the kidneys. These vessels supply the cranial divisions of the kidneys, the testes, the epididymides and the cranial segments of the ducti deferentia. Accessory testicular arteries which arise directly from the aorta are present in 45.8% of the specimens. They supply the testes and cranial parts of the ducti deferentia. They are variable in number and origin, and four variants are identified. A cranial ureterodeferential branch originates from the cranial renal artery, supplies the cranial portion of the ductus deferens and ureter, and runs caudally to anastomose with the middle renal artery. The sciatic artery arises laterally from the aorta, just caudal to the acetabulum, and gives rise, ventrally, to a common trunk, the common renal artery, which divides into the middle and caudal renal arteries. The middle renal artery gives rise to the middle ureterodeferential branch which supplies the middle part of the ductus deferens and ureter. A few centimetres caudal to the kidney, the aorta terminates in three branches, namely, the left and right internal iliac arteries and the median caudal artery. The internal iliac artery divides into the lateral caudal artery and the pudendal artery; the latter gives off caudal ureterodeferential branches that supply the caudal segments of the ductus deferens and ureter. In addition, the pudendal artery gives off vessels that supply the cloaca, some of which continue to the base of the phallus, where they form an arterial network. In conclusion, the pattern of the blood supply to the reproductive organs of the male ostrich is, in general, similar to that of the domestic fowl and pigeon, although there are a few highlighted distinctive features.     

NONHUMAN PRIMATE EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY*

Survey radiographs have not accurately identified renal contour or location in nonhuman primates. Excretory urography using 786 to 1193 mg iodinelkg body weight resulted in dense opacification of the renal parenchyma and pelvis. Abdominal compression improved visu- alization of the renal pelvis. Interpretation of the nonhuman primate excretory urogram was compromised by several anatomic characteristics of this animal group. Superimposition of the kidneys on the lateral radiograph limited evaluation of the renal contour. Since the renal pelvis in most species of nonhuman primates does not possess diverticula (as in the dog and cat) or a caliceal system (as in the pig and man), the diagnosis of pyelonephritis or renal mass lesions was difficult. Severe irregularities in the renal contour, size of the renal pelvis, or areas of deficient concentrating ability were identifiable in nonhuman primate excretory urograms, but the diagnosis of small cysts was not possible in smaller nonhuman primates. The presence of a caliceal collecting system in the spider monkey (Ateles sp.) suggests this animal as a potential model for the evaluation of human renal disease.     

The Macroscopic Vascular Anatomy of the Equine Ethmoidal Area

The vascular anatomy of the ethmoidal area in six normal horses and two normal ponies was studied using vascularcorrosion casts. The major arterial supply to the ethmoidal area sterns from an intracranial source. The internal and external ethmoidal arteries anastomose on the rostral intracranial surface of the cribriform plate to form the arterial ethmoidal rete which arborizes and passes through the perforations of the cribriform plate to supply the ethmoid labyrinth. A minor arterial supply to the ventral portion of the ethmoid labyrinth sterns from a small caudal nasal branch of the sphenopalatine artery. Multiple parallel venules drain the ethmoid labyrinth rostrally to its apex then join the venous drainage from the surrounding sinuses.     

Renal Anatomy of the Pigmy Hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis): An Overview

The adult kidney of Choeropsis liberiensis is 74.8 % cortex and 22.9 % medulla. The neonatal cortex is relatively less. A single kidney has about 3 × 10⁶ glomeruli. These form 5 % of renal mass in the adult but more so in neonates.
The primary tubus maximus, TM₁, follows the lateral curvature of the kidney. It gives off, toward the hilum, dorso-ventrally paired secondary tubi maximi, TM₂. The tubi are a single layer of high cuboidal epithelium from which terminal collecting ducts arise throughout the surrounding inner medulla. The cranial and caudal limbs of TM₁, open at a diminutive pelvis which receives a small papilla in continuity with TM₁.
The medulla is continuous although variably distorted by folds of cortex at the lateral curvature of the kidney. The renal lobes project toward the medial border and consist of cortex, medulla and TM₂. The lobar cortex is continuous with the common cortex of the lateral curvature. The kidney, although strongly lobed, has no infundibula or rencules.
A main peripheral vein courses medial and parallel to TM. It is apparently a modified large arcuate vein and receives arcuate and interlobar tributaries. At the level of the papilla it joins the main renal vein.
The arterial supply is mainly by interlobar arteries but there are also sizeable external perforator arteries which branch from the main renal artery and perforate the cortex of lobes about the hilum. The sourse of the arteries is illustrated.     

ULTRASONIC DETERMINATION OF KIDNEY VOLUME IN THE DOG

Canine kidney measurements were obtained in vivo using ultrasound before and after anesthesia and were compared with direct caliper measurements at laparotomy. Following excision, the kidney dimensions were also measured ultrasonically in a water bath and the results were used to calculate kidney -volume by a modified parallel planimetric method and three variations of a prolate ellipsoid method. The calculated volume was compared with actual kidney volume determined by volume displacement. All methods were found to underestimate actual volume so that a linear correction of ultrasonically calculated volume was required to predict actual volume. The modified parallel planimetric method and a prolate ellipsoid method using height and width determinations cranial and caudal to the renal pelvis were the best models. The prolate ellipsoid model was chosen for subsequent kidney volume calculations because of its simplicity. The noninvasive calculation of kidney volume using ultrasound was sufficiently accurate to be clinically useful, particularly when serially evaluating kidney size changes in the same dog.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF PYONEPHROSIS IN DOGS

Pyonephrosis refers an infected hydronephrotic kidney which arise from pyelonephritis followed by exudate accumulation in a dilated renal pelvis or hydronephrosis followed by ascending infection. Pyonephrosis may cause serious systemic complications, making prompt and reliable diagnosis critical. Clinical and ultrasonographic findings are used for the diagnosis of pyonephrosis in humans, but these findings have not been investigated in dogs. We reviewed ultrasonographic features in pyonephrosis in 18 dogs. Ten dogs with hydronephrosis were also evaluated to compare with the pyonephrosis patients. In most dogs with pyonephrosis, hyperechoic contents completely filled the dilated renal pelvis (n=8) or a fluid‐debris level was observed (n=8). Hyperechoic contents were dispersed in renal pelvis in only two of the 18 dogs. Hyperechoic, edematous mesentery, and peritoneal and retroperitoneal effusion, which represented peritoneal and retroperitoneal inflammation, were observed in the perinephric region in 11 dogs. Compared with pyonephrosis, and as expected, hydronephrosis was characterized by anechoic contents within the urine‐filled collecting system and there were no definitive findings to suspect peritonitis. Thus, there is a distinct difference in the sonographic appearance of pyonephrosis vs. hydronephrosis in dogs.     

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich was studied in 20 birds varying in age from 2 weeks to 12 months. The lungs occupied the dorsal third of the thorax, and the heart lay in the cranioventral thorax perpendicular to the long axis of the body. There was no pleural cavity. The liver was situated in the caudoventral part of the thorax, and the proventriculus occupied the left cranial part of the abdomen between the 7th vertebral rib and the acetabulum. The gizzard lay in the cranioventral part of the abdomen, resting on the sternum and abdominal floor. The duodenum formed a loop from right to left, with the pancreas lying between the 2 limbs of the loop. The coiled jejunum and ileum occupied the ventral part of the abdomen between the gizzard and pelvis. The two caeca lay on either side of the terminal ileum with their apices in the pelvis. The rectum was the longest part of the intestine and could be divided into a thick proximal segment situated in the right dorsal part of the abdomen, and a thin distal part that occupied the left caudodorsal part of the abdomen. The trilobed kidneys lay along the ventral surface of the synsacrum, with the adrenal glands at their cranioventral poles. The testes lay ventrally to the cranial divisions of the kidneys, whereas the left ovary was situated ventrally to the cranial division of the left kidney. The spleen lay wedged in between the right kidney, caudal vena cava and proventriculus. The thyroid glands were situated at the cranial borders of the subclavian arteries, and the thymus lay at the base of the neck.     

Obstructive renal cyst in a dog: ultrasonography-guided treatment using puncture aspiration and injection with 95% ethanol

A 12-year-old, intact male, mixed-breed dog was evaluated after surgical removal of a mast cell tumor from the shoulder. Results of laboratory tests were within the reference ranges, but examination of urinary sediment identified epithelial cells of the upper urinary tract and microscopic hematuria. Abdominal ultrasound examination performed after a 12-hour fast identified a simple cyst in the left kidney. The cyst was approximately 26 mm in diameter, was anechoic, and had a thin, slightly hyperechoic wall with distal acoustic enhancement accompanied by dilatation of the caudal papillary duct and renal pelvis (Fig 1). Excretory urography with iopamidol^a contrast (800 mg/kg IV) confirmed the presence of dilatation of the left renal pelvis and collecting system (Fig 2).     

Ultrasonographic-anatomic correlation and an imaging protocol of the normal canine kidney

Ultrasonographic or anatomic observations or both were made of the kidneys of 26 dogs. The anatomic studies established precise correlations between the gross anatomic features of the organ and its ultrasonographic images obtained in transverse, sagittal, dorsal, and 2 oblique planes. Uniformly mottled echogenicity of the renal cortex could be clearly differentiated from the less echogenic renal medulla. In the mid-dorsal plane, the papillae of the renal pyramids were directed towards the renal sinus. The bases of the pyramids were almost circular in outline in the midsagittal images and the renal crest was seen as an echogenic line. Although the renal sinus was highly echogenic, neither the renal pelvis nor its recesses were detected. The walls of each of the interlobar arteries provided echogenic parallel lines, passing in the renal recesses between the renal pyramids. Arcuate arteries were demonstrated at the corticomedullary junction and interlobular arteries were detected within the renal cortex. For the right kidney, transverse images were obtained with the ultrasonographic transducer at the last 2 intercostal spaces; images in the dorsal, sagittal, and oblique planes were obtained with the transducer placed over the caudal extremity of the kidney. In the left kidney, transverse images were made with the transducers at, and caudal to, the last intercostal space; images in the dorsal, sagittal, and oblique planes were obtained with the transducer placed over the lateral border of the kidney. The use of such a protocol ensures that the entire organ is inspected and a diagnosis of either a normal or pathologic kidney is made.     

Asymptomatic anomalous pulmonary veins in a Siberian Husky

A 2-year-old, neutered male Siberian Husky presented with depression, weight loss and an inability to prehend food and water. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected under general anaesthesia prior to euthanasia. The elevated white cell count comprised mostly mononuclear cells. Histological changes within the brain were variable and multifocal. Non-suppurative meningitis secondary to lymphoma was diagnosed. At necropsy, abnormal venous drainage of the right cranial and middle lung lobes was found. A dilated major pulmonary vein from these lobes passed across the lateral aspect of the right caudal lung lobe prior to entering the heart, and subpleural veins from the affected lobes were enlarged and tortuous. These vascular abnormalities were considered incidental. There were no apparent congenital abnormalities of the heart and the animal's clinical signs were related to lymphoma of the brain.     

Morphological characteristics of pelves of estonian holstein and estonian native breed cows from the perspective of calving

Dystocia is more common in Holstein-Friesian (HF) breed cows than in other dairy breeds. This is often caused by a disproportion between the birth canal of a female animal and the fetus. It is thought that the main determiners of unsuitability are the birth mass of the calf and the shape of the female pelvis. From the perspective of calving the cranial and caudal pelvic apertures are of great significance. This study focuses on pluriparous pelves of the Estonian Native Breed (EN) and the Estonian Holstein Breed (EHF). The longest measurement of the cranial pelvic aperture of an EHF cow is the conjugate diameter. The cranial pelvic aperture narrows slightly ventrally, being shaped like a trapezium with rounded angles. The longest measurement of the caudal aperture is its caudal transverse measurement. The aperture is flattened dorsoventrally. The cranial pelvic aperture of an EN cow is dorsally angular, but more oval ventrally, and is on the whole narrower and higher. By comparison with the EHF cow, the pelvic cavity of the EN cow widens caudally, and the height of the pelvic apertures contributes to ease of calving. It appears that the configuration of the pelvis of an EN cow is similar to the pelvis of the elk (Alces alces). The pelvis of the EHF cow has become unsuitable for easy calving, especially with regard to the caudal aperture.     

Perirenal pyelocaliceal diverticulum in an infant cat

A 3-month-old female tortoise-shell cat showing azotemia died with a marked swollen abdomen. Necropsy revealed a huge perirenal cyst (8.5 x 6.0 x 4.5 cm) on the ventral aspect of the right kidney. The cyst was filled with the pellucid yellow fluid with a smell of urine. The lumen was connected with irregularly dilated renal pelvis by a narrow channel passing through the renal parenchyma. The cyst was lined by epithelial cells and its wall was consisted of collagen fibers and smooth muscle cells as that of the renal pelvis and ureter. Renal parenchyma adjacent to the channel showed interstitial infiltration of the lymphoid cells. The cyst was a diverticulum of the renal pelvis due to an impaired development.     

Ultrasonography of the equine neonatal kidney

Ultrasonography is important in the clinical examination of the foal. The ultrasonographic appearance and size of the neonatal kidneys were defined and an imaging protocol established in 6 normal Thoroughbred foals (mean age +/- s.d. 5.0 +/- 3.2 days). Characteristically, in both the heart-shaped right kidney and bean-shaped left kidney, the renal cortex was more echogenic than the medulla. The terminal recesses, renal crest and pelvis were identified, as was the ureter, which contained anechoic urine in its lumen. The renal, interlobar and arcuate vessels were seen. For the right kidney, the ultrasonographic probe was placed at the 14-17th intercostal spaces and paralumbar fossa. For the left kidney, the probe was at the 16th or 17th intercostal spaces and paralumbar fossa. Perirenal structures, including the caudate lobe of the liver, the dorsal extremity of the spleen, the adrenals, the aorta and caudal vena cava were also identified. An understanding of the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal neonatal kidney, accompanied by a routine imaging protocol to ensure that all regions of each kidney are examined, permit a more informed interpretation of renal images in the first few days postpartum.     

Ultrasonographic Features of the Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) Kidney

Nine healthy chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) were used to characterize the ultrasonographic size and anatomical structure of the kidneys. Sonographic evaluations were performed with the aid of a 12-MHz linear probe. Kidney measurements included total width and length, total organ area, cortex and medullary thickness, and width and length of the renal pelvis. Based on the results of this study, normal chinchilla kidneys are located retroperitoneally, with the right kidney in a more cranial location than the left. Statistical analysis showed that measurements were similar between contralateral kidneys and between sexes. Chinchilla kidneys have a single papilla and a wider renal pelvis compared with the renal pelvis of dogs and cats. Moreover, chinchilla kidneys have a longer medullary area. The data herein may aid diagnosis of renal disease in chinchillas, avoiding misinterpretations of ultrasonic findings involving the kidneys of this species.     

Macroscopic Anatomy of the Ringed Seal [Pusa (Phoca) hispida] Lower Respiratory System

This investigation serves to document the normal anatomical features of the lower respiratory tract of the ringed seal [Pusa (phoca) hispida]. Evaluation of embalmed specimens and tracheobronchial casts showed that the right lung of this seal consists of four lobes while the left has only three lobes. The ventral margins of the lungs do not reach the sternum causing them to form the boundary of the broad recessus costomediastinalis. Lung lobation corresponds with bronchial tree division. Pulmonary venous drainage includes right and left common veins draining ipsilateral cranial and middle lung lobes, and one common caudal vein draining both caudal lobes and the accessory lobe. The right and left pulmonary arteries divide into cranial and caudal branches at the level of the principal bronchus. The ringed seal has three tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The trachea has an average of 87 cartilages that exhibit a pattern of random anastomoses between adjacent rings. The trachea exhibits to a small degree the dorsoventrally flattened pattern that is described in other pinnipeds. The tracheal diameter is smaller than that of the canine.