恒电荷土壤及可变电荷土壤与离子间相互作用的研究 I.共存离子对NO_3~-吸附的影响

研究了我国典型３种可变电荷土壤和４种恒电荷土壤在陪伴阳离子分别为Ｋ十、Ｎａ十、Ｃａ２＋时和１ｍｍｏｌＬ－１ＫＣ１、Ｋ２ＳＯ４支持电解质中ＮＯ３－的吸附。结果表明，ＮＯ３－吸附量随ｐＨ的增加而减小。在添加相同浓度ＮＯ３－时，３种可变电荷土壤对ＮＯ３－的吸附量顺序为Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２＞ ＫＮＯ３＞ＮａＮＯ３＞ＫＮＯ３十ＫＣＩ＞ＫＮＯ３＋Ｋ２ＳＯ４；在初始ＮＯ３－浓度０．５－５ｍｍｏｌＬ－１的范围内，吸附量随浓度变化的关系符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温吸附式．由此求出与ＮＯ３－吸附结合能有关的常数（Ｋ）在不同共存离子存在下数值较小且差异不大，因此认为不同陪伴阳离子和不同伴随阴离子对ＮＯ３－吸附的电性机理影响不大，只是改变了土壤表面的正电荷数量从而使吸附量发生变化。４种恒电荷土壤对ＮＯ３－的吸附量通常很小，其中在Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２介质中较在其他介质中稍大，最大吸附量仅为１．５～ｍｍｏｌ ｋｇ－１左右，约为可变电荷土壤的１／１０，且在浓度较低时常观察到负吸附。     

间伐强度对天然次生林凋落物性质的作用效果分析

分析了不同间伐强度对天然次生林凋落物的性质的影响。经过分析,不同间伐强度下年凋落量最大的为弱度间伐区。枯枝落叶贮量以弱度间伐区为最大,强度间伐区最小。凋落物分解转化率以强度间伐区最高,对照区最小。从养分归还看,强度间伐区全氮、全磷、全钾的归还量均最大。认为中度间伐下枯枝落叶性质最有利于天然次生林的可持续利用。     

紫花芒果NPK CaMg叶片诊断的DRIS标准初步研究

按诊断与推荐综合系统标准建立的常规方法，通过比较低产和高产组叶片Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ养分含量以及两元素间的养分比和养分积，初步筛选出Ｎ／Ｐ，Ｎ／Ｋ，Ｎ／Ｃａ，Ｎ／Ｍｇ，Ｋ／Ｐ，ＣＰ，Ｐ／Ｍｇ，Ｋ／Ｃａ，Ｋ／Ｍｇ和Ｃａ／Ｍｇ作为ＤＲＩＳ参项，并初步提出紫花芒果ＤＲＩＳ诊断标准。     

钾素营养对水稻根系生长和养分吸收的影响

本文研究了大田和盆栽试验中钾素营养对水稻根系形态、活力及其对养分吸收的影响。试验结果表明：（１）在氮磷肥的基础上施钾能促进稻根的生长；（２）土壤供钾潜力、钾肥种类和水稻品种的吸Ｋ特性均影响根系的生长；（３）在缺钾的酸性土壤上，吸钾强的品种，施钾的促根效应最为明显；（４）施钾能增加小于０．２ｍｍ的细根量，提高稻根的再生能力，影响Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ等营养元素的吸收及其在地上和地下部分间的分配；（５     

胡椒养分含量状况的研究

胡椒大，中量元素的含量在不同树龄中有所不同，幼龄期以氮最高，其Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ３：Ｋ２Ｏ：Ｃａ：ｍＧＯ １：０．１５：０５３－０．９：０．２２－０．３８：０．１５－０．３０；成年龄则为Ｋ２Ｏ最高，Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ３：Ｋ２Ｏ：Ｃａ：Ｍｇ为１：０．１３：１．３２：０．４４：０．１６。     

几蔬菜的养分需求与钾素增产效果

通过对９种蔬菜研究表明，蔬菜各器官养分含量高而转移率低，属营养非完全转移型作物；蔬菜需肥量大，比谷类作物约高出１／３；蔬菜的钾氮吸收比高（大于１￣１．５），而磷氮吸收比低（小于０．３）；每公顷产４５￣７５ｔ蔬菜，约需Ｎ３００￣４５０ｋｇ，Ｐ２Ｏ５ １０５￣２２５ｋｇ，Ｋ２Ｏ１０５￣２１０ｋｇ，１ｋｇＫ２Ｏ可增产番茄２６．１￣１４１．３ｋｇ，甘蓝１１．２￣５３．１ｋｇ，黄瓜５．８￣８６．９ｋｇ，甜菜     

长沙市郊枫香人工林养分归还研究

通过野外调查和室内测试分析相结合的方法,研究枫香人工林的养分归还,为枫香人工林生态系统经营管理和物质循环研究提供科学依据。结果表明:1)枫香人工林的年凋落量为4 935.6 kg/hm2,凋落量大小依次为落叶>落枝>花果>碎屑;2)凋落物养分年归还量为111.849 kg/hm2,各元素归还量大小依次为N>Ca>K>Mg>P,各组分归还量大小为落叶>落枝>花果>碎屑;3)降水淋溶养分年归还量为105.823 kg/hm2,各元素淋溶量大小依次为Ca>K>Mg>P>N;4)枫香人工林总的年养分归还量为217.672 kg/hm2,各元素归还量大小依次为Ca>N>K>Mg>P。因此,在降水较丰富的亚热带地区,降水淋溶对枫香人工林养分归还的作用不可忽视。     

人工杉木林地有机物和养分库的退化与调控

研究表明,人工杉木林地土壤有机物和养分库严重退化,地表枯枝落叶层中干和各种养分的贮量与阔叶林和混交林比较明显下降,土壤中有机质,全Ｎ量和碱解Ｎ含量的剖面分布也表现出相同的趋势。传统的炼山造林使杉木林地枯枝落叶和养分库是呈突变形式 经,林份组成单一,凋落物数量和养分含和也是杉木林土壤有机物和归库退化的重要因素。通过改进林木更新方式和改善林份组成很大程度上控制人工林有机物和养分库的退化。     

木薯的营养特性及平衡施肥

采用田间小区试验和大田对比试验的方法,对木薯的营养规律、平衡施肥中的ＮＰＫ比例及最隹施肥量进行了多年的研究。结果表明：木薯生长从土壤中带走的Ｎ∶Ｐ∶Ｋ∶Ｃａ∶Ｍｇ比例为１∶０．１∶０．６５∶０．４１∶０．１９,块根中Ｎ∶Ｐ∶Ｋ∶Ｃａ∶Ｍｇ为１∶０．２∶１．９∶０．３∶０．２;在花岗岩砖红壤上木薯平衡施肥适宜的Ｎ∶Ｐ２Ｏ５∶Ｋ２Ｏ比例为２∶１∶３或２∶１∶２,最隹的施肥量为４５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。     

模拟氮沉降对甜槠林分凋落物及主要养分归还量的影响

选取亚热带典型的常绿阔叶甜槠林为研究对象,从2011年4月至2013年6月进行模拟氮(N)沉降试验,以探讨甜槠林凋落物养分归还量对N沉降的响应。氮沉降水平分别为:对照(CK,0 kg N hm-2a-1),低氮(LN,50 kg N hm-2a-1),高氮(HN,100 kg N hm-2a-1),高氮+磷(HN+P,100 kg N hm-2a-1+50 kg P hm-2a-1),每个处理重复3次。在模拟氮沉降2 a后,于2012年7月开始收集各样地的凋落物样品,分析凋落物及其养分归还量。结果表明:不同处理凋落物量没有显著差异,表明氮沉降增加没有显著提高林分凋落物产量;不同处理落叶、落枝中N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量均无显著差异,表明氮沉降亦没有显著增加凋落物各养分含量;模拟氮沉降处理均增加了各养分元素年归还量,但不同元素对N沉降的响应不同。N、K和Mg年归还量与CK存在显著差异,而P和Ca年归还量与CK处理无显著差异。     

三种不同绿肥的腐解和养分释放特征研究

利用网袋法模拟研究旱地条件下箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativas L.）、苕子（Vicia villosa Roth. Var.）、山黧豆（Lathyrus palustris L. Var. Pilosus ledeb） 三种绿肥的腐解和养分释放特征。结果表明,三种绿肥均在翻压15 d内腐解较快,腐解率均在50%以上,之后腐解速率逐渐减慢,翻压70 d时,箭筈豌豆、苕子和山黧豆的累积腐解率分别达71.7%、67.3%和74.1%。氮和钾在翻压10 d内释放较快,碳和磷在翻压15 d内释放较快,之后释放速率均减慢。箭筈豌豆、苕子和山黧豆在翻压70 d时的碳累积释放率分别为71.3%、67.0%和74.1%。三种绿肥的养分累积释放率均是K>P>N,在翻压70 d时钾的累积释放率均在90%以上,磷的累积释放率为73.3%～78.7%,氮的累积释放率为59.9%～71.2%,其中山黧豆的氮和磷累积释放率高于箭筈豌豆和苕子,而三种绿肥钾的累积释放率无显著差异。养分释放量结果表明,箭筈豌豆和苕子的养分累积释放量表现为K>N>P,而山黧豆表现为N>K>P,不同绿肥的养分累积释放量不同,山黧豆的氮累积释放量最高,箭筈豌豆的磷和钾累积释放量最高,苕子各养分的累积释放量都最低。     

Decomposition of organic matter and nutrient mineralisation in wood ant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Formica rufa</Emphasis> group) mounds in boreal coniferous forests of different age

Wood ants (Formica rufa group) are dominating ecosystem elements of the boreal region due to their wide and abundant occurrence. They collect and concentrate organic material from the surrounding forest floor by building large above-ground mounds. These mounds have higher temperature and lower water content than the surrounding forest floor. We studied how these peculiar environmental conditions affected mass loss and carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) mineralisation of organic matter in boreal Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.)-dominated mixed forest stands of four different age classes (5-, 30-, 60-, and 100-year-old) situated in eastern Finland using the litter bag technique. Norway spruce needle litter was incubated in inhabited and abandoned wood ant mounds as well as on the surrounding forest floor. We expected decomposition to be extremely slow due to the dryness of the mounds. Mass losses inside inhabited mounds were lower compared to the surrounding forest floor (on average 30 vs 50% after 2 years) but not as low as we expected, which might be a result of ant and microbial activity in the mounds. Decomposition in the abandoned mounds proceeded similarly as on the forest floor. Nutrient mineralisation proceeded more slowly in the ant mounds than on the surrounding forest floor. Mineralisation occurred for all studied nutrients in the ant mounds, except for N, which net amount remained stable during the years of the experiment. When wood ant mounds are abandoned and their porous and dry structure is no longer maintained by the ants, their decomposition is accelerated, and nutrients may be available for uptake by plants, although the nutrient mineralisation seems still to remain lower compared to the surrounding forest floor. However, eventually the mound material will be decomposed and nutrients mineralised, thus providing a nutrient hot spot increasing the heterogeneity of forest floor nutrient availability.     

不同作物还田秸秆的养分释放特征试验

为了探索秸秆还田与化肥的合理搭配施用,采用尼龙网袋法,研究了水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆在淹水培养下养分释放特征。结果表明,供试秸秆腐解速率均表现在培养前期腐解较快,不同秸秆之间表现为油菜秸秆大于水稻秸秆和小麦秸秆;后期腐解速率逐渐变慢,3种秸秆之间差异不明显。经过124 d的培养,水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的累积腐解率分别为49.17%、52.17%和49.81%。秸秆中养分释放速率均表现为K＞P＞C＞N,释放量表现为C＞K＞N＞P。经过124 d的腐解,水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的碳释放率分别为7.53%、66.58%、52.54%;氮分别为42.05%、49.26%、57.83%;磷分别为68.28%、59.93%、67.32%;钾在培养12 d后释放率均达到98%。根据秸秆腐解特征及养分含量,作物推荐施肥量中可以减少钾肥用量,并适当延后施用;在还田初期可以不调整氮磷肥的施用量。     

Impact of N and P fertilizer application on nutrient cycling in jarrah (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus marginata</Emphasis>) forests of south western Australia

Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) forest grows on poor soils with low stores of plant-available nutrients. We evaluated the impact of fertilizers on nutrient cycling in soil under Jarrah forest using a field study with three rates of P (0, 50, 200 kg P ha^–1) and three rates of N (0, 100, 200 kg N ha^–1) in a full factorial design. Litterfall was significantly increased by N application (30% relative to controls) in the first 2 years after treatment and by P application in the second year. The amounts of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in litterfall were also increased significantly by both N and P fertilizer. Although fertilizer treatments did not affect the total amount of litter accumulated on the forest floor over 4–5 years after application, there were large treatment differences in the amounts of N and P stored in the forest floor. Microbial respiration in litter was significantly greater (19%) on P-treated plots relative to controls, but this increase did not translate into increased decomposition rates as measured in long-term (5-year) mesh-bag studies. The results indicate that factors other than nutrition are mainly responsible for controlling the rate of decomposition in this ecosystem. Application of P, in particular, resulted in substantial accumulation of P in forest floor litter over 5 years. This accumulation was partly a result of the deposition of P in litterfall, but was also probably a result of translocation of P from the mineral soil. During the 5-year decomposition study, there was no net release of P from leaf litter and, at the highest rate of P application, the amounts of P stored in forest floor litter were more than four-fold greater than in fresh litter. Regular fire, a common phenomenon in these ecosystems, may be an important P-mobilizing agent for enhancing plant P uptake in these forests.     

Effects of microarthropods on the seasonal dynamics of nutrients in forest litter

The amounts of Ca, K, Mg and P were measured in leaf litter contained in litter bags in a southeastern United States deciduous forest. Half of the litter was treated with naphthalene, a chemical that reduced microarthropod densities to about 10% of those found in untreated litter. Phosphorus losses were significantly greater in untreated litter. After initial elemental losses, amounts of Ca, K and Mg generally increased in 9–12 month-old untreated litter, while naphthalene-treated litter generally showed no seasonal dynamics. Seasonal amounts of nutrients in forest litter depend upon elemental mobility, inputs of nutrients in rainfall, throughfall and particulates, and nutrient retention by forest floor biota. Microarthropods increase nutrient loss from forest litter by comminution; however, microbial stimulation as a result of microarthropod feeding activities appears to increase the nutrient retention capacities of forest litter.     

Nutrient cycling in a Pinus patula plantation in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

The accumulation of litter on the forest floor was identified as a potential problem in managed plantations of Pinus patula (Schlechtd. et Cham.) in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa in the late 1980s. Litter accumulation in pine plantations is regarded as a threat to site productivity as organic acids are released, moisture penetration is altered and nutrients are immobilised within the litter. This study examines the cycling of nutrients in a 42-year-old P. patula stand in which litter has accumulated. Samples of the vegetation, litter and soil components were collected and chemically analysed for total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and the major cations potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺). Complete nutrient budgets for N and P, and the cation pool sizes were determined. It was evident from these studies that large reserves of N (1442 kg ha⁻¹) and P (103 kg ha⁻¹) are stored in the litter layers, with levels of cations being low. The presence of large nutrient reserves within the litter and the predominance of fine feeder roots distributed within this layer indicated that a tightly closed plant–litter–plant nutrient cycle was in operation for the cycling of N and P. This may not be true for the major cations. Management of the litter should ensure retention of as many nutrients as possible in the system. This could be achieved through controlled burning to reduce nutrient loss through volatilisation; increasing forest floor temperatures by altering the planting density and application of dolomitic lime to replace cations and to alleviate the acidic conditions making the litter more favourable for decomposing organisms.     

黄土残塬沟壑区阔叶树种枯落叶对针叶林地土壤化学性质的改善效应

为改善人工针叶林地的土壤化学性质退化的问题,通过土壤与枯落叶混合后进行室内培养的方法,研究了黄土残塬沟壑区阔叶树种枯落叶对针叶林地土壤化学性质的改善效应。结果表明:(1)小叶杨枯落叶对侧柏林地土壤碱解氮、有机C和胡敏素的改善效果显著;沙棘枯落叶对油松林地土壤速效磷和侧柏林地土壤pH值、速效磷、速效钾、富啡酸的改善效果显著;柠条枯落叶对油松林地土壤速效钾、有机C、胡敏酸和胡敏素的改善效果显著。(2)对油松林地来说,枯落叶的综合改善效应为:沙棘>柠条>辽东栎>小叶杨>刺槐枯落叶;对侧柏林地来说,枯落叶的综合改善效应为:小叶杨>沙棘>辽东栎>柠条>刺槐枯落叶。     

广西喀斯特次生林地表碳库和养分库特征及季节动态

以自然保护区原生林为对照,调查了广西喀斯特区处于同一次生演替序列中的灌丛、藤刺灌丛、乔灌丛3个群落的地表凋落物存量,同时对凋落物层和土壤表层(0-5 cm)的有机碳,全氮、磷、钾等养分元素的含量、贮量状态及其雨季前后的变化进行了研究.结果表明:地表凋落物存量及有机碳、全氮贮量随演替阶段上升均呈增高趋势;除全磷外,土壤的有机碳和养分元素含量与凋落物层贮量相关性显著(p<0.05);雨季期间,凋落物迅速分解,地表凋落物的分解量要大于当季凋落量,并且次生林的凋落物分解与养分释放量显著高于原生林;雨季后,各群落有机碳和养分的凋落物层贮量以及土壤含量均有所降低.其中凋落物层贮量下降显著的是藤刺灌丛与乔灌丛.土壤养分含量则在灌丛与原生林阶段下降更为明显.在从灌丛向顶级群落演替的进程中,森林的自养能力可能存在一个先增高再降低的过程.     

Effect of the chemical composition of industrial dusts on forest floor organic matter accumulation

The influence of dusts from aluminium (AP), zinc and lead (ZP1, ZP2), sintering (SP) and power (PP) plants on organic matter accumulation on the forest floor of a mixed oak-pine forest was studied in Niepo?omice Forest near Kraków, Poland. An artificial application of the dusts on experimental plots was used corresponding to 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 t km^?2. Increased organic matter accumulation was observed 5 yr following the addition of AP, ZP1 and ZP2 dusts, while SP and PP dusts at levels > 100 t km^?2 caused a slight decrease in litter accumulation. Statistical analysis indicated that Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn present in industrial dusts were responsible for the increase in litter accumulation, while some nutrients (e.g. K, Mg, Na) contained in the dusts might decrease organic matter storage to some extent.     

川西3种亚高山针叶林的养分和凋落物格局分析

Investigations were conducted to quantify litterfall, and litter and nutrient accumulation in forest floor, and to acquire information on litter decomposition and nitrogen and phosphorus release patterns in three different subalpine coniferous forests, a plantation （P1）, a secondary forest （SF）, and a primitive forest （PF）, in western Sichuan, China. The litter trap method was used to evaluate litterfall with the litterbag method being utilized for litter decomposition. Seasonal patterns of litterfall were similar in the three forests, with two peaks occurring in September-November and March-May. The plantation revealed an annual litterfall of 4.38 x 103 kg ha-1, which was similar to those of SF and PF, but P1 had a lower mass loss rate and a higher C/N ratio. The C/N ratio may be a sound predictor for the decomposition differences. N concentrations of leaf litter in both the secondary forest and primitive forest increased first and then decreased, and the percentages of their final/initial values were 108.9% and 99.9%, respectively. P concentration in the three forests increased by the end of the study. The results of litterfall and decomposition indicated that in the plantation the potential to provide nutrients for soil organic matter was similar to those of SF and PF; however, its slower decomposition rate could result in a somewhat transient accumulation of litter in the forest floor.