人工生态茶园的机质和氮磷钾动态变化研究

在相同生态条件下，研究了人工生态茶园，密植免耕园，常规栽培园3种主要栽培方式对土壤肥力的影响，结果表明：人工生态茶园方式不仅能提高土壤能力，而且土壤能力有上升和富集向上的趋势，密植免耕栽培方式，土壤肥力也有提高，但较人工生态茶园栽培方式差，常规栽培方式土壤肥力有下降的趋势。     

不同茶园群落茶树根际微生物群落生态特征

采用定点定位方式对人工生态茶园，密植免耕茶园，常规茶园三种群落茶树际自生固氮菌，磷，钾细菌群落的多样性指数H′，均匀度指数R，优质度指数D及其生态位宽度B生态特征进行研究。结果表明：茶园群落不同影响根际微生物组成，分布，演化及其对资源的利用和贡献大小，其中人工生态茶园各生态指标最佳，经济效益明显，是21世纪茶树种植方向。     

屯绿茶区复合茶园茶叶内质成分的分析

皖南屯绿茶区是优质茶叶产地,在该地区存在着多种植茶方式的茶园,如普通纯茶园、密植速成茶园和茶林复合园,后者以茶树—乌桕树复合园最有代表性。有人认为这种复合园是屯绿内质优良的保证,为此笔者于1987年在黄山市休宁县洪里乡作了不同种植类型茶园茶叶内质成分的比较,欲为改进茶树栽培体系,提高茶叶品质提供依据。     

干旱条件下不同栽培方法对大豆产量的影响~

采用大区对比试验法,研究小垄密植、垄三栽培、大垄密植、免耕栽培4种栽培方法对大豆产量的影响。试验结果表明,免耕栽培方式的大豆株高,荚数,粒数均高于小垄密植、垄三栽培、大垄密植;免耕栽培的大豆产量分别较小垄密植、垄三栽培、大垄密植增产23.3%、124.2%和141.5%;小垄密植的大豆产量分别较垄三栽培、大垄密植增产81.8%、95.8%。     

浅述茶树矮化密植栽培技术

茶树矮化密植栽培技术,其所谓的“矮化”,就是以人为措施使茶树树冠高度比常规茶园树冠低1/3左右,也即树高控制在60～70cm;所谓“密植”,则是将单行条植改为多行条植,使每亩的株数比常规茶园多2～3倍。在土层深厚、土质肥沃的土壤条件下,选用良种采取矮化密植栽培,并加强茶园肥、培管理,可以达到茶树成园快、投产早和茶叶优质高产及经济效益提高的目的。笔者根据多年的生产实践,将茶树矮化密植速成栽培技术作一介绍。     

茶树密植免耕栽培中补给化学氮肥能用撒施吗

我国现行常规茶园的施肥方法是沿树冠外沿沟施。近来,由于密植免耕茶园的问世,采用原有方法已不相适应。因此,群众在生产实践中改沟施为撒施。即在无雨、露水的时候,将肥料均匀撒下,然后轻轻摇拍茶树,让其落入地面。这已成为目前密植免耕茶园补充化学氮肥(多指尿素)的主要方式,它具有简便省事的优点,并能收到较好的增产效果。     

管理模式对4类茶园节肢动物群落时空格局和多样性影响

选择树龄相同、品种为安吉白茶而栽培管理模式不同的有机茶园、三行密植茶园和丰产茶园,以及种植安吉白茶和龙井43等40多个品种的茶树品种园,通过在1周年内每2月1次的调查,发现：①从品种园、有机茶园、三行密植茶园至丰产茶园,天敌种数和个体数递减;三行密植茶园总个体数最大。②在垂直分层上：天敌种数和个体数在丰产茶园、三行密植茶园和品种园中皆以中层最多,在有机茶园中则以上层最多;害虫种数在丰产茶园、三行密植茶园和品种园中以中层最多,在有机茶园中以上层最多;害虫个体数在丰产茶园和三行密植茶园以下层最多,在品种园和有机茶园以中层最多;③在水平分布上,除了品种园,其他3类茶园东、西向天敌种数之和、个体数之和分别大于南、北向天敌种数之和、个体数之和;④在茶丛内、外层,4类茶园皆以内层害虫种数和个体数略多;外层天敌种数和个体数略多;⑤12月至翌年2月的越冬期间,物种数相对较少;4月、6月和10月物种数相对较多;⑥从有机茶园、品种园、丰产茶园至三行密植茶园,多样性指数递减。分析认为：尽管树龄、品种等相同,但是一个时期以来的不同管理模式可导致4类茶园节肢动物群落时空格局和多样性的显著差异,在一定程度上调控着昆虫群落结构和多样性。     

生态经济茶园及其栽培技术之探讨：云南生态茶园的过去,现在和未来

云南的少数民族很早就将茶树与林木间种在一起,对茶树从不施用化肥和农药,靠茶树与林木之间的生态互利关系,实现茶园"生草栽培"和"自然免耕",这就是最早的生态经济茶园。现代集约化栽培的集中连片茶园,虽然提高了茶叶单产和效益,但也存在病虫害严重和茶树的自我维持能力降低等问题。研究和建立生态经济茶园是解决这些问题的有效途径,它能为茶树创造一个人工森林生态环境,提高茶园内各种作物的综合效益,以较低的成本生产出无农药污染的绿色食品。文中还对生态经济茶园的技术措施作了探讨。     

茶园密植速成栽培技术

1975年以来,湖南省益阳地区一直在进行茶树密植速成栽培试验,经过九年多的摸索和示范,已初步收到了成效。茶树密植速成栽培法很受茶农的欢迎,密植速成茶园由少到多,逐步扩大,1984年止,全区先后共建成密植速成茶园近一万亩。一、密植速成茶园的优越性 1.成园快,投产早。密植速成茶园头年种,二年收,三年覆盖度可达90％以上,比常规茶园提早3年成     

林茶食用菌复合生态茶园生态、经济效益分析

对林茶食用菌生态茶园研究表明,茶园采用四周种植经济林木(板栗、黄柏、杜仲、梨等),茶蓬下栽培食用菌,茶蓬下土层中种植天麻模式,可提高土壤肥力,改善土壤物理性状,促进茶树生长,提高茶叶品质,防止水土流失,而且经济效益明显高于纯茶园.     

Characterization of starches of proso,foxtail, barnyard,kodo, and little millets

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of small millet starch granules showed more large polygonal and few small spherical or polygonal granules. The granules of small millets resembled those of rice starch granules. The size of the starch granules ranged from 0.8–10 m. The size of the granules was larger in barnyard millet and smaller in proso millet. Several granules showed deep indentation caused by protein bodies. SEM of starch isolated from 24 hour-germinated kodo millet showed pitting or pinholes at some points due to the attack of amylases (preferentially on bigger granules). Brabender viscoamylograph studies on small millet starches revealed that the gelatinization temperatures ranged from 75.8 to 84.9 ^° C. Barnyard millet possessed lower amylograph viscosity, minimum breakdown, and relative breakdown values when compared to the other small millets.     

Effects of application of nitrogen fertilizer on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures in south-western Victoria, Australia

Effects of timing and rate of N fertilizer application on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in herbage from perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures were studied at two sites in south-western Victoria, Australia. Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 25, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha^–1) was applied as urea in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June and mid-June 1996 to pastures grazed by dairy cows. At Site 1, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, K, S, Mg and Cl concentrations in herbage and a linear decrease in Ca concentration. For all times of application, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Cl in herbage increased by 0·0048, 0·08, −0·010, 0·0013 and 0·053 g kg^–1 dry matter (DM) per kg N applied respectively. For S concentration, maximum responses occurred in mid-May (0·012 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied). At Site 2, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, S and Na concentrations in herbage, a linear decrease in Ca concentration and a curvilinear increase in K and Cl concentration. The maximum responses for P, S and K concentrations in herbage occurred for the N application in mid-June and were 0·015, 0·008 and 0·47 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied respectively. For Cl concentration, the maximum response occurred for the N application in early June and was 0·225 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied. Overall, applications of N fertilizer up to 60 kg ha^–1 did not alter herbage mineral concentration to levels that might affect pasture growth or animal health.     

Evaluation of the enzyme-amplified ELISA for the detection of potato viruses A,M, S,X, Y,and leafroll

Various parameters,e.g. types of microtiter plate for DAS-ELISA (double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), use of fresh or frozen amplifier solutions for enzyme-amplified-ELISA, and use of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDIECA) in sample buffer in cocktail-ELISA were evaluated for the detection of potato viruses A, M, S, X, Y and leafroll from potato foliage. Dynatech Immulon immunoplates provided higher readings for all viruses. Fresh amplifier solution in amplifed-ELISA was superior to frozen solutions. Amplified ELISA gave only marginal improvement in the sensitivity over the standard DAS-ELISA. Addition of NaDIECA in sample buffer did not improve the detection of viruses in DAS-, amplified-, or cocktail-ELISA. Cocktail-ELISA can reduce antigen incubation time to as short as 15 min for PVA, PVM and PVX; 1 hr for PVY and PLRV; and 2–4 hr for PVS using pre-coated plates. Although amplified-ELISA is slightly more sensitive than DAS-ELISA for certain potato viruses, it is not suitable for large-scale indexing of potato viruses in Seed Certification Laboratories, in view of the additional steps needed in carrying out this procedure.     

Milling,functional and thermo-mechanical properties of wheat,rye, triticale,barley and oat

The milling potential of hulled barley, hulled oat, triticale, rye and wheat was studied using a long tempering process and a laboratory four-roller mill. Regardless of the investigated cereal, the results indicated a significant influence (p < 0.05) of volume per surface area ratio on the milling yield and ash contents of the flour. The lowest milling yield was obtained in case of hulled oat. Solvent retention capacity profiles were determined for all investigated whole cereals and flours for predicting the contribution of different polymers to the functionality of samples. For all solvents higher values were obtained for the whole cereals compared to the corresponding flour. Thermo-mechanical properties of the whole cereals and refined flours were also investigated. If in case of wheat the gluten proteins play an essential role on dough behaviour during kneading at 30 °C, in case of triticale, rye, hulled barley and hulled oat, the fibers play a major role as well. Thermo-mechanical properties of starch registered a large variation between cereals and/or flours. The lowest torque value corresponding to starch gelatinization (C3) was registered in case of the hulled oat flour, 1.92 Nm, while the highest value in case of rye flour, 2.65 Nm.     

Study of antimicrobial activity of aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin on cotton, wool, and rabbit hair

Aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin were applied in alone and in combination with each others on cotton, wool and rabbit hair by exhaustion method for the assessment of their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of these natural ingredients was better in peroxide treated cotton, formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrates than their corresponding intact ones. Aloevera shown better antimicrobial activity than chitosan and curcumin when applied alone and its antimicrobial activity was enhanced by addition of both chitosan and curcumin. The application of aloevera+chitosan+curcumin combination on peroxide treated cotton and formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrate was fast up to twenty five washing cycles.     

Response of permanent and reseeded grassland to fertilizer nitrogen. 2. Effects on concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, S, P, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Mo in herbage at a range of sites

The concentration of mineral elements in herbage from permanent swards of mixed species composition (predominantly Agrostis spp., Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne, Poa spp., etc.) was compared with that from sown perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) at two fertilizer rates (0 and 300kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, both with P and K) and with L. perennel Trifolium repens (at 0 N with P and K). The investigation was conducted over four years at sixteen contrasting sites in England and Wales. Herbage samples for mineral analysis were taken at first and fourth harvests (May and August) each year from plots under 4-weekly cutting. There was a wide degree of variation between sites, particularly for concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na and all trace elements analysed. Herbage from L. perenne reseeds had significantly higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Co and S, but K, Mo, Zn, Cu and P were generally lower than in the permanent swards. L. perennel T. repens swards had the highest concentration of major cations, but trace element levels were generally intermediate between those for 0 N permanent and L. perenne swards. Fertilizer N reduced concentrations of Ca, Mn, Mo and S, and increased Mg, Na and Zn, with no consistent effects on K, Co and Cu. Herbage at harvest 4, compared with harvest 1, had higher Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Zn and S. Permanent and L. perenne swards responded similarly to fertilizer N and between harvest dates. Results are discussed in relation to previous reports of botanical and fertilizer effects on mineral concentrations, and the mineral requirements of livestock. Changes in mineral concentration resulting from reseeding permanent swards are considered unlikely to increase mineral-related livestock disorders, and in many cases could be beneficial, though problems might arise on sites where some elements, e.g. Cu and Mg, are low.