东北地区黑土、草甸土长期施钾对玉米产量及耕层土钾素形态的影响

本试验研究了东北三省代表性的草甸土、黑土上连续13年施用钾肥对玉米产量和耕层土壤钾素形态的影响。结果表明,施钾可明显增加玉米产量,辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三个定位点NPK1处理分别较对照(NP)处理增产10.2%、13.6%、17.5%,但钾肥量增大(NPK2处理)产量没有表现出同步提高。施用钾肥可增加土壤水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾的含量和在全钾中的比例;施钾量增大,含量和比例随之提高,处理之间表现为NPK2NPK1NP。NPK2处理均与NP呈显著差异,两个土层表现基本一致,但在2040.cm土层下处理之间差距缩小。施钾总体增加了非交换性钾、矿物钾和全钾含量的同时降低了矿物态钾在全钾中的比例,三省试点的土壤表现基本一致。随土层加深,各点相应处理的不同钾形态含量和比例变化不尽相同。全钾在黑、吉、辽三点随土层深度的变化分别表现为降低、持平、升高。     

长期施钾与秸秆还田对华北潮土和褐土区作物产量及土壤钾素的影响

分析了在华北平原的河北潮土和山西褐土上连续13年施用钾肥和秸秆还田下的大田作物产量和耕层土壤钾素状况。结果表明,在施用氮磷肥基础上长期施钾和秸秆还田能增加小麦和玉米产量,各施钾处理产量与氮磷处理差异显著。两定位点钾肥和秸秆还田的效应不尽相同;小麦年际间各处理产量变异（CV≤13%）小于玉米（CV14%）,河北潮土上的玉米增产效果高于小麦。与山西单作制度相比,河北轮作制度下土壤钾素支出大。秸秆还田和施用钾肥较只施氮磷肥可不同程度提高河北潮土和山西褐土0-20和20-40 cm两土层水溶性钾 （河北0-20 cm平均提高5.8 mg/kg,山西16.9 mg/kg,下同）、非特殊吸附钾（21.2 mg/kg,35.9 mg/kg）、非交换性钾（75.1 mg/kg,57.5 mg/kg）、矿物钾（0.03％,0.01％）及全钾含量;降低矿物钾比例的同时提高其余几种形态钾的比例。随土层加深,除矿物钾外,其余形态钾含量和比例均下降,特殊吸附钾不受施钾措施和土层深度的影响。直接施用钾肥效果优于秸秆还田,且两种措施对上层土壤各形态钾的影响效果大于下层土。     

长期施钾与秸秆还田对西北区不同种植制度下作物产量及土壤钾素的影响

研究了在西北地区代表性的灌淤土、栗钙土上连续13年施用钾肥和小麦秸秆还田对作物产量和耕层土壤钾素的影响。结果表明,施用化学钾肥和小麦秸秆还田能显著增加宁夏轮作种植制度下作物产量,表现为:氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田只施用氮磷钾肥氮磷肥配合秸秆还田只施用氮磷肥;且作物种类对施钾措施的显效时间上有差异,而钾素投入对青海点小麦产量无显著作用。宁夏点作物年际间产量变异系数低于青海点,小麦的产量变异系数大于玉米但钾肥产量效应却低于玉米。两定位点除氮磷钾+秸秆还田外,其余处理土壤钾素均表现亏缺,轮作制度下土壤钾素亏缺量较小麦单作制大。两定位点施钾或秸秆还田处理的水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾和全钾含量均不同程度高于只施氮磷处理;除矿物钾外,其余几种形态钾比例均高于氮磷处理,特殊吸附钾不受施钾措施的影响。与定位开始相比,两种类型土壤各形态钾含量和比例随时间变异特点不同,与原始土壤钾素状况及种植制度密切相关。     

北方主要土壤钾形态及其植物有效性研究

从北方12个省（市、自治区）选取了25个有代表性的土壤样品,将土壤中的钾按其存在形态计为水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾和矿物钾。前三种形态钾的总和不超过全钾的2．0％．非交换性钾也仅占全钾的2．7％～9．4％,而全钾的89．8％～96．8％是以矿物态存在的。根据土壤中各形态钾含量,特别是非交换性钾含量分析,可以看出供试25个土壤的供钾能力按取土地点自西向东（西北－华北－东北）有明显降低的趋势。在连续耗竭情况下,不同土壤的植物净吸钾总量的差异十分悬殊,范围为96．3～793．5mg／pot。根据植物净吸钾总量的大小,将供试土壤的供钾能力分为极高、高、中、较低和低5个等级。其结果也表明供试土壤供钾能力控取土地点自西向东呈明显降低的趋势。耗竭条件下植物吸取来自土壤不同形态钾的比例相差很大。以来自水溶性钾的比例为最小．平均为3．1％;其次是非特殊吸附钾,平均为7．7％;再次是特殊吸附钾,平均为10．2％;来自非交换性钾的比例较大,平均为33．3％;来自矿物钾的比例最大,平均为45．7％。本研究区分了非交换性钾和矿物钾对植物吸收钾素的贡献,发现在耗竭条件下矿物钾是植物的重要钾源。     

水旱轮作条件下不同类型土壤供钾能力及钾素动态变化研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了黑麦草-水稻轮作条件下不同类型土壤供钾能力及钾素动态变化,以期为土壤供钾机制研究及合理的钾素调控提供依据。结果表明：不施钾条件下（NP处理）,潮土上种植作物的生物量和吸钾量最高,黄褐土次之,红壤最低;施钾条件下（NPK处理）,3种土壤上种植作物的生物量无显著差异,作物吸钾量为黄褐土>潮土>红壤。整个轮作期,红壤、黄褐土和潮土NPK处理的作物生物量较NP处理分别增加55.6%、45.2%和23.2%,作物吸钾量分别增加368.8%、166.8%和74.5%。轮作前季（黑麦草季）,NP处理的3种土壤水溶性钾含量和交换性钾含量均降低,潮土非交换性钾含量明显降低,红壤和黄褐土非交换性钾含量在前期变化不大,中期有升高的趋势,后期显著降低;NPK处理的土壤钾含量均高于NP处理,且各种形态钾含量的变化趋势与NP处理基本相同。轮作后季（水稻季）,NP处理的3种土壤水溶性钾含量变化不大,交换性钾含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,非交换性钾含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;NPK处理的土壤交换性钾含量在水稻生长前期明显升高,中期下降,后期有略微上升,水溶性钾和非交换性钾含量有先升高后降低的变化趋势。综上所述,在不施钾条件下,轮作期内各土壤钾素消耗量较大,水溶性钾和交换性钾含量降低,并促进了非交换性钾的释放;施钾能提高土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾含量,并向非交换性钾方向转化,施钾对黑麦草和水稻有显著增产效果,可以有效地提高土壤供钾水平。     

秸秆还田与施钾对华北低产潮土区作物产量及土壤钾素的影响

在华北平原的低产田上,研究了3年秸秆还田和施钾肥对小麦-玉米作物产量和耕层土壤钾素状况的影响。结果表明,相对于NP处理,NPK和NPK+秸秆还田(St)处理对小麦和玉米均有显著的增产效果;NPK+St处理增产最为明显,而且降低了年度间的产量变异系数。秸秆还田可以显著增加土壤速效形态钾含量。同季作物种植下,NPK+St处理的钾肥利用率、钾肥农学效率和钾肥偏生产力都高于NPK处理。NPK+St能提高0～20 cm耕层土壤速效钾、非交换性钾、矿物态钾和全钾含量。因此,秸秆还田有利于土壤不同形态钾素的稳定和增加,而NPK+St处理不仅能保证作物高产稳产,还能提高土壤各形态钾素含量。     

长期施肥红壤钾素在有机无机复合体中的分布

【目的】土壤中的有机无机复合体是承载土壤养分的重要结构单元,土壤钾素含量的变化反映在不同粒级有机无机复合体中。本研究选用始于1990年(祁阳)和1986年(进贤)的旱地红壤长期定位试验,研究长期不同施肥对土壤交换性钾、非交换性钾、全钾在不同粒级有机无机复合体中分布的影响。【方法】祁阳和进贤试验点均选择不施肥(CK)化学氮、磷肥配施(NP)、NP基础上施用化学钾肥(NPK)及NPK基础上配施有机肥(NPKM)四个处理,采集0-20 cm深度的土壤样品通过Stokes定律计算各粒级复合体沉降速率,采用虹吸管法分离出不同粒级有机无机复合体。采用1.0 mol/L中性醋酸铵浸提土壤交换性钾,1.0 mol/L沸硝酸浸提土壤非交换性钾,氢氧化钠710℃提取土壤全钾钾离子浓度采用火焰光度计测定。【结果】两试验点土壤96.4%~98.9%的交换性钾、87.9%~96.7%的非交换性钾和95.1%~96.7%的全钾存在0~50μm粒级复合体中,尤其2μm粒级复合体是三种形态钾素的主要贮存库76.3%~92.3%的交换性钾、45.8%~73.7%的非交换性钾和49.4%~70.6%的全钾集中在该粒级。两试验点NP处理与CK相比,2μm粒级复合体中非交换性钾含量降低5.4~8.3 mg/kg.降低幅度为8.2%~16.3%。施钾肥主要改变2 m粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾含量进贤NPK与NP处理相比分别增加36.7和9.5 mg/kg,增加幅度分别为64.5%和15.7%;而NPKM处理则较NP处理分别增加147.4和91.2 mg/kg增幅分别为258.9%和151.1%。祁阳NPK与NP处理相比,2μm粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾含量分别增加52.9和20.3 mg/kg增加幅度分别为104.9%和47.6%;NPKM与NP处理相比分别增加219.5和41.3 mg/kg增幅分别为435.9%和96.9%。长期施肥对两试验点各粒级复合体中全钾含量的影响不大。2、2~10及10~50μm粒级复合体三种形态钾素含量较高,是供给植物生长的主要钾源,其中2μm粒级复合体中交换性钾、非交换性钾含量与产量之间均存在显著正相关关系(P0.05)。【结论】2μm粒级复合体是土壤钾素的主要贮存库。在长期不施钾肥条件下土壤2μm粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾含量降低,施钾有利于该粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾积累。旱地红壤2、2~10及10~50μm粒级复合体钾素含量高且与产量之间存在显著的正相关关系是植物钾素主要供源。     

长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土钾素状况的影响

利用22年肥料长期定位试验,研究施肥对土壤钾素状况的影响。结果表明,1978年到2000年,土壤钾素收支平衡的状况为:氮钾肥处理钾盈余57.72kg/hm2,氮磷钾肥处理钾亏缺192.90kg/hm2。以氮钾肥处理提高土壤中水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾、矿物钾最多,依次分别比对照提高5.49倍、1.13倍、2.47倍和1.11倍。氮磷钾肥和氮钾肥处理在土壤中积累各形态钾总量分别占施钾量的19.18%、20.01%。氮钾处理和氮磷钾处理土壤速效钾和土壤缓效钾含量高,在土壤剖面中分布以0—20cm含量高,20cm以下逐层降低。用X-射线衍射测定长期施钾和不施钾的土壤粘土矿物组成为:氮磷钾处理土壤粘土矿物中蒙脱石峰值高;而氮磷处理土壤粘土矿物中蛭石峰值高。     

腐殖酸对钾在褐土中迁移和转化的影响

采用室内土柱实验研究了腐殖酸与钾共施时腐殖酸对钾在褐土施肥点附件微域中迁移和形态转化的影响。研究结果表明,与单施KCl处理相比,共施腐殖酸没有明显改变肥料钾在褐土中的迁移距离,在培养7天时增加了肥际微域中的水溶性钾含量,而在培养28天时则降低了其含量;共施腐殖酸明显增加了交换性钾含量以及在土壤中的迁移量,但减少了非交换性钾的含量和迁移量。说明共施腐殖酸减少了土壤晶格对钾离子的固定,提高了外源钾在褐土中的有效性。     

钾肥用量对大蒜—棉花套作体系产量和土壤钾素有效性的影响

为明确钾肥用量对大蒜—棉花套作体系产量和土壤钾素有效性的影响,确定2季作物最佳钾肥施用量,为黄淮海平原大蒜—棉花套作地区合理施用钾肥提供依据。于2013—2016年在山东省金乡县进行连续4年7季的田间定位试验,试验设CK(0kg/hm~2),K90(90kg/hm~2),K180(180kg/hm~2),K270(270kg/hm~2)4个不同施钾量(K_2O)处理。大蒜和棉花单季施钾量相同(K_2O 0,90,180,270kg/hm~2),各处理氮肥和磷肥施用量一致。分析不同施钾量对大蒜、棉花产量及产量构成的影响,明确不同施钾量对棉花收获后0—100cm土层速效钾含量和0—20cm土壤钾素形态的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,不同施钾处理棉花显著增产18.4%~72.7%,皮棉产量随施钾量的增加而增加,但K270与K180处理皮棉产量和经济效益差异不显著;施钾显著提高了棉花单株成铃数和单铃重,对衣分含量无显著影响。与CK相比,不同施钾处理大蒜蒜薹显著增产10.1%~64.2%,鳞茎显著增产8.7%~93.3%。2016年K270处理蒜薹产量较其他处理显著增产6.6%~64.8%,鳞茎显著增产32.5%~93.3%。大蒜经济效益以K270处理最高。增加钾肥施用量显著提高了棉花收获后0—20cm土壤速效钾含量,但各处理60—100cm土层速效钾含量差异不显著。经过4年7季施肥后,K90,K180,K270处理较CK不同程度提高了0—20cm土壤水溶性钾(13.6,20.1,26.1mg/kg)、非特殊吸附钾(10.4,19.6,53.4mg/kg)、非交换性钾(34.3,53.9,140.1mg/kg)和全钾含量,提高了水溶性钾和非特殊吸附钾的比例。综合土壤环境因素、作物产量和经济效益,建议该大蒜—棉花套作区棉花施钾量为K_2O 180kg/hm~2、大蒜施钾量为K_2O 270kg/hm~2。     

Die Bedeutung der nicht austauschbaren Kaliumfraktion des Bodens für die Ertragsbildung von Weidelgras

Effect of the non exchangeable soil K fraction on the yield production of rye-grass 1. In pot experiments with rye-grass the question has been studied whether the K released from the non exchangeable soil K fraction will suffice to produce high crop yields. The soil used was a K rich clay soil (2.5 %total K, 1.9 % HCI soluble K) having a content of exchangeable K+ of 500ppm at the beginning of the experiment (K, treatment). In a 2 d treatment (K,) the level of exchangeable K was raised to 1140 ppm by fertilizer K application. According to the principle of “permanent cropping” rye grass was cultivated in both treatments which produced 11 cuts during the experimental period of two years. 2. The amount of K absorbed from the non exchangeable soil K fraction was higher in the K, treatment than in the treatment which received fertilizer K. The rate of K uptake from the non exchangeable soil K fraction increased with the depletion of exchangeable soil K. 3. The rate of decrease in exchangeable soil K became low as soon as the content of 4. No clear relationship between crop yield and K application has been found for the first 7 cuts of rye-grass. The 8th cut yielded a highly significant yield increase in the treatment with K application. The differences in yield between both treatments increased with the following cuts. The level of exchangeable soil K at which at first the significant yield depression in the K, treatment occured was 280ppm. Below this level the release rate of non exchangeable soil K was not high enough to meet the K demand of the crop. 5. In an additional experimental series with a more dry soil (50% of the max. water capacity) lower yields were obtained in the K, treatment as compared with the treatment which received fertilizer K. K uptake, in particular from the non exchangeable soil K fraction, was impaired by the dry soil medium.     

The role of non‐crystalline Fe in the increase of SOC after long‐term organic manure application to the red soil of southern China

Because of the important role of soil organic carbon (SOC) in nutrient cycling and global climate changes, there has been an interest in understanding how different fertilizer practices affect the SOC preservation and promotion. The results from this study showed that long‐term application of manure (21 years) could increase significantly the content of SOC, total nitrogen (N) and soil pH in the red soil of southern China. The chemical structure of SOC was characterized by using solid‐state cross‐polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and the aromatic C, ratio of alkyl C : O‐alkyl C, aromaticity and hydrophobicity of mineral fertilizers N, P and K plus organic manure (NPKM) and organic manure (M) treatments were less than those of mineral fertilizer nitrogen (N) and mineral fertilizers N, P and K (NPK) treatments. Both poorly crystalline (Fe_o) and organically complexed (Fe_p) iron contents were influenced significantly (P < 0.05) by different fertilizers, and it was observed that NPKM and M treatments increased the non‐crystalline Fe (Fe_o‐Fe_p) content. There was a significant (P < 0.01) positive correlation between soil organic C and non‐crystalline Fe in both the surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) soils. The results suggested that non‐crystalline Fe played an important role in the increase of SOC by long‐term application of organic manure (NPKM and M) in the red soil of southern China.     

长期施肥条件下石灰性潮土磷的吸附解吸特征

采用Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程及其扩展形式对长期施肥土壤磷的吸附和解吸特征进行了研究。结果表明,双面Langmuir方程和三种Freundlich方程能较好描述石灰性潮土壤对磷的吸附,方程决定系数r2均接近0.99。长期施用有机肥能减少土壤对磷的吸附,表现在土壤对磷的理论最大吸附量（Qm）降低以及吸附结合能常数K值下降。与长期施用化肥相比,长期施用有机肥土壤新吸附的磷也更容易解吸,土壤磷的解吸率从化肥处理的15%左右提高到20%以上。钾肥的施用增大了石灰性潮土对磷的吸附容量,磷的吸附结合能明显提高,意味着化肥钾的施用可能导致土壤磷向作物难利用方向转化,但有机肥与钾肥配合施用,钾肥的这种不良作用得到明显的改善。     

Effect of long‐term fertilization and manuring on potassium release properties in a Typic Ustochrept

A long‐term fertilizer experiment, over 27 years, studied the effect of mineral fertilizers and organic manures on potassium (K) balances and K release properties in maize‐wheat‐cowpea (fodder) cropping system on a Typic Ustochrept. The treatments consisted of control, 100% nitrogen (100% N), 100% nitrogen and phosphorus (100% NP), 50% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (50% NPK), 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (100% NPK), 150% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (150% NPK), and 100% NPK+farmyard manure (100% NPK+FYM). Nutrients N, P, and K in 100% NPK treatment were applied at N: 120 kg ha^—1, P: 26 kg ha^—1, and K: 33 kg ha^—1 each to maize and wheat crops and N: 20 kg ha^—1, P: 17 kg ha^—1, and K: 17 kg ha^—1 to cowpea (fodder). In all the fertilizer and manure treatments removal of K in the crop exceeded K additions and the total soil K balance was negative. The neutral 1 N ammonium acetate‐extractable K in the surface soil (0—15 cm) ranged from 0.19 to 0.39 cmol kg^—1 in various treatments after 27 crop cycles. The highest and lowest values were obtained in 100% NPK+FYM and 100% NP treatments, respectively. Non‐exchangeable K was also depleted more in the treatments without K fertilization (control, 100% N, and 100% NP). Parabolic diffusion equation could describe the reaction rates in CaCl₂ solutions. Release rate constants (b) of non‐exchangeable K for different depth of soil profile showed the variations among the treatments indicating that long‐term cropping with different rates of fertilizers and manures influenced the rate of K release from non‐exchangeable fraction of soil. The b values were lowest in 100% NP and highest in 100% NPK+FYM treatment in the surface soil. In the sub‐surface soil layers (15—30 and 30—45 cm) also the higher release rates were obtained in the treatments supplied with K than without K fertilization indicating that the sub‐soils were also stressed for K in these treatments.     

长期施肥对棕壤矿物吸附点位钾有效性及其剖面分布的影响

运用连续提取法结合常规方法,研究玉米玉米大豆轮作条件下,经过31年不同施肥后棕壤矿物吸附的p位钾、 e位钾和i位钾的有效性及其剖面分布情况。结果表明: 耕层土壤各位点钾含量及占全钾比例均表现为i位＞e位＞p位; 长期单施化学钾肥或不施钾各位点钾含量降低,有机肥配施化肥可以维持土壤中各位点钾含量。相关分析表明,交换性钾与p位和e位钾相关性显著,相关系数分别为0.926*和0.886*; 植株地上部吸钾量与p和e位钾呈显著正相关关系,与i位钾呈极显著正相关关系（r=0.963**）; 不同位点间钾含量呈极显著正相关关系。在剖面分布中,p、 e和i位钾含量均表现为020 cm＞2040 cm。     

钾肥对杂交水稻养分积累以及生理效率的影响

在浙江省金华市进行连续4年水稻钾肥田间试验,以研究钾肥对杂交水稻氮磷钾养分吸收和利用效率的影响。结果表明,钾肥可促进氮磷养分从水稻的茎叶部位向穗输送,增加水稻产量。同不施钾处理比较,施钾处理杂交稻氮的平均吸收总量增加7.1～9.3kg/hm2,磷增加0.9～1.1kg/hm2,钾增加38.3～56.6kg/hm2;氮和磷养分的利用效率无显著提高,而钾素的利用效率明显降低26.3%～28.9%。在养分的吸收和利用效率方面,杂交稻较常规稻表现出明显的生理优势。分析土壤交换性钾和缓效钾含量的年动态变化得出,杂交稻较常规稻消耗土壤中更多的缓效钾,施钾处理下的测试土壤速效钾含量逐年下降,而土壤缓效钾含量却有逐年上升的趋势。     

硅钙钾镁肥及引入柠檬酸对红壤和潮土pH值及养分含量的影响

通过土壤培养试验研究了硅钙钾镁肥(SCPM)及引入柠檬酸的复混肥(CA-SCPM)在酸性红壤和石灰性潮土上的养分供给和酸碱度调节能力.硅钙钾镁肥添加量设置为6 g/kg,硅钙钾镁肥与柠檬酸(CA)的比例为88％:12％.与对照处理相比,培养至150 d时,SCPM肥及CA-SCPM肥提高红壤pH值约1.16个单位,提高...