增铵营养对低温胁迫下棉花幼苗氮代谢的影响

【目的】探明增铵营养提高棉花幼苗抗低温胁迫能力的机制。【方法】以棉花新陆早13号为供试品种,在人工气候室内模拟不同温度处理（15℃和25℃）,研究了不同铵硝态氮配比（NH4+-N/NO3--N分别为0/100、25/75、50/50、75/25、100/0）对低温（15℃）胁迫下棉花苗期生长、氮素吸收量及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。【结果】常温条件（25℃）下,较单一铵、硝营养,铵硝混合营养显著提高棉苗各器官的生物量,地上部和根系干物质量在NH4+-N/NO3--N比为50/50处理时最大,单一铵营养处理时最小;对棉苗生物量的影响效果表现出铵硝混合营养处理优于单一铵、硝营养处理。低温胁迫（15℃）后棉苗各器官生物量减小,且差异显著。常温和低温条件下,随着营养液中NH4+-N比例增加,棉苗全氮含量逐渐递增,氮素吸收量先升后降;棉苗根系、茎秆及叶柄内硝态氮含量呈明显降低趋势;棉花幼苗叶片NR活性明显减小,相反,GS和GOGAT活性则极显著提高。常温处理下棉苗各器官的氮素累积量显著高于低温胁迫处理,低温抑制了棉苗对硝态氮的吸收,降低NR、GS和GOGAT活性。【结论】低温胁迫下,增铵营养可显著提高氮素养分含量,促进棉苗生长,同时通过提高GS、GOGAT等氮代谢相关酶活性,维持氮代谢平衡,增强棉花幼苗对低温的抗性。     

不同硝响应型水稻品种苗期根系生长对增硝营养的响应

利用控制条件下的水培试验方法,研究了两种铵硝配比(NH4+/NO3-为100/0和75/25)营养条件对4种不同硝响应型水稻品种苗期根系生长的影响。结果表明,在增硝营养(NH4+/NO3-为75/25)条件下,不同水稻品种NO3-的反应差异明显。与全NH4+营养条件相比,增硝营养条件下对NO3-强响应的水稻品种南光的根系干重和氮积累量显著增加,增幅达50%和79%;同时南光的根系总根长、总不定根长和总侧根长增幅均达到显著水平;不定根数、新根数和侧根数亦显著增加;平均不定根长和平均侧根长差异不显著;对硝弱响应型的水稻品种上海97、辽粳和Elio在增硝营养培养下的根系不定根、新根和侧根的长度和数量差异均不显著。这表明增NO3-营养仅仅促进了对NO3-强响应型水稻南光根系的不定根和侧根的发生,进而促进根系对氮素的吸收,并没有促进不定根和侧根的伸长。从本试验的结果可推论,水稻根系对硝态氮的响应度强弱可能是水稻品种氮素效率差异性的因子之一。     

供氮形态和水分胁迫对苗期—分蘖期水稻光合与水分利用效率的影响

采用室内营养液培养及聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟水分胁迫处理的方法,在3种供氮形态(NH4+/NO3-比为100/0,50/50和0/100)和2种水分条件(非水分胁迫及水分胁迫)下,研究了水稻苗期—分蘖期的生长及其水分利用效率。结果表明,苗期—分蘖期水稻在非水分胁迫条件下,NH4+/NO3-比为50/50处理(NH4+、NO3-混合处理)的生物量最大,比单一供NH4+-N和单一供NO3--N的处理分别高49.63%和63.25%。而在水分胁迫条件下,单一供NH4+-N的处理生物量最大,比NH4+、NO3-混合处理和单一供NO3--N的处理分别高5.76%和484.0%;单一供NH4+-N其水分利用效率也最高,比NH4+、NO3-混合处理和单一供NO3--N的处理分别高11.36%和81.63%,而比非水分胁迫条件下的相应处理高12.39%。此外,单一供NH4+-N较单一供NO3--N的处理水稻有较强的抗旱性,主要与其能保持相对较高的叶绿素含量、叶面积、分蘖数和净光合速率有关。     

不同氮素形态配比对网纹甜瓜干物质分配和氮代谢的影响

该文研究了4种氮素形态配比(NO3--N∶NH4 -N分别为100∶0,75∶25,50∶50和25∶75)对基质栽培网纹甜瓜(品种为“春丽”和“蜜玲珑”)干物质积累和氮代谢的影响。结果表明,不同氮素形态配比影响了植株各器官干重占全株干重的百分比。随氮素形态中氨态氮比例的增加,叶片中硝酸还原酶、硝酸盐含量和可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐降低,而游离氨基酸含量则在NO3--N∶NH4 -N为50∶50的处理中最高。     

适量施氮增强盐胁迫下高羊茅生长和抗氧化能力

为土壤盐渍地区高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)草坪的合理施肥,该研究用NaCl浓度为0,70,140mmol/L和不同NH4NO3水平(质量浓度为0.01,0.6,1.2g/L)对盆栽高羊茅植株进行交互处理,并测定处理后其生长量和抗氧化能力。结果表明,同一水平NH4NO3相比,NaCl胁迫下高羊茅鲜质量、干质量、含水率均低于无NaCl处理;而根系脱氢酶活性、硝酸还原酶(nitratereductase,NR)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD)同工酶活性NO3-含量、质膜透性和丙二醛(malonicdialdehyde,MDA)含量均强于或高于无NaCl处理;CAT(catalase,CAT)同工酶活性及蛋白表达量发生改变。同一浓度NaCl胁迫下,随NH4NO3水平增加,其鲜质量、干质量、含水率呈上升趋势;NO3-含量、质膜透性和MDA含量呈下降趋势;SOD同工酶增强;根系脱氢酶活性、NR活性、CAT同工酶活性和蛋白表达量增强幅度明显减弱。因此,与NH4NO30.01g/L相比,NH4NO30.6g/L改善了同浓度盐胁迫下高羊茅氮素营养、抗氧化能力和蛋白质表达量,增强了其耐盐性;而NH4NO31.2g/L能一定程度上改善其氮素营养,但根系主动吸收离子能力、清除H2O2能力和蛋白质表达量增强有限,引起根际环境NH4NO3积累,严重导致土壤次生盐渍化。该研究为盐渍土壤上的高羊茅草坪合理施用NH4NO3提供参考。     

氮营养对菘蓝生长及活性成分积累的影响

为探讨氮营养对菘蓝生长及活性成分积累动态的影响,采用盆栽试验,在菘蓝营养生长前期和后期分别施用不同次数的氮素组合A[7.5 mmol·L-1的(NH4)2SO4,2.5 mmol·L-1的KNO3,5.0 mmol·L-1的CO(NH2)2]和组合B[2.5 mmol·L-1的(NH4)2SO4、5.0 mmol·L-1的KNO3、10.0 mmol·L-1的CO(NH2)2],分别记作T1~T9,测定了各处理的叶绿素含量、光合参数、生长指标和活性成分含量。结果表明,2个氮素组合施用不同次数后,叶绿素、叶干重与根干重随时间逐渐增加,叶片的净光合速率与叶的靛蓝、靛玉红和根的(R,S)-告依春含量随时间延长的变化规律不明显。在采样后期T3的主根直径、T1的根干重、T7的叶干重、T4的根(R,S)-告依春含量、T2的叶靛蓝含量与T3的叶靛玉红含量为各处理间最大。结合菘蓝根、叶干重及其叶内指标成分靛玉红含量、根内(R,S)-告依春含量,为了获得高产优质的板蓝根药材,建议前期施用1次氮素组合A,后期施1次氮素组合B;为了获得高产优质的大青叶药材,建议菘蓝生长前期施3次氮素组合A,后期施1次氮素组合B。本研究结果为菘蓝合理施用氮肥提供了理论依据。     

局部根区水分胁迫下氮对玉米生长的影响

通过分根培养的方法,用聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟水分胁迫,研究3种氮形态(NO3- -N,NH4+-N,50% NO3- -N+50%NH4+ -N)及其供应部位对局部根区水分胁迫下玉米生长的影响.水分胁迫处理16d后,测定叶绿素荧光参数及茎、叶、根形态指标.结果发现,同一氮形态下,水氮同区处理(氮供应在非水分胁迫...     

CO2与NH4+/NO3-比互作对番茄幼苗培养介质pH、根系生长及根系活力的影响

为探讨CO2浓度升高能否减缓高浓度NH4+-N对番茄根系的毒害作用,本试验在营养液栽培条件下,以番茄为材料,在CO2生长箱中研究2个CO2浓度与5个不同NH4+/NO3-配比的交互作用对生长介质的pH、根系生长及根系活力的影响。结果表明,随着生育期的推进与CO2浓度的升高,pH变化幅度增大。两个CO2浓度均表现为全NO3--N含量营养液的pH呈上升趋势,其它处理营养液的pH均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,下降的幅度随NH4+/NO3-比例的增加而增加;而且全NH4+-N引起pH值下降的程度大于全NO3--N引起pH增加的程度。CO2浓度升高增加了低NH4+/NO3-比例供应处理的蕃茄幼苗冠干重、根干重、根系活力、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积。这些指标对CO2的响应随NH4+/NO3-比例的降低而加强,冠干重、根干重、根系活力、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积增加分别高达65.8%、78.0%、18.9%、12.9%与18.9%。说明在CO2浓度升高条件下,番茄幼苗根生长潜力在全NO3--N处理中最大,但不能减弱全NH4+-N对番茄根系的毒害作用。     

控制排水和施氮量对旱地土壤氮素运移转化的影响

为了研究控制排水和氮肥共同作用对旱地土壤氮素运移转化的影响,在湖北荆州丫角排灌试验站进行微区对照试验,以控制水位水平(30、50、100cm)和3个施氮水平(H:68.25/145.6kg/hm2;C:52.5/112kg/hm2,L:36.75/78.4kg/hm2,前面数值是施磷酸二铵量,后面为施硫酸钾复合肥量)为试验变量,组合成H30、H50、H100、C30、C50、C100、L30、L50、L100等9个处理测定了土壤剖面分层NO3-N、NH4+-N含量。对观测结果进行分析表明,常规施氮水平下,自由排水处理各土层NO3-N含量最高、50处理各土层NO3-N含量最低;低施氮水平下30处理NH4+-N含量最高;同一水位处理高施氮水平NH4+-N含量最低。同一施氮水平下,控制水位30cm的NH+4-N含量大于50cm的NH+4-N含量大于100cm的NH+4-N含量。同一施氮水平下实行控制排水可以增加氮素稳定性;实行控制水位处理时,不需增加或减少施氮量、常规施氮条件下氮素稳定性保持最高;而在自由排水时,减少施氮量,能够增加耕层土壤氮素稳定性。     

局部根系干旱条件下分蘖期水稻对供氮形态的生物学响应

采用室内分根营养液培养及PEG模拟水分胁迫的方法,研究不同氮素形态(NH4 -N、NO3--N、NH4 -N/NO3--N比为50/50)对水稻局部根系遭遇水分胁迫后的生物学响应状况。结果表明,在非水分胁迫的条件下,供应NO3--N营养相对促进分蘖期水稻的根系发育,而供应NH4 -N营养相对促进分蘖期水稻的地上部发育;在局部根系受到水分胁迫的条件下,NH4 -N和NO3--N混合营养水稻生物量增量分别比全NO3--N和全NH4 -N营养水稻高31.7%和37.7%,其中地上部生物量增量也分别比全NO3--N和全NH4 -N营养水稻高33.5%和33.2%。全NO3--N营养水稻未受水分胁迫一侧根系生物量的增量明显高于另一侧受水分胁迫的根系生物量的增量,且明显高于两侧根系均未受水分胁迫的相同供氮形态营养的水稻单侧根系生物量的增量;而全NH4 -N以及NH4 -N和NO3--N混合营养水稻未受水分胁迫一侧根系和受水分胁迫的根系生物量增量之间没有明显差异,但均高于两侧根系均未受水分胁迫的相同供氮形态营养的水稻,为NH4 -N营养提高水稻抗旱能力提供了证据。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen dynamics in oilseed rape using 15N‐labeling field experiment

In order to optimize nitrogen (N) fertilization and to reduce the environmental impact of oilseed rape without decreasing yield, a clearer understanding of N dynamics inside the plant is crucial. The present investigation therefore aimed to study the effects of different N‐application rates on the dynamics of N uptake, partitioning, and remobilization. The experiment was conducted on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Capitol) under three levels of N input (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha^–1) from stem elongation to maturity using ¹⁵N‐labeling technique to distinguish between N uptake and N retranslocation in the plant. Nitrogen fertilization affected the time‐course of N uptake and also the allocation of N taken up from flowering to maturity. Most pod N came from N remobilization, and leaves accounted for the largest source of remobilized N regardless the N‐application rate. However, the contribution of leaves to the remobilized N pool increased with the N dose whereas the one of taproot decreased. Stems were the main sink for remobilized N from stem elongation to flowering. Leaves remained longer on N200 than on N0 and N100 plants, and N concentration in fallen leaves increased with the N treatment and in N100 plants along an axial gradient from the basal to the upper leaves. Overall, these results show that the timing of N supply is more crucial than the N amount to attain a high N efficiency.     

不同施氮水平对南方甜玉米氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】探明南方鲜食玉米区高产条件下施氮量对甜玉米产量、氮素利用及其转运规律的影响。【方法】于2015年和2016年,选用国审甜玉米品种粤甜16为供试材料,设置N (0、100、150、200、250、300、450 kg/hm2) 7个施氮量处理进行连续2年的大田试验。在拔节期 (8片展开叶)、大喇叭口期 (12片展开叶)、雄穗开花期和乳熟收获期测定甜玉米植株及各器官干重、氮养分含量,研究分次施肥条件下,不同施氮量对甜玉米乳熟收获期植株体内的氮养分吸收积累与分配比例、氮收获指数和效率,以及对不同生育时期植株、叶片、茎鞘氮素积累的影响。【结果】在2个生长季,施氮量均显著影响甜玉米鲜穗产量、植株总氮素积累量、氮素收获指数、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力。随着施氮量 (0～450 kg/hm2) 的增加,鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量呈现先增加后保持上下小幅波动的趋势;氮肥农学效率先增加后下降;氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力持续下降。在施氮量为N 250 kg/hm2时,粤甜16的鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量达到或接近最高,两年平均值分别为17544 kg/hm2和145.6 kg/hm2;而氮肥农学效率达到最高值,两年平均值为48.4 kg/kg;氮素利用率和偏生产力两年平均值分别为28.5%、70.2 kg/kg,处于中间水平;鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量和氮肥农学效率均达到最大。施N 250 kg/hm2提高了茎鞘、叶片的氮素转运量和花后氮素同化量,氮素茎鞘转运、叶片转运和氮素花后同化对鲜穗的贡献率两年平均值分别为48.8%、10.2%、41.0%。甜玉米整株氮素积累随生育进程持续增加,乳熟期最高,日均最高积累速率在8展叶至12展叶期;叶片和茎鞘的氮素积累进程呈单峰曲线,在雄穗开花期达到峰值,日均最快积累速率分别在8展叶至12展叶、12展叶至雄穗开花期。施氮能提高各器官在各生育时期的氮素积累量和积累速率,但不改变氮素积累变化趋势。【结论】在本试验条件下,采用多次施肥,施N 250 kg/hm2可提高氮肥农学效率,有效调控开花前氮素转运及花后吸收同化,促进鲜穗氮素积累,实现甜玉米高产高效。     

施氮对不同肥力土壤小麦氮营养和产量的影响

【目的】农田养分供应是由土壤基础肥力和肥料投入共同决定的,不同土壤肥力下土壤养分供应能力和特征也不同。本文研究了河南省高、低肥力田块下,不同施氮量对小麦主要生育时期植株氮素营养和土壤硝态氮及产量的影响,以期为河南省同类生产条件下氮肥的合理施用和产量的提升提供参考和依据。【方法】2015—2016年,以小麦品种矮抗58为供试材料进行大田试验,分别设置0、120、225、330 kg/hm^2 4个施氮处理(表示为N0、N1、N2、N3),在开花期到成熟期调查施氮量对土壤硝态氮及产量的影响;在开花期、花后10天和花后20天,测定施氮量对小麦旗叶到倒4叶的叶片氮含量、SPAD值和氮素积累量,以及对植株和所有叶片氮含量的影响。【结果】从开花期到成熟期土壤中硝态氮含量随着施氮量的增加而增加,高肥力田块的土壤硝态氮含量显著高于低肥力田块的土壤硝态氮含量。施氮能显著增加低肥力田块产量,但是高肥力田块的产量均高于低肥力田块,与不施氮相比,低肥力田块的产量最大增幅是高肥力田块产量最大增幅的2.63倍。N1和N2处理下,在开花期和花后10天倒2叶的SPAD值高肥力田块显著高于低肥力田块,但在花后20天低肥力田块显著高于高肥力田块。在N1、N2和N3处理下,旗叶的氮含量在花后10天高肥力田块显著高于低肥力田块,但在花后20天则显著相反。开花期到花后20天,对于低肥力田块旗叶的氮素积累量对上4叶的贡献率最大(N0除外),最高达52.6%;高肥力田块,旗叶和倒2叶对上4叶的氮素积累量贡献率处在同等重要的位置,最高分别达39.9%和39.7%。花后10天到花后20天,高肥力田块不同叶位的氮素转运量和转运率均高于低肥力田块(N0除外)。【结论】增施氮肥可以通过提高土壤硝态氮含量来提高土壤供氮能力,高肥力田块的叶片转运量和转运率比低肥力田块高,低肥力田块通过提高施氮量增加的产量低于高肥力田块下的产量,因此,需改善农田基础肥力来提高产量。通过对高、低肥力条件下产量的分析发现,达到最高产量时的施氮量分别为213kg/hm^2和287 kg/hm^2。     

采用柑橘叶片功能性氮含量无损监测模型的调控施氮方法

为实现柑橘氮素管理的定量化，该研究以5年生‘春见’橘橙为试验材料，设置不同对照施氮处理N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃(施氮量分别为0、50、100、200 g/株)和调控施氮处理Nr₁、Nr₂、Nr₃(分别根据N₁、N₂、N₃进行调控)，在试验开展的第1年利用高光谱技术，分别建立柑橘果实膨大期和转色期的叶片功能性氮含量无损监测模型；第2年利用叶片功能性氮含量无损监测模型与追氮量公式计算调控施氮处理的实际追氮量，比较分析对照施氮和调控施氮对柑橘果实产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明，利用反向传播神经网络构建的叶片功能性氮含量模型精度较高，决定系数R²为0.78(果实膨大期)和0.77(果实转色期)。调控施氮处理Nr₁和Nr₃比对照施氮N₁和N₃分别增产5.49和4.4...     

考虑植株氮垂直分布的夏玉米营养诊断敏感位点筛选

探明夏玉米氮素营养生化指标(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、叶片氮含量和叶片氮积累量)与叶片SPAD值垂直分布特征及两者间定量回归关系,确立基于叶绿素仪的夏玉米氮营养无损诊断敏感叶位和叶片部位,以实现氮营养时空变化的快捷和精准监测。利用2018-2019年连续2季不同氮营养水平下夏玉米关键生育期主茎各叶位(顶1叶~顶12叶,TL1~TL12)和叶片部位(每张叶片从叶片基部开始根据叶片长度每20%分为1个测试区间) SPAD值及氮营养指标数据,研究基于偏最小二乘(partial least square, PLS)回归模型的夏玉米不同位点SPAD值与氮营养指标间关系,确定可稳定指示夏玉米氮营养空间异质性变化的敏感叶位及叶片部位。结果表明,不同叶位间夏玉米叶片SPAD值和氮营养指标于植株间分布均呈典型的"钟型"特征,至TL5或TL6时达至峰值。同一叶位不同部位间SPAD值由20%至100%位点时则逐步升高,且80%~100%位点间无显著差异(P>0.05)。PLS分析结果显示,夏玉米不同叶位SPAD值与氮营养指标间模型精度决定系数(coefficient of determination, R2)和相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)范围分别为0.693~0.821和1.425~2.744。不同测试位点R2和RPD值范围则分别为0.660~0.847和1.607~2.451,满足模型精确诊断需求。此后,基于PLS模型中各叶位和叶片部位无量纲评价指标变量重要性投影值(variable importance for projection,VIP),确定顶4叶(TL4)完展叶60%~80%区间为夏玉米氮营养诊断的敏感区域,VIP值均高于临界值1.40,预测效果较为理想。研究可为实现氮营养的高效、快捷诊断和精准施氮提供参考。     

无机氮与蔬菜废弃物耦合对土壤氮矿化的影响

为探明有机废弃物添加量与不同无机氮水平耦合对土壤氮矿化的影响,设计了3个甘蓝废弃叶添加量[B1:200 g.kg 1(土),B2:400 g.kg 1(土),B3:550 g.kg 1(土)]和4个无机氮水平[N0:0 mg.kg 1(土),N1:25mg.kg 1(土),N2:50 mg.kg 1(土),N3:100 mg.kg 1(土)]交互的控制培养试验(25℃,65%的田间持水量)。试验结果显示:各氮处理下土壤净累积氮矿化量是空白对照的4～5倍,N1水平下土壤净累积氮矿化量显著高于其他氮水平。各甘蓝废弃叶添加量处理下土壤净累积氮矿化量是空白对照的3～5倍,且B2添加量下土壤净累积氮矿化量显著高于B1和B3。统计分析表明,氮处理和甘蓝废弃叶添加量之间的交互效应不显著(P=0.275),甘蓝废弃叶的添加是影响氮矿化的主要因素(Eta2=0.16),而供氮水平为次要因素(Eta2=0.07)。B1添加量下,培养前期(0～20 d)土壤净累积矿化量逐渐升高,后期保持稳定水平;但B2和B3添加量下,培养前期(30 d)土壤呈现矿化、固持、再矿化现象,后期土壤净累积矿化量逐渐升高。氮矿化速率结果说明,甘蓝废弃叶添加后氮素矿化主要发生在培养前30 d。对培养期间土壤净累积氮矿化量随时间变化做一级动力方程模拟,拟合效果良好(R2=0.62～0.89)。     

Distribution profiles of dry matter and total nitrogen in leaves and stems of oriental field‐grown tobacco plants at different nitrogen levels

Oriental tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Myrodata Agrinion) were grown without nitrogen (N) fertilization (N₀) and with added ammonium nitrate at a rate of 50 kg‐ha^‐1 (N₁) and 100 kg‐ha^‐1 (N₂). Non‐uniform patterns for leaf FW and DW changes per node showed a decreasing trend from lower to upper nodes during the vegetative stage. From approaching flowering to fruit set, these patterns became more uniform. Plants which were fertilized with N had increased leaf FW and DW accumulation levels and non‐uniform distribution patterns, primarily during the reproductive stage, and leaves of the lower nodes were found in the older plants. By contrast, the median values of leaf FW for the unfertilized plants were reduced during the reproductive period. The DW/FW×100 ratio values revealed a stable relationship between leaf FW and DW from the vegetative to the reproductive stage, while modified patterns of DW/FW×100 appeared later in the plant cycle. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in an early appearance of modified patterns of DW/FW×100 in the plant life cycle and higher accumulation of dry matter per unit leaf area. Patterns of total leaf N concentration showed an increasing trend from the lower to the upper nodes for all plant ages and treatments. Total N concentration values varied from 1.6%, 1.9%, and 1.8% on a dry matter basis, for the lower node up to 5.5%, 6.3%, and 6.1% for the upper node in young tobacco plants in the N _o , N₁, and N ₂ treatments, respectively. After fruit set, a more uniform distribution of total leaf N was observed among the leaves in all treatments. Concentration values for total leaf N in older plants varied from 1.9%, 2.1%, and 2.2% for the lower node up to 3.4%, 3.3% and 3.2% for the upper node in the N ₀ , N₁, and N₂ treatments, respectively. These results suggest a progressive decrease with plant age for total leaf N concentration in the plant as a whole. The increased N fertilizer level affected the total N level in young plants but not in the older ones. Inflorescence and fruit set periods are critical for plant N balance except for the plants which received the increased N fertilization. The determined total stem N concentration was less than that for the leaves. This change in the stem, similar to leaves, showed an increasing trend from the basal to the upper part and a decreasing trend from the vegetative to the reproductive stage. The total stem N level declined from 1.0–1.2%, 1.6–1.7%, and 2.2–2.9% on a dry matter basis to 0.5–0.6%, 1.0–1.2%, and 1.2–1.6% for the basal, middle, and upper part of the stem, respectively.     

Effect of nitrogen supply on carbon and nitrogen partitioning after flowering in maize

Low nitrogen (N) supply may change assimilate partitioning between plant organs. We measured the effect of N supply on partitioning of recently assimilated ¹³C and recently absorbed ¹⁵N between generative and vegetative plant organs of two maize genotypes (Zea mays L.) 14 d after silking, i.e., during the lag phase of kernel growth. Furthermore, net partitioning of dry matter and N were assessed during grain filling. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in large containers. Our hypothesis was that N deficiency reduces grain set due to low partitioning of carbon (C) and N to the grains during the lag phase and reduces grain yield also because of excessive remobilization of N from the leaves during grain filling. During the lag phase, low N supply increased partitioning of recently assimilated photosynthates towards stem and roots at the expense of partitioning towards reproductive organs. However, despite of diminished sink strength of the reproductive organs for photosynthates, sugar concentrations in the grains of N‐deficient plants were increased, indicating that kernel set and potential kernel weight were not limited by low C supply at the end of the lag phase. In contrast to C, partitioning of recently absorbed N towards the reproductive organs was increased at low N supply at the expense of partitioning towards the roots. This indicates different mechanisms for the regulation of C and N distribution within the plant. During grain filling, biomass partitioning between plant organs was more affected by genotype than by rate of N supply. Nitrogen accumulation in the grains substantially exceeded total N uptake in the plant after flowering. Excess N accumulation in the grains was covered mainly by depletion of stem N at high N supply and by depletion of leaf N at low N supply. However, high concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates in the stem at maturity indicated that grain yield of N‐deficient plants was not limited by low source strength of N‐depleted leaves.     

Interactive effects of plant growth regulators and nitrogen on corn growth and nitrogen use efficiency

Our objective was to determine the combined effect of some plant growth regulators and nitrogen (N) on corn growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency. A potted experiment was conducted with two levels of growth regulators [i.e. with or without treatment with Seed king (Kinetine), Root king (Indole-butyric acid) and More king (Chitosan)], two maize cultivars (Calabar White and Obatanpa-98 and three nitrogen rates (0, 90 and 180 kg/ha in the form of urea). The measured parameters were growth attributes, nitrogen uptake, dry matter yield, harvest-index, shoot to root ratio, yield attributes and agronomic and physiological nitrogen use efficiency. Calabar White had taller plants (154.53 cm) more leaves (12.00) and larger leaf area (466.98 cm²) than obatanpa-98 at 6 weeks after sowing. The dry matter yield of both leaf and stem increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing N rates but the growth regulators significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased only the leaf dry matter. The interaction between growth regulators and nitrogen significantly affected the leaf dry matter but not the stem dry matter. There was a considerable (P ≤ 0.05) increase in harvest-index (HI) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with growth regulators and Obatanpa-98 had better HI (30.81%) than Calabar White (27.41%). Obatanpa 98 also had much (P ≤ 0.05) higher grain yield (87.42 g/plant) than Calabar White (65.40 g/plant) but for both cultivars, the grain yield increased progressively with increasing N rate. The uptake of N differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among the different partitions of maize (leaves, stems and grains) at various growth stages. Calabar White had the highest N uptake in the leaves and stem whether at silking or at harvest. Obatanpa-98 partitioned more N to the grains than Calabar White. Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was highest (21.31 gg^?1) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with Obatanpa-98 having a superior (20.26 gg^?1) ANUE to Calabar White (15.94 gg^?1). The physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) was also highest (8.14 g/kg) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with Obatanpa-98 being more efficient (8.08 gkg) than Calabar White (6.26 g/kg). Thus, both cultivars treated with 90 kgN/ha with or without growth regulators would best optimize nitrogen fertilizer use. However, the growth regulators increased the yield of Calabar White significantly only when no N was applied. In contrast, they increased the yield of the hybrid Obatanpa-98 at all N rates especially at the 180 kgN/ha rate. Thus, under the low input cropping common with Calabar White, treatment with the growth regulators would boost yield. A combined treatment of 180 kg N/ha with the growth regulators would ensure the best yield of Obatanpa-98.     

不同氮素形态对干旱胁迫杉木幼苗养分吸收及分配的影响

【目的】干旱胁迫是限制植物生长的重要非生物因素之一,而适宜的氮素营养可以提高植物的抗旱性。本文探讨了供应不同形态氮源对干旱条件下杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook]幼苗养分吸收及分配的影响。【方法】采用水培试验,供试杉木材料为2个无性系幼苗(7–14号和8–8号),在营养液中添加10%(w/v)PEG-6000进行干旱胁迫。营养液中的氮源处理包括硝态氮、铵态氮、硝铵混合氮,氮素浓度均为4.571mmol/L,每个品种均设6个处理。培养20天后,测定了杉木幼苗根、茎、叶的养分含量及生物量。【结果】与正常水分供应相比较,干旱胁迫条件下供应铵态氮可促进叶片N、K以及茎叶P、K的吸收,供应混合氮可促进根部K的吸收;供应铵态氮可促进根、茎对Ca的吸收,对叶片Ca无明显作用。干旱胁迫对根部Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn吸收量影响显著,氮素供应不同程度地降低了干旱胁迫下各器官Mg、Fe、Mn和Cu吸收量,表现为抑制吸收,但添加铵态氮比硝态氮的降低幅度小。3个氮源处理均降低了干旱条件下根部Zn吸收量,但没有降低甚至增加了茎、叶中Zn的吸收量,说明氮营养可调节Zn在各器官间的分配,缓解干旱导致的缺锌现象。不同器官之间各养分吸收量差异显著,3个氮源处理中,N和P吸收量表现为叶>根>茎,K和Ca为叶>茎>根,Fe、Cu为根>叶>茎,Mg、Mn和Zn在各器官之间的分配规律不一。铵态氮吸收量均表现为叶>根>茎,且各器官铵态氮吸收量显著高于硝态氮,说明杉木具有明显的喜铵特性。【结论】在干旱胁迫下,氮素供应形态显著影响杉木幼苗对养分的吸收及在各器官中的分配,作用效果因家系品种和元素种类而异。总体来讲,铵态氮提高干旱胁迫下杉木幼苗养分吸收的效果好于硝态氮,杉木可以认为是喜铵植物。