不同动物源性大肠杆菌多重耐药调控基因SdiA的同源性分析

为研究大肠杆菌多重耐调控基因SdiA与不同动物源性及多重耐药水平之间的关系,选取,临床分离的不同动物源性大肠杆菌5株及大肠杆菌药敏质控株ATCC25922,在对其进行主要治疗药物耐药性检测的基础上,分别以其染色体DNA为模板,通过PCR反应扩增出大肠杆菌多重耐药调控基因SdiA,将该片段分别与克隆载体pMD18-T连接,连接产物转化至大肠杆菌JM109感受态细胞中,对经酶切与PCR反应鉴定为阳性的克隆质粒进行插入片段的核苷酸序列测定。测序结果表明不同动物源性大肠杆菌的SdiA基因的核苷酸序列及所推导的氨基酸序列与GenBank中该基因序列的同源性较高,不同源性大肠杆菌的SdiA基因的核苷酸序列及氨基酸序列变化与其动物源性无关,该基因的核苷酸序列及氨基酸序列的个别突变位点可能影响AcrAB-TolC外排泵的表达水平,进而影响其多重耐药水平。     

不同源性大肠杆菌多药耐药基因AcrA、AcrB部分基因的同源性分析

通过聚合聚链式反应从不同源性大肠杆菌的染色体DNA上扩增出大肠杆菌多药耐药基因AcrA,AcrB的部分片段，将该片段分别连接到克隆载体pMD-18T的BamHI,XhoI酶切位点中，测定插入片段的核苷酸序列，并分别推导出其氨基酸序列。序列分析表明，不同源性大肠杆菌的AcrA的部分基因的核苷酸序列及所推导的氨基酸序列与GeneBank中该基因序列的同源性较高；不同源性大肠杆菌的AcrB的部分基因的核苷酸序列的同源性较低。所推导的氨基酸序列与GeneBank中该基因序列的同源性较高。     

AcrAB-TolC主动外排系统与猪源耐药大肠杆菌多重耐药的相关性

以前期获得的25株猪源耐药大肠杆菌为试验菌株,采用药敏纸片法测定以上分离菌株对氟苯尼考、多西环素、庆大霉素等11种药物的敏感性,并分析其多重耐药表型;采用PCR方法和实时荧光定量PCR方法分别检测25株猪源大肠杆菌中AcrAB-TolC主动外排基因的携带率以及不同耐药数量的多重耐药菌株的外排泵基因arA和acrB的表达量,同时分析其主动外排调控基因marA、soxS、robA和acrR相对表达量的差异,从mRNA水平上探讨外排泵基因表达量和调控因子与大肠杆菌多重耐药性的相关性。结果显示,25株耐药大肠杆菌中acrA、acrB和tolC等3种主动外排基因的携带率分别为68.00%、72.00%和76.00%;acrA、acrB这2种主动外排基因以及调控基因marA和soxS的相对表达量和多重耐药的耐药谱数呈正相关,调控基因acrR的相对表达量和多重耐药的耐药谱数呈负相关;robA调控基因的表达量均低于标准菌株,且与耐药谱数无明显相关性。结果表明,猪源耐药大肠杆菌携带acrA、acrB、tolC等3种基因主动外排基因的携带率较高,且与多重耐药菌株的耐药谱具有相关性;调控因子的表达量亦与多重耐药的耐药谱具有相关性。     

青岛市兔源产ESBL大肠杆菌的耐药性及多重耐药调控基因SoxS序列的分析

[目的] 了解兔源产ESBL大肠杆菌耐药特点,为掌握其造成的耐药性危害提供数据参考。[方法] 2015年3-4月从青岛4个养兔场采集118份兔粪便棉拭子,进行大肠杆菌分离,并检测对16种抗生素的耐药谱,及对多重耐药调控基因SoxS携带率。[结果] 从118份兔粪便棉拭子分离获得68株大肠杆菌,确证筛选出47株产ESBL大肠杆菌,占兔源大肠杆菌的69.1%。药敏结果显示所有产ESBL大肠杆菌菌株耐药性较强且呈现多重耐药,仅对碳青霉烯类药物敏感率100%。兔源产ESBL大肠杆菌多重耐药调控基SoxS携带率为100%,且不同动物源性产ESBL大肠杆菌的多重耐药调控基因同源关系较近。[结论]青岛地区兔源产ESBL 大肠杆菌分离率高且耐药谱广,多重耐药调控基因SoxS携带率高,主要涉及到细菌主动外排泵出机制,使得大肠杆菌对抗生素的敏感性中起到了至关重要的作用,本研究对抗生素在临床中的应用起指导意义。     

我国鸡源大肠杆菌喹诺酮耐药株中qnr基因的发现

本文从我国鸡源大肠杆菌质粒中发现了介导喹诺酮类耐药的qnr基因。从120株鸡源大肠杆菌分离株中筛选出17株喹诺酮类耐药菌,以其质粒提取物为模板,PCR扩增介导喹诺酮类药物耐药qnr基因,结果发现3株阳性菌。序列测定结果显示,3株菌间qnr同源性为100%,与GenBank注册序列（AY655485）同源性为95.3%,氨基酸序列同源性为98.63%。3株qnr阳性菌对16～19种抗菌药物呈高水平多重耐药。     

猪源大肠杆菌flor耐药基因的检测与分析

旨在了解动物源大肠杆菌中氯霉素类药物耐药基因的分子流行病学特征。采用PCR技术检测兽医临床分离的30株猪源大肠杆菌中flor基因的携带情况,利用序列分析技术对GenBank中登录的不同来源的大肠杆菌flor基因序列和临床分离的2株大肠杆菌(HZ19株与MZ6株)的flor基因序列进行相似性分析,并构建系统进化树。结果表明,有24株猪源大肠杆菌为flor基因阳性,阳性率为80%;2株猪源大肠杆菌flor基因的相似性为99.2%,与其他序列的相似性在99.0%~100%。提示分离到的猪源大肠杆菌对氯霉素类药物的耐药情况较为严重,在兽医临床中应引起足够重视。     

食品动物源大肠杆菌多重耐药菌株整合子-基因盒的分子特征

为研究分离自四川省食品动物源大肠杆菌多重耐药菌株整合子-基因盒分布及分子特征,采用多重PCR方法检测327株多重耐药菌株中I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型整合酶基因,用PCR-测序法对整合子阳性菌进行基因盒序列分析.结果表明327株Escherichia coli中294株(89.91%)检出有I型整合子,未检出Ⅱ、Ⅲ型整合子.在随机选取的81株l型整合子阳性菌中,67株(82.72%)能扩增出800～3000 bp的耐药基因盒插入区.基因盒以编码对甲氧磺胺嘧啶类和氨基糖苷类药物耐药的dfrA、dhfrI和aadA基因家族为主,尤其以dfrA17+aadA5为优势基因盒.分别在2株菌中检出aacA4+catB3+dfrA1和aadA22基因盒.aadA22是四川分离菌株中首次报道,介导氨基糖苷类耐药.结果表明I型整合子普遍存在于大肠杆菌临床菌株中.尽管菌株携带的整合子-基因盒与其多重耐药谱间不存在对应关系,但不同来源菌株中检测出相同的耐药基因盒片段,说明了通过整合机制耐药基因可在不同菌株问水平传递.     

大肠杆菌多重耐药调节基区AcrR和MarR突变

研究大肠杆菌多重耐药外输泵抑制基因AcrR和MarR突变对大肠杆菌多重耐药的调节机制。采用琼脂平板二倍稀释法测定环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氯霉素、四环素、利福平、庆大霉素、大观霉素、阿米卡星、链霉素、阿莫西林等10种药物对临床分离的33株大肠杆菌和大肠埃希氏菌的标准菌株ATCC25922的最小抑菌浓度（MIC），从中筛选出7株多重耐药菌和2株相对敏感菌，并对这9株菌及标准菌ATCC25922的AcrR和MarR基因进行聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增并克隆后测序，分析DNA序列及氨基酸序列的突变情况。耐药菌和敏感菌均发现有部分菌株发生了不同程度的点突变。AcrR和MarR同时突变将更大限度的提高细菌的耐药性。     

豫北地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性及基因多态性分析

为了解豫北地区规模化养殖场猪源大肠杆菌的耐药性及基因多态性,对分离的21株猪源大肠杆菌进行药物敏感实验,采用PCR技术对其耐药基因进行检测,RAPD技术进行基因多态性分析。结果表明:豫北地区规模化养殖场分离的猪源性大肠杆菌菌株对常见16种抗生素存在不同情况的耐药性。其中对四环素、红霉素、麦迪霉素、阿莫西林、磺胺异恶唑、环丙沙星、新生霉素、复方新诺明、恩诺沙星、甲氧苄啶的耐药率均为100%,对庆大霉素、洛美沙星的耐药率为85%以上,对其他药物的耐药率相对较低;PCR检测得到8种耐药基因的条带;对菌株进行RAPD分析得到7种不同的基因型。大肠杆菌极易产生耐药性,耐药基因广泛存在于耐药菌株中,但耐药表型与耐药基因之间无绝对相关性。豫北地区猪源大肠杆菌感染多重耐药十分严重,严重影响了该地区猪源大肠杆菌病的诊治和预防。     

鸭源致病性大肠杆菌耐氟苯尼考floR基因的克隆与序列分析

为调查鸭源致病性大肠杆菌氟苯尼考耐药基因floR的存在情况,利用PCR对20株临床分离的耐氟苯尼考的致病性大肠杆菌进行floR分子检测,分子检测结果显示,全部菌株floR基因阳性;对其中2株大肠杆菌的氟苯尼考耐药基因floR进行了克隆和测序,结果表明,鸭源大肠杆菌floR基因片段的克隆测序结果与预期所得片段结果相符,长度为753 bp,2株鸭源大肠杆菌floR基因的同源性为99.6%,与牛源、鸡源等floR基因的同源性为84.8%~99.9%。系统发育分析发现,2株鸭源大肠杆菌floR基因不在同一支上,亲缘关系较远,表明floR基因的亲缘关系与该基因的来源动物无关。     

Antimicrobial resistance and resistance gene determinants in clinical Escherichia coli from different animal species in Switzerland

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on a total of 581 clinical Escherichia coli isolates from diarrhea and edema disease in pigs, from acute mastitis in dairy cattle, from urinary tract infections in dogs and cats, and from septicemia in laying hens collected in Switzerland between 1999 and 2001. Among the 16 antimicrobial agents tested, resistance was most frequent for sulfonamides, tetracycline, and streptomycin. Isolates from swine presented significantly more resistance than those from the other animal species. The distribution of the resistance determinants for sulfonamides, tetracycline, and streptomycin was assessed by hybridization and PCR in resistant isolates. Significant differences in the distribution of resistance determinants for tetracycline (tetA, tetB) and sulfonamides (sulII) were observed between the isolates from swine and those from the other species. Resistance to sulfonamides could not be explained by known resistance mechanisms in more than a quarter of the sulfonamide-resistant and sulfonamide-intermediate isolates from swine, dogs and cats. This finding suggests that one or several new resistance mechanisms for sulfonamides may be widespread among E. coli isolates from these animal species. The integrase gene (intI) from class I integrons was detected in a large proportion of resistant isolates in association with the sulI and aadA genes, thus demonstrating the importance of integrons in the epidemiology of resistance in clinical E. coli isolates from animals.     

Analysis of the AIDA-I gene sequence and prevalence in Escherichia coli isolates from pigs with post-weaning diarrhoea and oedema disease

Three hundred and twenty-four strains of Escherichia coli isolated from weaned pigs with diarrhoea or oedema disease in Eastern China were screened by multiplex PCR for the presence of the gene encoding adhesin involved in diffuse adhesion I (AIDA-I). Two AIDA-I positive strains were subjected to analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the complete orfA and orfB of the AIDA gene. The AIDA-I positive E. coli isolates were also assessed for five fimbriae (F4, F5, F6, F18 and F41) by monoclonal antibodies and for toxin genes (STa, STb, LT, EAST1, Stx2e) by PCR. Twenty-one (6.5%) of the isolates possessed AIDA-I genes. Of these isolates, two carried AIDA-I genes as the only demonstrated virulence factors, and the remaining isolates carried other virulence factor genes. Comparing the AIDA-I sequence from porcine and human sources, a high homology of orfA both in porcine E. coli and human E. coli was observed. However, each orfB of the two porcine E. coli isolates was 3864 nucleotides long compared with 3861 for the E. coli 2787 orfB, and showed 96.5% homology to E. coli 2787. The data indicated (1) that AIDA-I may be an occasional virulence factor in post-weaning diarrhoea and oedema disease in pigs, (2) that it has the potential to transfer between porcine and human E. coli, and (3) that there is a genetic diversity in orfB between human and porcine E. coli.     

Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium isolated from pigs and broiler chickens to tetracycline degradation products and distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants in E. coli from food animals

One hundred Escherichia coli isolates from diseased and healthy pigs, cattle and broiler chickens were screened for the presence of tetracycline resistance genes tet(A), (B), (C), (D) or (E). The tet(A) gene was the most abundant (71% of the 100 isolates) followed by tet(B) (25%). The predominance of tet(A) and tet(B) applied to all three animal species, and there was no difference between the distribution of tet(A) and tet(B) genes among non-pathogenic and pathogenic E. coli in any of the animal species. The susceptibility of 20 of these isolates together with 10 tetracycline sensitive E. coli and 18 tetracycline resistant and 10 sensitive Enterococcus faecium to tetracyclines and tetracycline degradation products was determined. The resistant isolates showed reduced resistance to anhydrotetracycline, 4-epi-anhydrotetracycline, anhydrochlortetracycline and 4-epi-anhydrochlortetracycline. In general both the tetracycline resistant and susceptible E. faecium were more susceptible to the compounds tested than E. coli.     

3株猪源大肠埃希氏菌耐药基因的初步定位

本试验旨在对临床分离的猪源大肠埃希氏菌耐药基因进行初步定位。采用常规细菌分离培养、16S rRNA PCR扩增和序列测定方法从江西省3个规模化猪场送检的子宫脓液中分离鉴定病原菌,并通过质粒提取、转化大肠埃希氏菌DH5α感受态细胞及药敏试验对临床分离株的耐药基因进行初步定位。结果显示,分离鉴定到3株大肠埃希氏菌,其中JX-22分离株仅对氧氟沙星、大观霉素敏感,JX-26分离株仅对链霉素、氧氟沙星等4种药物敏感,JX-28分离株仅对氧氟沙星等3种药物敏感,均为多重耐药菌;3株大肠埃希氏菌均可纯化到分子质量大小不一的质粒。分离株、质粒转化菌及大肠埃希氏菌DH5α感受态细胞药敏试验对比结果显示,3株大肠埃希氏菌的耐链霉素、林可霉素、甲硝唑、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、大观霉素、丁胺卡那基因,JX-22和JX-26分离株的耐多西环素、氟苯尼考和复方新诺明基因,JX-22分离株的耐头孢曲松基因,JX-28分离株的耐头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、诺氟沙星基因均定位于细菌质粒上;JX-28分离株的耐多西环素、氟苯尼考和复方新诺明基因,JX-22分离株的耐诺氟沙星基因和JX-26分离株的耐头孢曲松、头孢噻肟基因均定位于其染色体上;3株分离株均无氧氟沙星耐药基因。本试验初步确定3株多重耐药猪源大肠埃希氏菌的大部分耐药基因定位于质粒上,为进一步研究猪源大肠埃希氏菌的耐药机理和有效控制措施奠定基础。     

鸭源致病性大肠杆菌耐氟苯尼考floR基因的克隆与序列分析

为调查鸭源致病性大肠杆菌氟苯尼考耐药基因floR的存在情况,利用PCR对20株临床分离的耐氟苯尼考的致病性大肠杆菌进行floR分子检测,分子检测结果显示,全部菌株floR基因阳性;对其中2株大肠杆菌的氟苯尼考耐药基因floR进行了克隆和测序,结果表明,鸭源大肠杆菌floR基因片段的克隆测序结果与预期所得片段结果相符,长度为753 bp,2株鸭源大肠杆菌floR基因的同源性为99.6%,与牛源、鸡源等floR基因的同源性为84.8%～99.9%。系统发育分析发现,2株鸭源大肠杆菌floR基因不在同一支上,亲缘关系较远,表明floR基因的亲缘关系与该基因的来源动物无关。     

7种动物冠状病毒特异基因的克隆与序列分析

为了比较冠状病毒基因相关性,获得特异基因克隆制备冠状病毒基因芯片,根据发布的基因序列,每种病毒设计4~17对引物,利用火鸡冠状病毒(TCV)原毒和蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化浓缩的犬冠状病毒(CCV)、猫冠状病毒(FCV)、猫传染性腹膜炎病毒(FIPV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)、猪呼吸道冠状病毒(PRCV)、牛冠状病毒(BCV)细胞毒,提取总RNA并反转录和PCR扩增。回收PCR产物连接pGEM-T-easy载体并转化大肠杆菌TGI,经PCR鉴定后测序。将所有基因片段的核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列,分别与GenBank有关病毒相关基因片段的核苷酸序列进行分析比较,确定它们的同源性。通过对不同冠状病毒不同基因片段的克隆和测序,发现同一群冠状病毒核苷酸序列间具有较高的同源性。     

Prevalence of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) gene in isolates in weaned pigs with diarrhea and/or edema disease

A total of 476 Escherichia coli isolated from weaned pigs with diarrhea and/or edema disease were screened for the presence of the enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). E. coli strains that carried EAST1 genes were also tested by PCR for the presence of genes for five fimbriae (F4, F5, F6, F18 and F41), two heat-stable (STa and STb) and one heat-labile (LT) enterotoxin, and Shiga toxin 2e (Stx2e). One hundred and forty nine (31.3%) of the 476 E. coli isolates carried the gene for EAST1. Of these 149 isolates, 66 (44.3%) carried the east1 gene only and 83 (55.7%) carried genes for the fimbrial adhesins or enterotoxins. E. coli which carried east1 gene also possessed genes for STa or F4 frequently. EAST1 may represent an additional determinant in the pathogenesis of E. coli diarrhea in weaned pigs.     

Genotypic prevalence of the adhesin involved in diffuse adherence in Escherichia coli isolates in pre-weaned pigs with diarrhoea in Korea

A total of 1002 Escherichia coli strains isolated from pre-weaned pigs with diarrhoea on 1114 swine farms were screened for the presence of the adhesin involved in diffuse adherence (AIDA) gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Escherichia coli isolates that carried AIDA genes were also tested by PCR for the detection of five fimbriae (F4, F5, F6, F18 and F41), heat-stable (STa, STb) and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxin, enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1), and Shiga toxin 2 oedema disease (Stx2e) genes. Twenty-three (2.3%) of the 1002 E. coli isolates carried the gene for AIDA. Among 23 isolates shown to carry genes for AIDA, three carried the AIDA gene as the only shown virulence factor. Other isolates carried other virulence factor genes in addition to AIDA. Four isolates carried genes for at least one of the fimbrial adhesins and enterotoxins. Sixteen isolates carried genes for enterotoxins only. The AIDA may represent an additional virulence determinant in pre-weaned pigs with diarrhoea.     

traT and CNF2 genes of Escherichia coli isolated from milk of healthy cows and sheep

The objectives of the present study were to isolate Escherichia coli from milk of apparently healthy cows and sheep and to investigate the presence of traT and cytotoxic necrotising factor-2 (CNF2) virulence genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Milk samples collected from a total of 1028 apparently healthy ruminants (737 cows and 291 sheep) in eastern Turkey were streaked onto 5% sheep-blood agar. E. coli was isolated and identified by biochemical tests in 5.9% (61/1028) of milk samples. Correct amplification with the molecular length of 232 bp was obtained from all E. coli isolates by the species-specific PCR. The isolation rates of the agent were calculated to be 7.6% (56/737) in cows and 1.7% (5/291) in sheep. The difference between these proportions was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Multiplex PCR showed that traT and CNF2 genes were present in 62.3% and 6.6% of all isolates, respectively. Both genes were present in 16.4% of the isolates, with only 14.7% having neither gene.     

Comparison of antimicrobial resistance in generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. cultured from identical fecal samples in finishing swine

The objectives of this study were to investigate the associations between antimicrobial resistance patterns in generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates recovered from identical pen pooled fecal samples, and to evaluate potential clustering of multiple isolates of these organisms within identical fecal samples. Up to 5 generic E. coli (n = 922 isolates) and Salmonella spp. (n = 922 isolates) isolates were obtained from each of 188 pen pooled fecal samples that had been collected from 45 finishing swine farms in Alberta in 2000, and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials. No isolates of either organism were resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones, which in Canada are considered antimicrobials of very high importance to human health. Approximately twice as many generic E. coli isolates as Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial. In addition, E. coli isolates showed more multidrug-resistance patterns. No significant association was observed between the resistance phenotypes of Salmonella spp. and E. coli at the fecal sample level. More clustering at the sample level was observed for proportions of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. isolates than E. coli indicating that in future studies it might be sufficient to test fewer than 5 Salmonella spp. isolates per sample.