太白山自然保护区生物多样性保护成效及现阶段影响因素分析

依据生物多样性主要采用就地保护的原则,1965年9月,陕西太白山自然保护区成立。50年来,通过不断加强资源保护、持续开展科学研究、广泛进行环境教育、适度发展生态旅游以及林业行政大力执法等措施,有效地保护了太白山区域生态系统多样性、物种多样性以及遗传多样性,取得了一定的保护成效。但随着社会经济的发展,区内生物多样性保护同时又面临一些新的挑战,本文概括总结太白山自然保护区50年保护成效,分析现阶段生物多样性保护威胁因素,提出应对措施,为有效保护,合理利用、实现可持续发展提供理论支持。     

龙王山自然保护区生物物种多样性及其保护

根据1997～2005年对浙江省龙王山自然保护区动物、植物考察资料,从物种多样性水平上对该地区生物多样性作了分析和研究.分析了特有种及珍稀、濒危物种资源受威胁的原因,提出了生物多样性保护的对策.     

湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区范围与功能区调整及其影响研究

为了缓和日益加剧的生物多样性保护与社区经济发展之间的矛盾,推进保护管理工作与主要保护目标的契合,壶瓶山自然保护区对范围和功能区进行了调整。自然保护区面积由40 847hm~2增加至66 568 hm~2,核心区和缓冲区人口由15 329人减少至5 809人。调整后,保护区的功能得到加强,人为活动的干扰有效减弱,更有利于优化保护区的管理和促进当地社会经济的协调发展。     

松山自然保护区生物多样性现状与保护策略

地处燕山山脉军都山中的松山自然保护区,具有生态系统多样性、物种多种性、遗传多样性等特点,是首都生物多样性最丰富的地区之一。然而近年来,由于自然和人类活动的双重作用,生态逐渐退化,生物多样性种类数量锐减,生物多样性保护刻不容缓。文章分析了目前保护区生物多样性面临的威胁,提出了今后加强保护、合理开发的对策。     

壶瓶山自然保护区生态补偿标准的调查研究

通过问卷调查、随机抽样调查等方法,摸清壶瓶山自然保护区林农的经济来源、生活现状及民生开支等情况,并通过数据整理、分析得出:国家级自然保护区林地生态补偿应针对不同经营功能区、面积和人口等方面的因素进行财政补偿。壶瓶山自然保护区的年补偿标准为核心区246.66元/hm2和391.04元/人、缓冲区157.91元/hm2和250.35元/人,即壶瓶山自然保护区年均补贴核心区为3 206.53元/户,缓冲区为2 052.87元/户。     

松山自然保护区的生物多样性及其威胁因素

2007年对区内的资源进行了复查。近两年开展了保护野生动物、旅游等对环境影响的监测和分析研究。松山自然保护区内物种资源丰富,具有生态系统多样性、物种多种性、遗传多样性等的特点。该文还分析了自然保护区目前受到的威胁,提出了今后在资源保护管理方面的意见。     

陆域自然保护区选址与规划设计研究进展

人口持续增加和人类社会发展对野生动植物及其生境产生了巨大的威胁。科研人员从物种多样性维持机制、致危原因、就地保护和迁地保护等多方面开展了大量探索和研究工作,事实证明建立自然保护区是生物多样性保护最有效的途径之一。文中从自然保护区选址和规划设计2个角度,介绍了生物多样性地理分布格局、岛屿生物地理学和集合种群等相关理论,整理和总结了自然保护区选址和规划设计等方面的研究进展,分析了当前自然保护区选址和规划设计中的前沿和可能存在的问题,并对其未来可能的发展方向进行了探讨,以期为我国自然保护区选址和建设的研究及实践提供参考。     

松山自然保护区的生物多样性及其威胁因素研究

2007年对区内的资源进行了复查.近两年开展了保护野生动物、旅游等对环境影响的监测和分析研究.松山自然保护区内物种资源丰富,具有生态系统多样性、物种多种性、遗传多样性等的特点.该文还分析了自然保护区目前受到的威胁,提出了今后在资源保护管理方面的意见.     

甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区生物多样性概况及保护策略

概述了白水江自然保护区生物多样性的6个生态系统，认为物种多样性十分丰富，占甘肃省物种多样性的61．89％，占中国物种多样性10．39％左右，物种多样性表明遗传多样性十分丰富。论述了该区生物多样性具有的重要意义及面临的形势，在此基础上提出了保护和发展生物多样性的策略。     

壶瓶山国家级自然保护区的资源特点及其评价

从植物、动物、昆虫的资源、水资源以及旅游资源等方面论述了壶瓶山自然保护区的资源特点;以自然性、多样性、稀有性、典型性、脆弱性、面积适宜性等为指标对该保护区的自然生态质量进行了评价,又从生态、社会、经济上对保护区的效益作出了评价,并通过保护区的管理现状及存在问题的讨论而对其管理给予了评价。据此,强调了加快壶瓶山自然保护区建设的重要意义。     

Strategic studies on the biodiversity sustainability in Yunnan Province, Southwest China

With an area of 394,000 km2 (4.1% of China's total area) and specific diversified geographical environments, Yunnan houses over 18,000 species of higher plants (51.6% of China's total), 1,836 vertebrate species (54.8% of China's total) and multitu-dinous species of rare, endemic and epibiotic wildlife, ranking first in species richness value and endemicity rate of China's biodiver-sity, thus becoming a rare gene bank of wildlife species with the most concentrated distribution of important wildlife taxa and a key terrestrial biodiversity region of global significance. Despite its evident abundance and endemism, however, the biodiversity is faced with threats of ecological fragility and human disturbances in socioeconomic development resulting in attenuation of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems and serious loss of species, thus, it needs to be carefully studied for its sustainability. Based on the analy-ses of the geographical diversity, the macro material bases of Yunnan's biodiversity were reviewed and six characteristics of the pro-vincial biodiversity were described in the ecosystems, forest types, species compositions, endemic species, genetic resources, etc. By appraising the present status of the provincial biodiversity conservation, the facts that the biodiversity coexisted with fragility were revealed so that eight key disadvantageous factors in the provincial ecological fragility causing serious biodiversity loss were sum-marized and described in this paper. In order to satisfy the two-fold needs of biodiversity sustainability and socioeconomic develop-ment, eight strategies for the sustainable development were intensively elaborated by borrowing certain theories in modern conserva-tion biology, recycling economics and some successful innovations, and by giving comprehensive consideration to the ecological fragility mechanism, nature reserve construction, environmental protection and the exploitability of resources for biodiversity sus-tainability and socioeconomic development. Accordingly, relevant targets, principles, tactics and measures for effective biodiversity conservation and sustainability were suggested to lay a solid theoretical foundation and reliable scientific basis for the biodiversity and socioeconomic sustainable development.     

梅里雪山国家公园生物多样性保护规划方法研究

滇西北是中国生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,自2004起,有关部门就开始运用国家公园管理模式对该地区生物多样性进行保护.文章以梅里雪山国家公园为研究对象,对其生物多样性保护的规划方法进行研究.认为保护行动规划方法中的保护对象的确定、威胁因子的分析、制定并实施保护策略、成效评估4个关键步骤是实现国家公园生物多样性保护的有效逻辑方法.     

森林生物多样性保护原理概述

热点地区的分析,为我们确定生物多样性保护的策略和优先等级提供了依据;由于人类的剧烈干扰,现在地球上有许多物种和生态系统都处于濒危的境地,热带雨林的生物多样性丧失最为严重;热点地区虽然在地球上所占的面积很小,但却拥有大量的物种,这些地区的生物多样性丧失应特别引起我们注意;每个物种灭绝的难易程度不同,稀有种和长寿命种特别易于灭绝,而关键种一旦受到威胁,依赖于其生存的许多物种也会有灭绝的危险。遗传多样性的丧失也是生物多样性丧失的重要方面,种群内遗传多样性的丧失主要来源于奠基者效应、统计瓶颈效应、遗传漂变和近亲交配４种因素。物种的概念影响到对物种的保护,物种保护应包括物种内遗传多样性的保护;种群的动态调节机制和源—汇种群动态对于生物多样性保护具有重要的意义。种群生存力分析是了解物种濒危机制的崭新手段。群落中的种间关系和自然干扰体系是生物多样性保护中应考虑的重要方面。人为的生境破碎与自然景观的异质性不同,生境破碎会造成边缘效应和拥挤效应等一系列的生物学后果。     

Homegarden agroforestry systems: an intermediary for biodiversity conservation in Bangladesh

Biodiversity conservation is one of the important ecosystem services that has been negatively impacted by anthropogenic activities. Natural forests (NF) harbor some of the highest species diversity around the world. However, deforestation and degradation have resulted in reduced forest land cover and loss of diversity. Homegarden agroforestry (AF) systems have been proven to be an intermediary for biodiversity conservation. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of home garden AF practices to conserve tree species diversity in Bangladesh and compare them with tree species diversity in NF. A total of nine locations were selected for this synthesis from published literature which comprised of five AF sites and four NFs. Shannon?CWeiner Diversity Index (H) was similar for home-garden AF (3.50) and NF (2.99), with no statistical difference between them. Based on non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination analysis, the AF and NF plots showed distinct separation. However, Bray?CCurtis dissimilarity index ranged from 0.95 to 0.70 indicating nearly no overlap in species composition to significant overlap between AF and NF. Based on our results, we conclude that AF can serve as an important ecological tool in conserving tree species diversity, particularly on landscapes where NF fragments represent only a small fraction of the total land area. Creating and maintaining AF habitats in such human dominated landscapes should be part of the biodiversity conservation strategy.     

高黎贡山生物多样性保护与社区林业发展的研究

高黎贡山自然保护区森林资源丰富,动植物种类繁多,其物种多样性的丰富程度为国内外罕见。由于周边社区集体森林破坏严重,使保护区受到周围村社的"蚕食",给高黎贡山的森林资源管理和生物多样性保护工作带来了巨大的压力。在对村社集体林地的管理与高黎贡山生物多样性保护相关性论述的基础上,提出加强对乡村集体森林的管理,发展社区林业,实行"以林养林",即以发展集体林来保护国有林、保护区,使社区林业的发展既为当地农户提供日常生产、生活和经济发展所需要的非木材林产品、薪材及木材,又为保护区构筑一道以集体林为主的绿色屏障,以实现自然保护区森林资源管理、生物多样性保护和周围农村经济的协调发展。     

中度干扰对不同光照条件下草地物种多样性的影响

生物多样性保护是全球范围内的生态学问题,以往的观念是,人类活动是导致生物多样性急剧下降的主要原因,所以全球范围内都加快了生态环境的保护。但目前很多的森林、草地及自然资源出现了过度保护现象,导致生物多样性并没有随着环境保护的加强而增多。为了研究干扰对物种多样性的影响,本文设计了在不同光照条件下的人为干扰实验,运用Margalef丰富度指数、Sinmpson指数、Shannon-Winener指数和Pielou均匀度指数,研究了无人为干扰和中度干扰在不同光照条件下对物种多样性和植物生物量的影响,并以此为生态服务和生物多样性保护策略提供依据。结果表明,不同人为干扰强度和光照强度对物种的数量特征和分布特征产生了影响,有人为干扰样方中的物种多样性比无人为干扰样方中的高,中度干扰样方中物种数量多于轻度干扰样方。有光照的样方中物种数量比荫蔽样方中的物种数量要高。光照强度和人为干扰对地面现存生物量有影响,并且光照强度的影响要大于人为干扰。     

大围山国家级自然保护区自然因素对生物多样性影响的评估

大围山国家级自然保护区是云南省最重要的保护区之一,生物多样性的管理十分重要。研究对生物多样性和影响生物多样性的因子进行评估。研究所采用的第一手自然和生物多样性的第一手数据,如海拔、土壤类型、坡度、森林覆盖率、植物物种、鸟类物种等从大围山保护区的28个样点中获得。用CurveExpert统计软件对这些数据进行数理统计分析,分析的结果显示鸟类物种的多样性与植物物种的多样性呈明显的正相关,说明生境对动物区系多样性保护的关键作用。该研究还分析了关键景观特征与生物多样性的相关性,并对如何测度生物多样性和增强保护和管理该区域的生物多样性提出了建议。本研究的结果不仅对大围山自然保护区的生物多样性保护和管理策略的制定有重要的意义,而且对中国其他自然保护区的保护和管理也有积极地作用。     

Relationship and its ecological significance between plant species diversity and ecosystem function of soil conservation in semi-humid evergreen forests, Yunnan Province, China

In recent years, the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem stability, productivity, and other ecosystem functions has been extensively studied by using theoretical approaches, experimental investigations, and observations in natural ecosystems; however, results are controversial. For example, simple systems were more stable than complex systems in theoretical studies, and higher productivity was observed in human-made ecosystems with poorer species composition, etc. The role of biodiversity in the ecosystem, such as its influence on sustainability, stability, and productivity, is still not understood. Because accelerated soil-erosion in various ecosystems has caused a decrease of primary productivity, a logical way used in the study of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function can be used to study the relationship between plant species diversity and soil conservation. In addition, biodiversity is a product of evolutionary history, and soil erosion is a key factor controlling the evolution of modern environment on the surface of the Earth. A study on the relationship between biodiversity and soil-erosion processes could help us understand the environmental evolution of Earth. Fifteen 10 m × 40 m standard runoff plots were established to measure surface runoff, soil erosion, and total P loss in different secondary communities of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests that varied in composition, diversity, and level of disturbance and soil erosion. The following five communities were studied: AEI (Ass. Elsholtzia fruticosa + Imperata cylindrical), APMO (Ass. Pinus yunnanensis + Myrsine africana + Oplismenus compsitus), APLO (Ass. Pinus yunnanensis + Lithocarpus confines + Oplismenus compsitus), AEME (Ass. Eucalyptus smith + Myrsine africana + Eupatorium adenophorum), and ACKV (Ass. Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides + Keteleeria evelyniana + Viola duelouxii). Tree density, the diameter of the tree at breast height, and the hygroscopic volume of plant leaves were determined in each plot. Results indicated that surface runoff, soil erosion, and total P loss decreased as a power function with increase in plant species diversity. Their average values for three years were 960.20 m³/(hm² · year), 11.4 t/(hm² · year), and 127.69 kg/(hm² · year) in the plot with the lowest species diversity, and 75.55 m³/(hm² · year), 0.28 t/(hm² · year), and 4.71 kg/(hm² · year) in the plot with the highest species diversity, 12, 50, and 25 times respectively lower compared with the lowest species diversity plots. The coefficients of variation of surface runoff, soil erosion, and total P loss also followed a power function with the increase of plant species diversity, and were 287.6, 534.21, and 315.47 respectively in the lowest species diversity plot and 57.93, 187.94, and 59.2 in the highest species diversity plot. Enhanced soil conservation maintained greater stability with increased plant species diversity. Plant individual density increased linearly and the canopy density and cross section at breast height increased logarithmically with the increase of plant species diversity. The hydrological function enhanced as the plant species diversity increased. There were obviously relationships between plant species diversity and rainfall interception, coverage, and plant individual density, which was related to soil conservation functions in the five forest communities. The complex relationships between plant species diversity and the above-mentioned ecological processes indicated that plant species diversity was an important factor influencing the interception of rainfall, reducing soil erosion and enhancing the stability of soil conservation, but its mechanism is not known. This experiment showed that plant species diversity promoted soil and nutrient conservation and ultimately lead to the increase of the primary productivity of the ecosystem, and was thus a good way to study the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Rainfall interception could be assessed easily using the hygroscopic volume of plant leaves. Because there were strong correlations between plant species diversity and soil conservation functions, the patterns of plant species diversity will show a certain level of predictability on the interactions of life systems with surface processes of the Earth. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(3): 392–403 [译自: 植物生态学报