石灰岩丘陵土壤旱作保水技术的研究

针对石灰岩丘陵土层浅薄、干旱缺水的主要问题,在坡改梯的基础上,测定了不同旱作保水技术措施的土壤含水量、土壤物理性状、土壤水文状况、土壤养分含量、土壤水分特征曲线、土壤导水率和土壤有效水含量等综合指标。结果表明：其旱作保水效果为覆膜〉保水剂〉覆草〉松土〉对照;对寒露蜜桃产量和质量综合评价为覆膜〉覆草〉保水剂〉松土〉对照。     

不同旱作保水措施对龙廷杏梅园地土壤水环境调控效应的影响研究

对龙廷杏梅树盘进行不同材料及不同组合方式的覆盖处理,结果表明:多重处理由于保水剂吸附土壤径流,覆草增加土壤贮水量,覆膜阻隔水分蒸发,蓄水保墒效果最好,其次是双层处理,而单一处理较差.覆膜处理下土壤水分都有向表层聚集的现象;各深度测定点都以多重处理的土壤水分含量最高.不同覆盖物由于保蓄水分的能力不同,对下层土壤水分的影响差异较为明显,各处理比对照平均增产12 027.27 kg/hm2,平均增加净收入21 649元/hm2,产量与土壤含水量在0.05水平上显著相关(r=0.689),不同早作保水措施对龙廷杏梅园地具有良好的土壤水环境调控效应.经济效益显著.     

半干旱地区多因素保水措施对土壤水分及造林成活率的影响

以神府-东胜煤矿采煤沉陷区为试验地,通过正交试验,分析了覆盖材料、保水剂施用量、肥料配比的保水效果及对成活率的影响。结果表明,覆盖材料、保水剂施用量、肥料配比对长梗扁桃成活率、土壤含水量的影响极显著,其影响程度为:覆盖材料>保水剂施用量>肥料配比。在地膜覆盖-保水剂(60 g)-当地土:肥料(4:1)的保水措施下,土壤含水量最高达到17.11%,长柄扁桃成活率最高,为80.5%。无任何保水措施的处理土壤含水量为8.59%,成活率仅为30.13%。栽植长柄扁桃的多因素保水技术措施最佳组合为:地膜覆盖-保水剂60 g-当地土:肥料(4:1)。     

旱作保水措施对金太阳杏园水文生态特性及产量影响的研究

在新泰市龙廷镇低山丘陵的金太阳杏园内实施旱作保水措施,对杏园内的土壤温度、土壤含水量、土壤呼吸速率、叶片蒸腾速率和产量进行测定。结果表明：以覆膜和覆草的效果最好,能保持土壤湿度,调节土壤温度,增加土壤呼吸速率和叶片蒸腾速率,有效地改善杏园土壤的水、热、气、肥等条件,促进杏树根系的生长环境和吸收水分和养分的功能,增加果品产量。     

基于主成分分析的片麻岩山地新栽幼树不同保水措施评价

[目的]探索北方退化干旱山地新栽幼树适宜的土壤保水措施,为北方干旱退化山地发展高效节水经济林产业提供科学依据。[方法]以2年生"绿岭"核桃嫁接幼树为试材,进行保水剂、秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖等保水措施的不同组合处理,研究不同保水措施对土壤环境状况及新栽核桃幼树生长的影响,并采用主成分分析法对保水措施进行科学的综合评价。[结果]用土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量和新栽幼树生长状况3个层次的17个指标构建了片麻岩山地新栽幼树保水措施的筛选模型,将原始数据标准化,提取出了4个主成分,可反映保水措施93.453%的综合效果。[结论]地膜覆盖是片麻岩山地新栽幼树最佳的保水措施。     

保水缓/控释肥料的研究进展

肥料与保水剂复合一体化使用是水肥调控的重要技术，是肥料研究的国际前沿。该文主要对保水剂与化肥的复合方式与工艺，保水剂与肥料养分相互作用及其研究方法，以及保水及保水肥料应用的水肥效应方面的进展进行综述，并指出了保水缓/控释肥料研究存在的问题和今后努力的方向。保水剂与肥料可以通过物理混合(吸附或造粒)、包膜或化学合成3种方式结合为材料与功能复合一体化的保水缓/控释肥料，包膜和化学合成是高养分含量保水缓/控释肥料制备的先进工艺。肥料或盐影响保水剂的吸水膨胀及吸附作用，因肥料及盐的种类和离子电价而异。7 d溶解量法、土壤淋洗法及土壤培养法等是研究保水剂及保水缓释肥料养分吸附解吸的常用方法。保水剂或保水缓/控释肥料对一些养分的缓释作用报道基本一致，对土壤水分改善作用存在不一致的报道，与高盐含量和保水剂用量有关。保水缓/控释肥料今后发展方向应加强养分含量与吸水倍率指标标准、保水材料及其与肥料复合机制的创新、以及湿润及养分控释机理的研究，还应加强中试及产业化技术开发研究。     

东北黑土区坡耕地治理过程中的水土保持效应

以传统顺垄耕作为对照,研究了东北黑土区坡耕地治理过程中的水土保持效应.结果表明:坡耕地不同治理措施的保水效应和保土效应以水平梯田最佳,效应值分别为70.64%和77.61%,大小顺序为水平梯田>地埂植物地>横垄>对照,保土效应要优于保水效应,对照和横垄的土壤侵蚀程度表现为轻度,地埂植物带和水平梯田表现为微度;容重、蓄水容量、有效蓄容和稳定入渗率表征坡耕地治理措施土壤水源涵养效应指标的大小顺序为地埂植物带>水平梯田>横垄>对照.     

不同保水措施对退化干旱山地新植核桃园土壤养分和微生物的影响

[目的]探索退化干旱山地不同保水措施对土壤理化特征的影响,为北方干旱退化山区土壤环境改良提供科学依据。[方法]以太行山新垦片麻岩山地新植核桃园为试材,进行保水剂、玉米秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖等保水措施的不同组合处理,研究土壤养分和微生物数量的变化。[结果]秸秆覆盖能显著提高土壤养分含量和微生物数量。细菌、放线菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量较对照分别提高了14.04%,17.42%,25.53%,60.29%,25.90%,15.31%,143.67%和51.44%。保水剂使得土壤养分含量和微生物数量略有下降。地膜覆盖降低了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、纤维素分解菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷含量,较对照分别降低了27.19%,21.0%,10.11%,31.07%,1.11%,22.06%和6.06%,却提高了土壤全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量,较对照分别提高了12.6%,9.65%,8.09%。多元组合处理对土壤养分含量和微生物数量的影响相互之间差异较大;而保水剂+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖的组合并没有达到最佳效果;在所有处理中,保水剂+秸秆覆盖的组合对土壤的改良效果最好,与对照相比,提高土壤细菌、放线菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量分别达16.67%,3.37%,6.64%,92.65%,12.67%,1.8%,94.25%和105.76%。[结论]土壤养分、微生物数量与土壤水热气状况密切相关;保水措施在改变土壤水热气状况的同时,也改变了土壤养分和微生物数量。     

保水剂与肥料互作及保水缓/控释肥料研究展望

保水剂在农业上的作用日益重要,肥料与保水剂一体化使用是水肥调控的重要技术,是肥料研究的国际前沿。保水剂是吸水量超过自身重量数百倍以上的亲水性高聚物。保水剂一般分为天然的,合成的及半合成的。保水剂与肥料可以通过物理混合、包膜或化学合成三种方式结合为一体化的保水缓/控释肥料。保水剂具有吸水吸肥功能,保水剂可吸附大量中性分子,对阳离子养分也有较强吸附作用,对阴离子养分吸附弱。肥料种类与盐浓度影响保水剂的吸附作用与膨胀能力。保水缓/控释肥料在土壤中对肥料养分有延迟释放作用。保水缓/控释肥料可改善土壤持蓄水分和水肥交互作用,促进植物对养分的吸收和作物增产。保水缓/控释肥料发展方向是包膜和化成保水缓/控释肥料。保水缓/控释肥料湿润及养分控释机理研究也需要加强。     

不同覆盖措施下龙廷杏梅园地小气候效应研究

对龙廷杏梅树盘进行不同材料及不同组合方式的覆盖处理,结果表明：覆白膜的冠下反射率较大,各覆盖处理保水效果均好于对照,多重措施好于双层措施,双层措施又好于单一措施。地表覆膜使土壤温度明显上升,覆草处理土壤温度虽然上升慢,但保温效果好,土壤施入保水剂可以保持土壤水分,进行覆草和覆膜加保水剂的多重处理则可以扬长避短。各处理均可改善土壤区域环境的水热条件,提高杏梅的产量及品质。     

护坡拦蓄保水措施对三峡地区坡地土壤水分含量及玉米的影响

通过大田试验,研究护坡拦蓄保水措施对三峡地区坡地玉米农艺性状、产量及土壤含水量的影响。结果显示：在玉米全生育期,护坡拦蓄保水能明显降低地表径流量,增加土壤存留量,与对照区相比,拦蓄能力为总降水量的5．1％,保水能力提高了42．2％;各层土壤平均重量含水量比对照区高4．9个百分点;在相同的肥力梯度条件下,护坡拦蓄保水措施使玉米地径增大0．2～0．4cm,苗高增加14．5～49．9cm,叶片数增加1片,最大叶片长度增长2．2～8．8cm。护坡拦蓄保水具有明显的增产效应,在不施肥、低肥、高肥、特高肥条件下,分别增产85．9％、21．4％、10．9％和5．1％。护坡拦蓄保水措施对玉米千粒重影响不大,但与施肥水平有关,表现为低肥〈高肥〈特高肥,其千粒重依次为362±1g、370±1g和381±1g。     

山东干旱瘠薄山地造林新技术试验

 在山东干旱瘠薄山地,应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗、乔灌藤科学配置、鱼鳞坑整地、水平阶整地、梯田整地、灌草覆盖、保水剂和常规技术（穴状整地）8种造林技术,对9个树种的造林成活率、栽植初期新梢生长量和侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）苗造林成本进行比较分析。结果表明:应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗等7种技术与常规技术（穴状整地,对照）相比较,9个树种的平均成活率提高2.612.7百分点,栽植当年平均新梢生长量增加5.936.3百分点,应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗技术造林成本降低9.3百分点,其他6种技术比常规技术（穴状整地,对照）的造林成本增加6.2158.4百分点。应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗作为新的造林技术,在8种造林技术中,不仅造林成活率最高,在造林之初的新梢生长量亦最大,而且造林成本最低。     

Water-Retention Characteristics and Available Water Capacity in Three Cropping Systems of Lower Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plain

This study was conducted in Chinchura-Mogra and Polba-Dapur Blocks of Hugli District, West Bengal to determine the changes in cropping systems on water-retention characteristics (WRC) and available water capacity (AWC) and their relations with other soil properties. In the present study, three sites contained adjacent cropping systems of banana and mango orchard, paddy–paddy, and paddy–potato–vegetables were selected. Soil samples were collected from depths of 0–30 and 30–60 cm in three representative sites of each cropping system with three replications guided by land use and soil map of study area. Analysis of variance was performed to compare the impact of cropping systems on available water content and water-retention characteristics. The mean clay content was greater both on the surface (61.70%) and in the subsurface (55.06%) in the soils under the paddy–paddy cropping system than banana and mango orchard and paddy–potato–vegetable cropping systems. Paddy–potato–vegetables cropping system (0.55%) has lower soil organic carbon compared to the banana and mango orchard (0.63 %) and paddy–paddy cropping system (0.65%) at 0–30 cm deep, whereas no significant difference in soil organic carbon was recorded in 30–60 cm deep. The results of available water capacity indicated that paddy–paddy cropping system recorded lower available water capacity at both ranges of depth. Available water capacity is significantly positively correlated with silt and organic carbon. The results of water-retention studies indicated that 75 and 85% of available water was removed from the soil of paddy–potato–vegetable cropping system by 0.5 M Pa at 0–30 and 30–60 cm deep, respectively, whereas only 56–62% of available water was removed by 0.5 M Pa in the other two systems. The results show that the paddy–potato–vegetable cropping system is more vulnerable to moisture stress during drought periods.     

Zum Einfluss langjährig differenzierter Kaliumdüngung auf Parameter des Bodenwasserhaushaltes

Using soil samples from 15 field trials of long term-differences in potassium fertilization from sites in Germany, the Czech Republic and Hungary, we conducted a laboratory analysis to measure the effects of potassium fetilization on soil potassium content, water-retention functions and crop growth parameters such as field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water content. The different soil water parameters showed a specific response to potassium fertilization and strong interactions with a number of soil characteristics. Higher water content, caused by an increase in potassium, was measured in low water retention below pF 3.0 and only in a few cases with pF 4.2. The strongest response to long-term differences in potassium fertilization on field capacity and available water content were detected for sandy soils. This effect decreased with increased clay content. In sandy soils, the response to potassium fertilization was mediated by an increase in soil organic carbon (TOC). In soils with a high silt content from Bad Lauchstädt and Bonn only minute effects of TOC on the water-holding capacity were measured. The effect of potassium on the various water-retention parameters in soils was strongly affected by TOC of the particular soil. Thus, the potassium-mediated increase in the field capacity of soils with a low TOC from the experimental site in Bonn (1.05 M% TOC) with almost 1.2 Vol% was almost twice as high as for the site in Bad Lauchstädt, which is characterized by a TOC of 1.97 M%. We hypothesize that these interactions are responsible for the substantial increase in available water content following increased potassium in clay soil with a low TOC in Putnok (Hungary).     

Effects of Sugar Foam Liming on the Water-Retention Properties of Soil

The influence of sugar foam amendment on the moisture-retention properties of three profiles of an acidic vineyard soil in Retuerta del Bullaque (Ciudad Real, Spain) has been studied. The values obtained for the surface horizons of modified soils and the original soil (under natural vegetation) were compared, as were those for the surface and subsurface horizons of the liming profiles. The water-retention curves (drying curve) were determined in triplicate on the sieved soil with Richards plates and the field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), and available water-retention capacity (AWRC) were calculated. In the original soil FC, PWP, and AWRC values were greater than the average values for the amended soils (36.5 percent, 15.1 percent, and 21.5 percent versus 23.5 percent, 10.35 percent, and 13.1 percent, respectively). Comparison of the surface horizons and the subsurface horizons of the three profiles showed that the values for the AWRC were greater in the former (13.1 percent, 12.5 percent, and 14 percent for P1, P2, and P3, respectively) than in the latter (11.9 percent, 9 percent, and 8.6 percent for P1, P2, and P3, respectively), although FC and PWP were lower in A horizons than in B horizons.     

南方红壤区不同利用土地产流产沙特征试验研究

研究不同类型降雨下土地利用/覆被对水土流失过程的影响,对于科学指导植被建设和控制水土流失具有重要意义。采用人工模拟降雨的方法,对南方红壤区典型小流域8种不同利用土地的径流、泥沙在不同降雨条件下的流失特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同利用土地的径流和泥沙流失差异明显,且各利用土地的径流和泥沙流失的变化对雨量雨强变化的响应不同;相同降雨条件下径流调控排序为果园>旱平地>油茶>弃土场>水保林>坡耕地>水田>裸地,泥沙调控排序为果园>油茶>旱平地>水田>裸地>水保林>坡耕地>弃土场。因此,具有水土保持措施的果园保水保土最好,而裸地产流最大,坡耕地和弃土场泥沙流失最多,产流和产沙没有完全的对应关系,该研究结果为南方红壤区的水土保持规划与水土流失综合治理提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

可耕种坡地的土壤水力参数非均质性变化

The spatial variations of the soil hydraulic properties were mainly considered in vertical direction. The objectives of this study were to measure water-retention curves, θ（ψ）, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions, K（ψ）, of the soils sampled at different slope positions in three directions, namely, in vertical direction, along the slope and along the contour, and to determine the effects of sampling direction and slope position of two soil catenas. At the upper slope positions, the surface soils （0-10 cm） sampled in the vertical direction had a lower soil water content, 0, at a certain soil water potential （-1 500 kPa 〈 ψ 〈 -10 kPa） and had the greatest unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K, at ψ 〉 -10 kPa. At the lower slope positions, K at ψ〉 -10 kPa was smaller in the vertical direction than in the direction along the slope. The deep soils （100 110 cm） had similar soil hydraulic properties in all the three directions. The anisotropic variations of the hydraulic properties of the surface soils were ascribed to the effects of natural wetting and drying cycles on the structural heterogeneity. These results suggested that the anisotropy of soil hydraulic properties might be significant in influencing soil water movement along the slope and need to be considered in modeling.     

深圳市生产建设项目水土保持临时覆盖材料的应用情况及效果分析

深圳市生产建设项目水土保持临时覆盖采用了土工布、无纺布、塑料网等多种材料,对各种覆盖材料的水土保持效果缺少相应的研究.本文通过现场调研和文献研究的方法,对各种覆盖材料的水土保持效果、价格、使用寿命等进行分析,总结出推荐的水土保持覆盖材料.     

宁夏固原隔坡梯田模式建设内容及效益分析

1985年以来,固原县结合小流域综合治理,开展了隔坡梯田模式研究。截至2001年底,固原县共完成隔坡梯田1 000 hm2,隔坡种草2 000 hm2。据调查,隔坡梯田较同类地区连台梯田粮食产量增加750 kg/hm2,较同类地区坡耕地粮食产量增加1 500 kg/hm2;实施隔坡梯田模式与常规建设梯田、造林、种草相比,单位面积投资减少30％,节省劳力50％,介绍了该模式的适用范围及建设内容。     

天水罗玉沟流域梯田效益分析

<正> 罗玉沟流域地处天水市秦城区北部,属黄河中游黄土丘陵沟懿区第三副区,是渭河支流——藉河的一条支沟。流域总面积75.3km~2,海拔高程1190～1895m。流域内地貌形态以黄土梁状丘陵为主,地面较平缓,大于25°的坡面仅占23.6％,年土壤侵蚀模数达7500t/km~2。罗玉沟流域属温带季风气候,流域平均年降雨量537mm,年蒸发量1293.3mm;流域内冬春干旱,夏秋多暴雨。