人工同龄纯林的两种林木排列方式郁闭度的计算与比较

根据人工同龄纯林正方形和品字形（等边三角形）排列方式，用数学推导、计算出这两种林木排列树冠刚接触时的郁闭度，分别为０．７８５和０．９０６，品字形排列比正方形排列的郁闭度大１５．４％，为准确确定人工同龄纯林定量间伐提供了依据。     

人工同龄纯林的两种林木排列方式郁闭度的计算与比较

根据人工同龄纯林正方形和品字形（等边三角形）排列方式,用数学推导、计算出这两种林木排列树冠刚接触时的郁闭度,分别为０．７８５和０．９０６,品字形排列比正方形排列的郁闭度大１５．４％,为准确确定人工同龄纯林定量间伐提供了依据。     

林分标准密度确定方法的研究

根据现实人工同龄纯林为正方形和品字形排列方式，通过数学原理推导及举例计算，对不同的林木排列方式需不同的树冠面积比例系数，避免在确定林分标准密度时造成偏差。     

人工同龄纯林树冠面积比例系数计算及林分标准密度(立木株数)确定的研究

人工同龄纯林树冠面积比例系数计算及林分标准密度（立木株数）确定的研究熊奎山（甘肃省林业勘察设计研究院兰州７３００２０）关键词人工同龄纯林,树冠面积比例系数,林分标准密度确定Ｒｅｉｎｅｋｅ（１９８３）指出：具有完满立木度的同龄纯林,具有相同的单位面积株...     

青钱柳育苗繁殖栽培技术

指出了运用青钱柳育苗繁殖栽培技术,采种育苗繁殖,培育青钱柳一年生苗木在杉木采伐迹地造林,杉木萌芽后,形成青钱柳杉木混交林。经过8a的经营管理,青钱柳杉木混交林林分生长量,比青钱柳纯林林分生长量增加很多。经调查分析显示:混交林造林后的林木生长保留株树、树高、胸径、树冠、单株材积、郁闭度,分别大于青钱柳纯林造林后的林木生长保留株树多0.40%、树高大8.12%、胸径粗11.97%、树冠10.26%、郁闭度12.5%,单株材积大25%、蓄积量多23%。这表明了青钱柳杉木混交林模式值得推广。     

杉木与红豆树混交造林技术试验

杉木与红豆树纯林、混交造林试验,采用不同造林密度,林木生长经过8年的经营管理,通过调查可知:8年生的杉木与红豆树纯林林木生长量分别平均树高为6.7m、5.6m,胸径粗为7.1cm、6.0cm,树冠大为4.2m、4.6m,郁闭大为0.7、0.8.8年生的杉木与红豆树混交林林木生长量分别平均树高为7.5m、6.3m,胸径为7.8cm、6.6cm,树冠为4.5m、4.8m,郁闭度为0.9.杉木与红豆树混交林比纯林的平均分别树高大10.4%、3.2%,胸径粗1.2%、20%,树冠大11.9%、2.2%,郁闭度大28.5%、12.5%.     

杉木、红锥混交造林试验

对杉木、红锥造林,采用纯林、混交造林试验,经过几年的经营管理,抚育施肥、除草,其林木生长良好.试验结果表明:杉木红锥混交林的林木生长量平均树高、胸径、树冠,比杉木、红锥纯林的林木生长量分别平均树高大9.8%、10.3%,胸径粗11.7%、13.8%,树冠大13.3%、19%,郁闭度大28 6%、12 5%.     

草果栽培方式与萎蔫病的发生关系的研究

对天然常绿阔叶林、旱冬瓜人工纯林的林下草果种植地,开展了不同林分郁闭度、种植株行距和施肥措施等栽培方式与草果萎蔫病发生关系的研究.结果表明,草果萎蔫病的发生与天然常绿阔叶林、人工旱冬瓜纯林两种林地类型的相关性不强.草果人工栽培、半人工栽培采取施肥壮苗措施,可提高草果植株对该病的抗病能力,有效降低其病害发生.在天然常绿阔叶林下栽培草果,林木郁闭度以0.5左右为宜,草果萎蔫病可得到有效控制.而在郁闭度为0.8的旱冬瓜人工纯林下种植草果,植株萎蔫病的发生与其种植密度的相关性不强.     

杉木、红锥混交造林试验

对杉木、红锥造林,采用纯林、混交造林试验,经过几年的经营管理,抚育施肥、除草,其林木生长良好。试验结果表明：杉木红锥混交林的林木生长量平均树高、胸径、树冠,比杉木、红锥纯林的林木生长量分别平均树高大9．8％、10．3％,胸径粗11．7％、13．8％,树冠大13．3％、19％,郁闭度大28．6％、12．5％。     

长岭岗林场日本落叶松人工林适宜经营密度研究

依据湖北省建始县国营长岭岗林场日本落叶松人工林标准地调查资料,研究了胸径、树冠面积、株数的相关关系及规律,结果表明：①日本落叶松人工林树冠面积与胸径最优回归方程为：Y=2.823-0.129 4 X＋0.014 9 X2;②编制出日本落叶松不同径阶林分理论密度及郁闭度为0.7～0.9时的适宜经营密度表;③确定郁闭度0.8时为研究区最适宜经营密度,并计算出各标准地间伐强度。     

毛竹天然混交林空间结构特征研究

为探讨毛竹天然混交林的林分空间结构特征,对不同林分组成的天然混交林生长因子进行了调查。结果表明:毛竹天然混交林的空间利用比较合理,群体结构相对稳定,其中8竹1杉1阔混交林林分密度和平均胸径较适中,分别为1 970株/hm²和10.8 cm,平均冠幅、竹冠空间分布容积和竹冠水平分布面积以及竹叶面积、叶面积指数等因子均大于纯竹林,分别为纯竹林的111.7%、118.5%和130.5%以及111.4%、111.4%;7竹3杉+阔混交林林分密度和平均胸径次之,分别为1 542.2株/hm²和10.1 cm,平均冠幅、竹冠空间分布容积和竹冠水平分布面积均大于纯竹林,分别为纯竹林的114.7%、107.8%和100.0%,叶面积指数与纯竹林相差甚小,竹林生长良好,体现了冠幅与胸径、林分密度之间的密切相关规律。不同林分组成的天然混交林各种树冠水平分布面积均大于纯竹林的树冠水平分布面积,其中4竹4松1杉1阔混交林的树冠水平分布面积最大,为6 861.2 m²/hm²,是纯竹林的17.48倍,对光利用率较高,生产的物质较多。     

Canopy development in young sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) stands in relation to changes with age in crown morphology and structure

In young sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) stands, crown shape (crown length/crown diameter) ratio, average branch inclination, and spatial density of foliage in the crown increased with stand age. Within crowns, foliage distribution increased from the apex downward and, until crown closure, reached a maximum near the crown base. After crown closure, the maximum occurred near the middle of the crown. In each stand, foliage distribution in the canopy showed almost the same vertical change over time as it did in individual crowns. The vertical distribution of foliage in the canopy moved upward with stand age, accompanied by an increase in canopy depth and leaf mass. The shape of the vertical distribution was almost symmetrical between the upper and lower halves in the closed stands, although slightly skewed downward. The logarithm of average spatial density decreased linearly as cumulative leaf mass increased with distance from the top of the canopy. The total cross-sectional area of the crowns exceeded the stand area from the middle of the canopy downward in the closed stands because of crown overlap. However, partly because of changes in crown morphology and structure, the increase in leaf mass with stand age did not always cause more severe crown competition.     

基于无人机影像的天山云杉林伐后更新地林分密度估测研究

【目的】林分密度是影响森林生态系统结构和功能的主要因素,是森林资源调查的一项重要指标,对林木生长发育有着十分重要的影响。基于无人机影像,以实现提取不同郁闭度的林分密度,旨在为天然林保护工程实施后山区森林资源更新恢复评价提供技术支撑。【方法】以新疆农业大学实习林场伐后更新的天然林为研究对象,以天山云杉Picea schrenkiana var.tianshanica纯林为主,基于无人机影像,利用面向对象多尺度分割方法提取了低、中、高3种不同郁闭度林分的天山云杉冠幅信息,进而估算林分密度,提出了采用平均冠幅法估测高郁闭度林分冠层遮挡区域林木株数的方法。【结果】采用面向对象方法对新疆农业大学实习林场伐后更新的天山云杉树冠边缘信息提取精度较高,提取的林分密度与实测结果相近。其中低、中郁闭度林分中林分密度提取精度分别为0.9868和0.9333,高郁闭度林分中林分密度提取精度相对较低,为0.7657。【结论】总体来看,该方法用于研究区天山云杉林伐后更新地林分密度估测是可行的,采用树冠平均冠幅法能够快速准确地提取伐后更新造林地的林分密度。     

Canopy fuel characteristics in relation to crown fire potential in pine stands: analysis, modelling and classification

Crown fire occurrence and subsequent crown fire behaviour are strongly dependent on canopy fuel characteristics, especially canopy fuel load (CFL), canopy bulk density (CBD) and canopy base height (CBH). Therefore, quantification of such variables is required for the appropriate selection of silvicultural treatments aimed at reducing susceptibility to crown fire. Data from the IV Spanish National Forest Inventory and individual tree biomass dry weight equations were used to estimate the canopy fuel characteristics of four representative types of pine stands in north-western Spain. Probability of crown fire initiation and crown fire rate of spread were simulated by using the mean surface fuel load observed for each type of pine in this area and assuming different burning conditions. The results indicate that a 22.13 % of the sample plots analysed showed a rather high potential for active crown fire spread under moderate burning conditions, and this value increases to 69.27 % under extreme burning conditions. Equations relating the canopy fuel characteristics to common stand variables (stand density, basal area and dominant height) were fitted simultaneously for each pine, and weighting factors for heteroscedasticity were included. The models explained more than 93.90, 74.70 and 69.42 % of the observed variability in CFL, CBD and CBH, respectively. Basal area was the most important variable for estimating CFL and CBD while dominant height explained most of the observed variability in CBH. The use of the fitted equations together with existing dynamic growth models and fire management decision support systems will enable assessment of the crown fire potential associated with different silvicultural alternatives used in these types of pine stands.     

Canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests

Canopy fuel characteristics that influence the initiation and spread of crown fires were measured in representative Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) stands in Greece. Vertical distribution profiles of canopy fuel load, canopy base height and canopy bulk density are presented. Aleppo pine canopy fuels are characterized by low canopy base height (3.0–6.5 m), while available canopy fuel load (0.96–1.80 kg/m²) and canopy bulk density (0.09–0.22 kg/m³) values are similar to other conifers worldwide. Crown fire behavior (probability of crown fire initiation, crown fire type, rate of spread, fireline intensity and flame length) in Aleppo pine stands with various understory fuel types was simulated with the most updated crown fire models. The probability of crown fire initiation was high even under moderate burning conditions, mainly due to the low canopy base height and the heavy surface fuel load. Passive crown fires resulted mostly in uneven aged stands, while even aged stands gave high intensity active crown fires. Assessment of canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior can be useful in fuel management and fire suppression planning.     

内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗大五家流域森林涵养水源功能与林分因子的相关性研究

以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗大五家流域内不同林分类型为研究对象,以林分涵养水源功能为目标,研究涵养水源功能与林分因子的相关性,旨在通过林分因子来评判森林涵养水源功能的高低。结果表明：平均树高、胸径、冠幅、冠层厚度、公顷蓄积量、年蓄积生长量、郁闭度、地被物盖度、下木盖度、群落结构的相关关系最密切,影响也最大,该10个林分因子可作为评价不同林分类型涵养水源功能高低的因子。与枯落物层涵蓄水分能力相关性较大的林分因子为胸径（0.734 7）、年蓄积生长量（-0.806 8）、冠层厚度（0.464 7）、冠幅（-0.674 6）、群落结构（-0.370 0）、地被物盖度（0.677 6）、公顷蓄积量（-0.617 9）、郁闭度（-0.587 2）;土壤层涵蓄水分能力相关性较大的林分因子为树高（0.592 1）、胸径（0.275 0）、公顷蓄积量（0.827 5）、郁闭度（0.317 3）、年蓄积生长量（0.767 7）、冠幅（0.749 0）。枯落物层有效拦蓄水量和土壤层有效涵蓄水量相关性较大的因子为郁闭度、公顷蓄积量、下木盖度、胸径、冠幅;林地总的蓄水量相关性较大的因子为地被物盖度、公顷蓄积量。     

北京九龙山不同结构侧柏人工纯林降水的再分配

[目的]基于华北石质山区侧柏人工林2014年(3—10月)降水数据进行量化分析,探究其降水的再分配规律。[方法]采用野外定位研究方法,对不同结构(郁闭度、枝下高)侧柏人工林林冠层降水再分配特征进行分析。[结果](1)1/2枝下高0.4、0.6、0.8郁闭度林内穿透雨总量分别为181.1、168.1、147.1 mm,穿透雨率分别为78.8%、73.1%、64.0%;树干径流总量分别为6.0、5.9、3.9 mm;总树干径流率分别为4.2%、2.6%、1.7%;林冠截留总量分别为39.5、56.1、79.1 mm;林冠截留率分别为17.2%、24.4%、34.4%。(2)1/3枝下高0.4、0.6、0.8郁闭度林内穿透雨总量分别为175.6、154.8、136.0 mm,穿透雨率分别为76.4%、67.3%和59.2%,树干径流总量分别为8.3、4.9、3.3 mm,总树干径流率分别为3.6%、2.1%和1.4%,林冠截留总量分别为46.3、70.4、90.7 mm,林冠截留率分别为20.1%、30.6%和39.5%。[结论](1)侧柏人工林同一枝下高不同郁闭度林分林内穿透雨量差异不显著。2种枝下高郁闭度为0.4和0.8之间的树干径流量均存在显著差异,郁闭度0.4和0.6以及0.6和0.8之间差异不显著。(2)郁闭度为0.4、0.6、0.8时,冠厚占树高2/3(即枝下高为1/3)的林分林冠截留量分别是1/2的1.17、1.25和1.14倍。(3)2种枝下高各自不同郁闭度间林冠截留量均存在显著差异。(4)同等降雨量情况下雨强越大,林冠截留量越小;2次降雨间隔时间越长,林冠层越干燥,林冠截留能力越强;枝下高越低(即冠层厚度越大),林冠截留量越大,且随着郁闭度的增加,林冠截留量逐渐增大。     

丽水市莲都区生态公益林资源结构动态变化研究

根据1999年和2008年公益林区两期的森林资源调查数据,采用对比分析和数理统计方法,从时间尺度上对公益林区的森林资源格局动态变化情况进行了研究,掌握了莲都区公益林在林龄、郁闭度、疏密度、森林类型等方面的变化情况。通过1999年到2008年的十年建设,幼、中龄林与近、成、过熟林面积比例由78:22演变到40:60,蓄积比由54:46演变到23:77;低郁闭度(郁闭度小于0.7)林分由76.57%下降到25.14%,高郁闭度林分则从23.43%上升到74.86%;阔叶林面积占比从11.43%增加到11.57%,针阔混交林面积从26.86%增加到40.29%;单位面积平均蓄积从25.65 m3·hm-2增长到37.95 m3·hm-2,年均净增率4.30%。     

不同经营密度对华北落叶松林大径材林木生长影响的研究——以塞罕坝机械林场为例

以河北省塞罕坝地区华北落叶松林为研究对象,通过对不同经营密度(150株/hm2、225株/hm2、300株/hm2、375株/hm2及750株/hm2的对照样地)试验样地的调查,研究分析了在相同立地条件,不同林分密度对华北落叶松林的林分胸径、树高、材积及郁闭度的影响。研究结果表明,随着林分密度和郁闭度的变化林分平均胸径和株高均发生了显著性的变化,但各试验样地的材积总量却小于对照样地。并最终确定保留木为225～300株/hm2的林分密度可以作为塞罕坝地区培育大径材华北落叶松林的最佳密度。     

Effects of thinning on soil and tree water relations, transpiration and growth in an oak forest (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.)

To quantify the effects of crown thinning on the water balance and growth of the stand and to analyze the ecophysiological modifications induced by canopy opening on individual tree water relations, we conducted a thinning experiment in a 43-year-old Quercus petraea stand by removing trees from the upper canopy level. Soil water content, rainfall interception, sap flow, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance were monitored for two seasons following thinning. Seasonal time courses of leaf area index (LAI) and girth increment were also measured. Predawn leaf water potential was significantly higher in trees in the thinned stand than in the closed stand, as a consequence of higher relative extractable water in the soil. The improvement in water availability in the thinned stand resulted from decreases in both interception and transpiration. From Year 1 to Year 2, an increase in transpiration was observed in the thinned stand without any modification in LAI, whereas changes in transpiration in the closed stand were accompanied by variations in LAI. The different behaviors of the closed and open canopies were interpreted in terms of coupling to the atmosphere. Thinning increased inter-tree variability in sap flow density, which was closely related to a leaf area competition index. Stomatal conductance varied little inside the crown and differences in stomatal conductance between the treatments appeared only during a water shortage and affected mainly the closed stand. Thinning enhanced tree growth as a result of a longer growing period due to the absence of summer drought and higher rates of growth. Suppressed and dominant trees benefited more from thinning than trees in the codominant classes.