日粮瘤胃能氮平衡对奶牛生产性能和牛奶中尿素氮的影响

本研究以12头泌乳中期荷斯坦牛为研究对象,采用随机区组设计分为3组,在干物质进食量相似的条件下,增加瘤胃快速可发酵能量,用玉米粉颗粒替代甜菜渣颗粒,三个处理分别替换0kg、0．4kg和0．8kg,试验期61d。结果表明,日粮处理对奶牛的产奶量和乳成分没有明显影响,玉米粉颗粒替代甜菜渣颗粒饲喂奶牛后可显著降低牛奶中尿素氮（MUN）浓度,评价目粮的瘤胃能氮平衡表明为正平衡,有明显低水平的MUN。试验证明,可以用日粮瘤胃能氮平衡判断饲喂日粮对奶牛MUN的影响。     

乳中尿素氯在奶牛营养检测中的应用

奶牛营养检测技术是衡量奶牛营养工程技术中各种营养措施的系统集成度的重要技术手段。检测乳中尿素氮(MUN)可评定泌乳奶牛13粮中蛋白质的利用率和蛋白质与能量的配比关系。研究表明，当MUN值过高时子宫内环境不利于胚胎着床，从而使牛的受胎率降低。因此，可用MUN来检测奶牛的受胎率?     

奶牛日粮蛋白质降解率与乳尿素氮浓度关系的评价

乳尿素氮（Milk urea nitrogen，MUN）可以用来评价日粮的营养状况，估测氮排泄量，作为提高奶牛繁殖性能的指标。还可以评价奶牛育种进展等。可见，检测MUN浓度在奶牛生产中有重要的意义。     

尿素氮监测在奶牛生产中的应用

奶牛生产中用到的尿素氮通常是指乳中尿素氮（MUN）或血液尿素氮（BUN）,而尿素氮浓度的高低会对奶牛的健康产生一系列的影响.通过对尿素氮的监测,结合牛群改良计划（Dairy Herd Improvement,DHI）中各种监测数据,可以对牛群的营养状况作出精确评价.同时,还可以为饲养方案提供正确合理的日粮结构,从而降低日粮成本.文中对BUN和MUN进行分析、监测,并阐述了二者的产生机制,比较乳中尿素氮和血液尿素氮的对应性,并结合乳蛋白变化分析奶牛日粮中营养蛋白和能量的变化.     

不同日粮蛋白水平对高产奶牛产后MUN及繁殖性能的影响

对产后高产奶牛采用不同蛋白水平日粮饲喂以研究其对产后MUN和繁殖性能的影响。结果发现随着日粮蛋白水平的提高,MUN也随着升高,高浓度的MUN能够引起繁殖障碍,显著降低了情期受胎率,增加配种次数,延长了空怀天数。     

乳尿素氮（MUN）检测在奶牛生产中的指导意义

奶牛产乳性能的高低受品种、营养、年龄、胎次、个体、管理水平和环境等多种因素的影响,因素在奶牛业中开展奶牛生产性能测定（DHI）显得尤为重要。而乳尿素氮（MUN）指标由于能够反映奶牛个体摄入蛋白与能量的平衡情况,并且与奶牛泌乳性能、繁殖性能以及氮的排泄等有很大的相关．     

奶牛牛奶和血液尿素氮含量群体规律及回归关系的研究

为探究泌乳奶牛牛奶尿素氮（MUN）和血液尿素氮（BUN）的群体规律,通过奶牛生产性能测定获得MUN和乳成分指标预测BUN水平。本研究对2个规模化牧场的401头泌乳期荷斯坦牛进行测定,分别获得392条MUN和318条BUN记录。使用SPSS 26固定模型分析了胎次、泌乳阶段、牛场和血液类型对MUN和BUN的影响以及两性状的相关关系与差异;使用多元回归分析筛选对BUN有显著回归关系的乳成分指标,建立了BUN对各乳成分指标的回归方程。本研究中,MUN与BUN的均值分别为13.46、8.41 mg/dL;泌乳阶段与场区效应对MUN有显著影响,MUN在1个泌乳期中呈逐渐上升的趋势。MUN与BUN之间存在极显著的相关关系。在各乳成分指标中,BUN对乳脂率（FP）、乳蛋白率（PP）、乳糖率（LP）和乳干物质（TS）有极显著的回归关系,回归方程为：BUN=0.336MUN–3.689FP–3.903PP–3.996LP+3.959TS+2.832。本研究对常规获得的奶牛生产性能测定记录及其与奶牛BUN水平的关系进行了探究,为监测奶牛的氮利用及能氮平衡提供了有用信息。     

乳中尿素氮在奶牛营养检测中的应用

奶牛营养检测技术是衡量奶牛营养工程技术中各种营养措施的系统集成度的重要技术手段。检测乳中尿素氮(MUN)可评定泌乳奶牛日粮中蛋白质的利用率和蛋白质与能量的配比关系。研究表明,当MUN值过高时子宫内环境不利于胚胎着床,从而使牛的受胎率降低。因此,可用MUN来检测奶牛的受胎率。1MUN的形成饲料中的蛋白质在瘤胃中被降解成氨,一部分氨被瘤胃微生物所利用,过量的氨被瘤胃壁吸收通过血液循环进入肝脏合成了尿素,生成的尿素一部分从尿中排出,另一部分尿素进入了体组织、血液和奶。尿素是由碳、氢、氧、氮组成的有机小分子,而且是血液和…     

奶牛乳尿素氮影响因素及遗传参数估计的研究进展

乳尿素氮（Milk Urea Nitrogen,MUN）是奶牛生产性能测定（Dairy Herd Improvement,DHI）工作中常规的测定指标之一,其浓度通常用于监测奶牛营养状况,反映日粮能氮平衡、繁殖性能以及环境中氮的排放量。MUN浓度因个体和日粮构成而异,同时受多种因素影响。准确的MUN遗传参数估计不仅能够提高牛场经济效益,而且能加快奶牛的遗传进展,为选育优质奶牛提供理论依据。本文对国内外关于MUN的影响因素、遗传力以及与乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、产奶量、体细胞评分等性状的遗传相关进行了综述,以期为MUN的深入研究应用提供参考。     

牛奶尿素氮与奶牛繁殖性能的关系

牛奶尿素氮(MUN)检测作为奶牛群体改良计划(DHI)中重要的检测指标,其含量不仅可以反映饲料中蛋白质水平、能氮平衡,预测氮排泄,还可能是评价奶牛繁殖性能的重要指标。因此,MUN对于改进牛群营养、降低饲料成本及提高繁殖率有积极效果。     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

畜禽物种多样性及其保护和利用

文章就我国畜禽物种多样性资源的现状、保护和利用等方面进行阐述,为生态脆弱的喀斯特地区畜牧业可持续发展提供参考。     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

德国荷兰畜禽产品质量安全交流与启示

2018年岁末,笔者有幸赴德国和荷兰,就畜产品质量安全控制及检测技术等进行了短期交流,收获颇丰,现具体介绍如下。一、交流情况德国面积35.73万平方千米,人口约8175.2万,是欧盟人口最多的国家,农业发达,机械化程度很高。德国的畜牧业以猪、牛、羊和禽类为主,畜牧业产值占农业生产总值的61%。德国虽然农业比重很小,但却是有机农业运动最早的发起国,也是目前世界上有机农产品生产与消费大国。     

广西芒果主要病虫害及其防治

广西是我国主要的芒果生产基地。随着基地建设的发展,芒果病虫害已成为目前栽培管理的主要问题。为此,在调查、研究的基础了介绍了当前芒果生产中常见的病虫害,并提出了防治措施,以期为生产上提供技术参考。     

牛羊焦虫病诊断与防治技术

近几年来,辽宁省牛羊饲养业迅速发展,焦虫病的危害越来越明显,已成为危害牛羊的主要疾病之一。为了提高牛羊焦虫病的防治水平,保证我省牛羊饲养业的健康发展,笔者在参阅文献和同行们诊疗经验的基础上,结合自己的治疗实践,详细阐述了我省牛羊焦虫病近几年的流行特点和诊断防治方法。