“三农”问题的核心、症结及解决途径

农村、农业、农民问题，是一个影响现代化进程的难题，同时也是一个重大的经济、政治和社会问题。我国的“三农”问题，由于特殊国情所致，与其他国家相比，表现得更为尖锐，解决起来难度更大。深入探索“三农”问题的有效解决途径，乃为当前急需研究的重大课题。     

The inheritance of resistance to the blossom weevil, Anthonomus rubi, in the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa

The objective of this research was to determine which strawberry germplasm could be used to combine late flowering with reduced susceptibility to the strawberry blossom weevil, Anthonomus rubi. Seven cultivars and three breeding lines were compared for their susceptibility to A. rubi, by introducing adult weevils onto detached inflorescences. No consistent differences were detected but this contradicted observations from field trials. Five late‐flowering strawberry genotypes were crossed in a half‐diallel programme and progeny were tested for their susceptibility to A. rubi by using detached inflorescences and in a field trial where plants were exposed to a natural infestation. There was good correspondence between the results from the two methods and heritable differences were detected in both experiments, with the additive genetic variance being the more important. The cultivars ‘Idea’ and ‘Alice’ were identified as promising parents for reduced susceptibility while progeny from ‘Sophie’ were most likely to be susceptible.     

Technical aspects of the breeding programme at the Cocoa Research Institute,Tafo, Ghana

The paper briefly reviews the objectives and methods of the breeding programme, and considers the reasons for and inplications of the decision to breed for varieties to be grown from seed. Hybrid vigour and incompatibility are discussed, and methods of preparing parents for subsequent hybridisation are considered, mention being made of efforts to obtain haploids or di-monoploids. Inter-specific hybridisation and polyploidy are mentioned.     

Effect of Intercropping on the Yield Components of Rice, Mungbean, Soybean, Peanut and Blackgram

An experiment with sixteen cropping systems (pure and intercroppings) was conducted during the kharif season of 1985 and 1986. The sixteen cropping systems were: sole rice, sole mungbean, sole soybean, sole peanut, sole blackgram, rice + mungbean (2:1), rice + mungbean (4:1), rice + mungbean deferred (2:1), rice + soybean (2:1), rice + soybean (4 : 1), rice + soybean deferred (2 : 1), rice + peanut (2:1), rice + peanut (4 : 1), rice + blackgram (2:1), rice + blackgram (4:1) and rice + blackgram deferred (2:1). Sole crop of rice always recorded higher number of effective tillers/m², however, it was observed that legumes had an influence on the number of filled grains per panicle and thousand grain weight of rice in rice + legume combinations. Among legumes, pure crops of soybean and peanut always gave rise to increased number of yield components than the other crops grown in association with rice. In case of mungbean, number of pods per plant and thousand seed weight was higher in pure crops though number of seeds per pod was more with rice + mungbean combination. Deferred sown blackgram in association with rice yielded greater number of seeds per pod and thousand seed weight though sole crop of blackgram significantly produced higher number of pods per plant.     

多功能纤维素酶(EGXA)基因在福寿螺胃、肠和肝脏表达水平的测定

为了探明多功能纤维素酶在不同消化器官的表达情况,采用RT-PCR方法测定了多功能纤维素酶在野生福寿螺胃、肠和肝脏3种组织中的相对表达量。结果表明：EGXA基因在胃、肠和肝脏的表达水平(2-⊿⊿Ct)依次为：1.56±0.13、0.08±0.01、0.12±0.03,即多功能纤维素酶主要由福寿螺胃分泌。     

Fertilizers,hybrids, and the sustainable intensification of maize systems in the rainfed mid-hills of Nepal

In the rainfed mid-hill region of Nepal, most fields receive 2–3 t ha⁻¹ of organic compost application every year. Despite efficient recovery and use of organics in the mixed crop-animal systems that predominant in the mid-hills, depleted soil fertility is widely understood to be a significant constraint to crop productivity, with most farmers achieving maize grain yields below 2 t ha⁻¹. Increased use of fertilizer may arrest and even reverse long-term soil quality degradation, but few farmers in the mid-hills use them at present and existing recommendations are insufficiently responsive to site, varietal, and management factors that influence the productivity and profitability of increased fertilizer use. Moreover, policy makers and development practitioners often hold the perception that returns to fertilizer use in the mid-hills are too low to merit investment. In this study, on-farm experiments were conducted at 16 sites in the Palpa district, Nepal to assess the responsiveness of a maize hybrid (DKC 9081) and an ‘improved’ open-pollinated maize variety (‘OPV’, Manakamana-3) to four nitrogen (N) rates, i.e., 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha⁻¹, with each N rate response evaluated at 30:30 and 60:60 kg ha⁻¹ rates of phosphorus (P₂O₅) and potassium (K₂O), respectively. With sound agronomy and high rates of fertilizer (180:60:60 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha⁻¹), grain yields observed in the field experiments exceeded 8 t ha⁻¹ with hybrids and 6 t ha⁻¹ with OPV. Yield levels were lower for OPV than hybrid at every level of applied N, but both genotypes responded linearly to N with partial factor productivity for N (PFP_N) ranging from 14 to 19 for OPV versus 26–30 for hybrid, with improved N efficiencies obtained when P and K rates were significantly higher. Averaged across phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) levels, a $ 1 incremental investment in fertilizer increased the gross margin (GM) by $ 1.70 ha⁻¹ in OPV and by $ 1.83 ha⁻¹ in the hybrid. For the full response of N, requires higher rate of P₂O₅:K₂O and vice-versa and full response to P₂O₅:K₂O does not occur if N is absent. These results suggest that, i) degraded soils in the mid-hills of Nepal respond favorably to macronutrient fertilizers – even at high rates, ii) balanced fertilization is necessary to optimize returns on investments in N but must be weighed against additional costs, iii) OPVs benefit from investments in fertilizer, albeit at a PFP_N that is 36–47% lower than for hybrids, and, consequently iv) hybrids are an effective mechanism for achieving a higher return on fertilizer investments, even when modest rates are applied. To extend these findings across years and sites in the mid-hills, crop growth simulations using the CERES-maize model (DSSAT) were conducted for 11 districts with historical weather and representative soils data. Average simulated (hybrid) maize yields with high fertilizer rate (180:60:60 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha⁻¹) ranged from 3.9 t ha⁻¹ to 7.5 t ha⁻¹ across districts, indicating a high disparity in attainable yield potential. By using these values to estimate district-specific attainable yield targets, recommended N fertilizer rates vary between 65 and 208 kg N ha⁻¹, highlighting the importance of developing domain-specific recommendations. Simulations also suggest the potential utility of using weather forecasts in tandem with site and planting date information to adjust fertilizer recommendations on a seasonal basis.     

Blood,timber, and the state in West Kalimantan,Indonesia

Abstract: West Kalimantan (West Borneo) has a history of violent communal conflict.¹ It also has extensive forests that have been looted for decades. The argument will be that these two are linked, but not by the grievances of the forest dwellers. Except in its first few days, the two main episodes of 1997 and 1999 were not driven mainly by grievances among marginal groups. Rather, explanations based on the ‘resource curse’ carry more weight. These focus attention on the contested nature of the state, rather than on rebellious activities of marginal groups. When state institutions were thrown into disarray by the sudden resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Dayak militants already close to state power rewrote the rules of local politics by demonstratively ‘cleansing’ certain areas of an unpopular immigrant minority. This theatrical manoeuvre impressed political rivals sufficiently to allow Dayaks to gain control over several timber‐rich districts, which had a thriving black economy. Malays later imitated these techniques to stem the tide.     

The housing,geography, and mobility of Latin American urban poor: the prevailing model and the case of Quito,Ecuador

In this study of the constraints of low-income migrants in securing decent housing in Quito, Ecuador (a rapidly growing city), there is a literature review of Latin American intraurban mobility and housing, the development of a theoretical model, and a bivariate analysis. John Turner's model of the three stages in the life cycle of migrants and the three concentric zones of urbanization provides the initial framework for examining Quito migration. Quito differs from other Third World and Latin American cities in that its origins are pre-Colombian, and physical barriers surround the city. Data were obtained from housing data collected independently in 1990 and 1991 and survey data on households living in 1000 inadequate housing units in 1989. 35.5% of Quito's population live in inadequate housing (poor building materials, poor construction, deterioration, or lack of basic services). Three concentric and elongated zones are constructed based on distance from the center city and periphery and are representative of shelter types (rented rooms, shanty, house, and apartment). Shelter improves with type of ownership status. The attitudes of local officials influences the proportion of the poor living in rental or self-help housing. 36% of Quito's low-income residents live in rented rooms, and 38% live in shanties and houses. Bridgeheaders (new migrants who are usually young single males) tend to live in rented rooms for under five years and to move over time to shanties and then houses. Colonial preservation in central Quito and landlords' incentives for encouraging migrants to stay in rental housing interferes with the third phase of the model. Mixed housing throughout the city fits the third phase. Local laws prevent squatters and self-help housing. Rented rooms are primarily in the central city. Occupant income increases with shifts from rented rooms, to shanties, to houses. Shelter, geographic, and mobility patterns that do not fit the model are identified. Urban circumstance may not be linear and evolutionary as predicted, but the pattern is not diverse enough to warrant abandoning the model. The recommendation is for a flexible model for adapting a universal model to local and global conditions.     

Identification of rye genotypes resistant to biotypes B,C, E,and F of the greenbug

Summary The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), is a serious pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and other small grains. Cultivar resistance would be an efficient means of control. Unfortunately, a paucity of greenbug resistance in wheat germplasm and occurrence of new virulent biotypes of the greenbug have made development of resistant cultivars difficult. Therefore, resistance genes are sought in species related to and crossable with wheat. Our objective was to evaluate, in greenhouse seedling tests, 11 rye (Secale cereale L.) accessions for their reaction to greenbug biotypes B, C, E, and F. Two ryes, CI 187 and PI 240675, segregated for resistance to all four biotypes. It may be possible to transfer this resistance to wheat. These resistance sources may also be of importance in rye and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) breeding.     

甘南州2011年7月2—5日持续性暴雨天气成因分析

通过对2011年7月2日—5日甘南州出现的一次持续性暴雨天气过程成因的诊断分析,指出这次强降水天气过程与500 hPa上的切变线以及700 hPa强辐合区的位置密切相关。低层的强烈辐合为暴雨的发生、发展提供了动力条件。通过对物理量场的分析,发现这次持续暴雨过程中在中低层有明显的湿层及水汽的辐合,从而为降水提供了充足的水汽条件。在副高外围西南气流中的持续上升运动,源源不断地将水汽和能量向东输送到降水区,是形成这次持续性暴雨天气过程的主要原因。     

棕色棉纤维四种类黄酮化合物HPLC测定方法的研究

利用高效液相色谱技术,建立一种同时检测棕色棉纤维细胞杨梅素、槲皮素、柑橘素、山奈酚等四种类黄酮成分含量的方法。实验结果显示,四种类黄酮成分达到完全分离,样品在10 h内稳定性较好,加样回收率在96.3%～99.3%。以鲜重计,棕色棉纤维中杨梅素、槲皮素、柑橘素、山奈酚的含量分别为44.68、28.2、47.2、64.6ng·g-1。     

锶、铯、铀对5种植物种子发芽的影响

利用0、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0 mmol/L的硝酸锶(Sr)、硝酸铯(Cs)和硝酸铀(U)对向日葵、大豆、油菜、玉米和黄瓜进行发芽试验,研究核素对植物种子发芽的影响,为植物修复提供依据.结果表明:不同核素对植物种子发芽有不同影响,抑制影响的大小依次为U＞ Sr＞ Cs.核素、核素浓度、植物及其互作对种子发芽率影响非常显著.不同植物对核素的反应不同.玉米种子发芽率对Sr、Cs、U的反应不敏感.向日葵、油菜和黄瓜发芽率随Sr和Cs及其浓度的变化很小,但随U浓度变化很大.大豆发芽率随Sr、Cs、U及其浓度有一个波动变化.一般而言,核素浓度与植物种子发芽率有极显著的负相关关系(r=-0.928 9**),但不同核素和不同植物的相关程度不同.整体而言,核素浓度小于0.5 mmol/L能促进植物种子发芽,大于1.0 mmol/L会抑制种子发芽,Sr,Cs、U对植物种子发芽率影响的浓度效应不同.     

RFLP mapping of the three major genes, Vrn1, Q and B1, on the long arm of chromosome 5A of wheat

Chromosome 5A of wheat carries several major genes of agronomic importance, including Vrn1 controlling spring/winter wheat difference, Q determining spike morphology and B1 inhibiting awn development. A population of single-chromosome recombinant lines from the cross between two chromosome substitution lines, 'Chinese Spring' (Cappelle-Desprez 5A) and 'Chinese Spring' (Triticum spelta 5A) was developed to map these genes on the long arm of chromosome 5A relative to RFLP markers. Using 120 recombinant lines, a map of approximately 230 cM in length was constructed. The gene order was centromere– Vrn1– Q– B1. The Vrn1 locus was tightly linked to two RFLP markers, Xbcd450 and Xrz395 with 0.8 cM, and to Xpsr426 with 5.0 cM. The Vrn1-adjacent region was located in the central of the long arm, approximately 90 cM from the centromere. The chromosome region around Q and the 5A/4A translocation break-point were mapped by three RFLP markers, and their order was found to be Q– Xpsr370– Xcdo457–4A/5A break-point– Xpsr164. The B1 locus was located on the most distal portion of the long arm. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.