几种沙漠植物蒸腾作用特性及其环境响应机制的研究

对库布齐沙漠2，3，4年生人工梭梭，4年生人工沙枣、柠条以及天然植物油蒿，进行了蒸腾速率与相关环境因子气温、大气相对湿度和0～160cm土层的土壤含水率的测定。结果表明：不同植物种其蒸腾特征各异；气温和大气湿度与蒸腾速率日进程的变化趋势总体表现出随着气温的升高（或大气相对湿度的降低），蒸腾速率亦呈升高的趋势。几种植物蒸腾速率的季节变化总体表现出随着土壤含水率的增加而增加，降低而降低。蒸腾速率与土壤含水率季节变化的相关性因植物种而异。几种植物中油蒿10～100cm层土壤含水率和2年生梭梭、3年生梭梭0～130cm层土壤含水率与蒸腾速率呈直线相关，相关系数分别为0．811，0．694和0．955（P=0．05），而沙枣、柠条和4年生梭梭的蒸腾速率与土壤含水量的相关性不显著。这表明，在天然降水条件下，植物蒸腾作用的季节变化趋势不仅受土壤水分的影响，还与植物自身生长节律和生理调控等其它因素有关。     

金塔沙漠不同人工植被类型土壤种子库特征

[目的]对甘肃省酒泉市金塔沙漠不同类型人工植被林地的土壤种子库进行调查研究,以揭示干旱条件下沙漠人工植被土壤种子库的分布规律、种子库物种多样性的变化特征以及土壤种子库与地上植被的关系,为河西走廊退化人工林生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据。[方法]通过野外植被调查、土壤种子库取样和土样萌发试验进行分析研究。[结果]①土壤种子库中,共统计到植物种有24种,胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落、胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落、梭梭—河西菊群落、柽柳—花花柴群落土壤种子库物种数依次为18种、18种、14种、3种,土壤种子密度依次为660.71,267.85,29.64,19.29粒/m~2。土壤种子库中一年生、多年生草本的物种和密度占优势,乔木、灌木和半灌木种子所占比例较低。②物种多样性分析表明,乔木林土壤种子库物种的Margalef丰富度指数大于灌木林,土壤种子库物种的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致,均为胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落柽柳—花花柴群落梭梭—河西菊群落胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落,而生态优势度指数与之相反。③乔木林土壤种子库植物与地上植被的相似程度高于灌木林。[结论]沙漠人工植被林地土壤种子库物种丰富度低,以草本植物为主,沙漠自我恢复度低,人工营造乔木林、灌木林有利于干旱荒漠区生态恢复与重建。     

宁夏中部干旱带人工柠条茎流及蒸腾特征研究

采用包裹式茎流测定系统,2010年7月在宁夏盐池对人工栽植的柠条液流蒸腾和环境因子进行了昼夜连续观测,建立了柠条蒸腾的回归模型。结果表明:白天枝条液流速率与枝条的粗细呈正相关,枝条间的液流速率差异在白天大,夜间小;在晴天观测到的蒸腾耗水率日变化曲线出现午间降低现象。柠条在夜间存在液流和微弱蒸腾作用。柠条蒸腾耗水率与太阳辐射、气温、空气饱和差和空气相对湿度具有显著的相关性,得到了蒸腾耗水率与环境因子的的回归方程。     

柠条锦鸡儿细根表面积密度对土壤水分空间分布的响应

为研究柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)细根与土壤水分的空间关系,以内蒙古农牧交错带10 a生柠条锦鸡儿细根为研究对象,对细根表面积密度与土壤含水率之间的关系进行了初步探讨。分别对柠条锦鸡儿细根和土壤水分的空间分布情况进行研究发现,垂直和水平土层方向各标准地柠条锦鸡儿细根表面积密度与土壤含水率均呈极显著相关,相关系数均大于0.65(P0.01)。经回归分析建立柠条锦鸡儿细根表面积密度与土壤含水率之间的关系模型并对模型进行验证,验证结果发现该模型可以很好地描述两者之间的关系(R~2=0.84,P0.01)。撂荒地土壤含水率比柠条地高71%,研究区柠条地出现至少200 cm的土壤干层,部分土层接近凋萎湿度,柠条生长受阻。研究结果对于干旱区人工柠条林的栽植管理具有重要意义,可为北方农牧交错带生态环境建设及植被恢复提供理论依据。     

2001-2013年宝鸡地区植被NDVI对气温和降水量的季节响应特征

[目的]研究2001-2013年陕西省宝鸡地区植被变化与气温和降水量的时空变化特征及其相关性,为区域农业发展和区域生态文明建设提供有力支撑.[方法]基于2001-2013年宝鸡地区气温和降水量数据,利用MODIS NDVI数据和11个气象站点实测数据,结合实际调查,采用一元线性回归、标准化处理、相关分析等方法,基于季尺度、参照年尺度分析宝鸡地区植被覆盖季节时空变化及其与气温和降水量的相关性.[结果]夏季植被NDVI增加趋势最为明显,其次为秋季,冬季植被覆盖最差;宝鸡地区四季标准化值NDVI与气温、降水量的变化趋势相接近,其最大值点的出现时间与气温和降水量基本对应.同一季节NDVI与气温的相关系数均高于NDVI与相应季节降水量的相关系数(除夏季);春季NDVI与冬季气温(-0.592)、夏季NDVI与春季降水量(0.640)之间显著相关,表明近13 a来春季植被覆盖变化与冬季气温、夏季植被覆盖与春季降水量的变化较为一致,NDVI与降水之间的滞后关系为0～3个月.[结论]2001-2013年宝鸡地区年均、季NDVI整体均呈增加趋势,8月植被覆盖变化与降水量的变化较为一致,降水量较气温对8月植被生长影响强烈.     

环境因素对紫花苜蓿叶水势与蒸腾速率影响的初步研究

植物叶水势及其蒸腾速率除取决于本身的生物学特性外,还受外界环境因子所制约.该文根据有关田间试验资料全面分析了叶水势、蒸腾速率在不同灌溉水平下的日变化规律,并探讨了其与土壤含水率和气象因素(气温、净辐射和饱和差)之间的关系,建立了叶水势和蒸腾速率与气象因素间的定量关系式,对紫花苜蓿的合理灌溉具有指导意义.     

沙棘苗木蒸腾特性与影响因子研究

采用人工控制土壤水分,通过盆栽试验,在2005年生长季典型晴天的条件下,利用针叶L i-1600稳态气孔仪等仪器对黄土半干旱区沙棘苗木的蒸腾特性及其环境因子进行测定。结果表明:在不同的土壤水分条件下,沙棘蒸腾速率的日变化曲线呈“单峰型”;蒸腾速率除自身生理特性的影响外,还受土壤水分和环境因子综合影响,当土壤水分充足时,蒸腾速率与环境因子相关性高,当土壤水分产生胁迫时,蒸腾速率与环境因子相关性降低。     

黄土半干旱区油松苗木蒸腾特性与影响因子的关系

 为分析土壤水分与气象因子对油松蒸腾作用的影响程度,提高造林成活率,并为林地水分管理提供科学依据。在2004年生长季典型晴天,采用盆栽试验,人为控制土壤水分,利用针叶Li-1600稳态气孔仪和BP-3400精密天平等仪器,对黄土半干旱区油松苗木的蒸腾特性及其影响因子的关系进行研究。结果表明:在不同的土壤水分条件下,油松蒸腾速率和气孔阻力的日变化曲线分别呈“双峰型”和“W”型;在典型晴天下,蒸腾速率与土壤含水量的关系呈三次曲线相关,7、8和10月份,油松叶片蒸腾速率达到最大值时所对应的土壤含水量分别为17.7%、19.8%和17.5%。蒸腾速率除自身生理特性的影响外,还受土壤水分和气象因子综合影响,当土壤水分充足时,蒸腾速率与气象因子相关性高;当土壤水分产生胁迫时,蒸腾速率与气象因子相关性降低。在严重土壤水分胁迫下,7和8月份气温对蒸腾作用的影响最大,10月份光合有效辐射的影响最大。在土壤充分供水的条件下,7月份空气相对湿度对蒸腾作用的影响最大,8月份是气温,10月份是叶温。     

乌兰布和荒漠生态系统12种沙生灌木苗期的抗旱性

[目的]建立沙生灌木抗旱性评价指标体系,为沙区优良树种的筛选提供科学依据。[方法]以乌兰布和荒漠生态系统12种沙生灌木的2年生幼苗为材料,测定了7项水分生理指标,采用主成分分析和聚类分析对灌木抗旱性进行了研究。[结果](1)麻黄(Ephedra distachyaLinn.)、白刺(Nitraia tangutorum Bobr)及柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)的水势低于其他9种灌木;霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon Maxim.)的束缚水含量和束缚水与自由水(Va/Vs)比值较高,分别为64.20%,3.3;沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata A.Los.)、白刺及柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour.)的蒸腾速率显著低于其他9种灌木;梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge)与麻黄的恒重时间最长,均为144h;沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus(Maxim.ex Kom.)Cheng F.)的残留含水率最高(44.80%)。(2)水势、Va/Vs值、残留含水率、束缚水、恒重时间、蒸腾速率6个指标对植物抗旱性的影响较大,累积方差贡献率达87.59%。[结论]依照抗旱性大小将12种植物分为三类,强抗旱灌木为麻黄;中抗旱灌木为梭梭、白刺、霸王;弱抗旱灌木为花棒(Hedysannn scoparium Fisch)、杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz.)、柽柳、柠条锦鸡儿、沙冬青、沙木蓼、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum Turcz.)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)。     

黄土高原小流域土壤水分及全氮的垂直变异

为了研究黄土高原土壤中水分及全氮垂直分布及变异情况,对陕北神木县六道沟小流域中苜蓿地、荒草地、农地、柠条地以及油松地5种不同植被类型下0～800 cm土层中土壤含水率和土壤全氮进行了测定和分析。土壤含水率在垂直方向上呈现出干湿交替的层状分布。植被类型影响土壤水分含量的垂直剖面分布;各植被类型下相对高湿层和低湿层出现的深度不同;不同深度土层平均土壤含水率不同。农地及退耕荒草地土壤水分涵养较好,垂直方向上含水率变化较大;人工植被苜蓿、柠条消耗土壤水分较多,土壤含水率变化相对平缓;油松地平均土壤含水率及变化幅度居中。研究区域中,土壤全氮含量水平较低,表层发生陡降后,在20 cm以下土层中仍以很小的变幅降低,变化平缓。柠条地土壤全氮含量高于其他植被类型。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.