长白山区野生刺五加种群结构与数量特征分析

采用样地调查法,对长白山区野生刺五加种群资源现状、群落特征及种群数量进行研究,分析群落物种丰富度、多样性指数、主要灌木物种的重要值及种群个体数量估算,结果表明:野生刺五加种群主要分布在阔叶红松林、蒙古栎林、杂木林和云冷杉林群落内,阔叶红松林内种群区域分布频度最大,部分区域已形成优势群落。云冷杉林内乔、灌木层Pielou均匀度指数(R)均为最高,灌木层生态优势度指数(SN)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(SW)最高,而丰富度指数D2和Hurlbert种间机遇指数(H)最低。杂木林内丰富度指数(D1、D2)最高,蒙古栎林内Hurlbert种间机遇指数(H)最高,说明云冷杉林内刺五加群落相对较为稳定,而其他林内由于人为采挖严重,群落相对不稳定。刺五加在阔叶红松林的灌木层占有较高重要性,重要值最大,其大小依次为阔叶红松林杂木林云冷杉林蒙古栎林。     

长白山森林生态系统土壤氮矿化时空动态特征

通过对土壤温度的定位观测(土壤深度5cm处)及分析,长白山北坡3种不同林型土壤氮矿化速率表现为季节动态变化,与土壤温度季节动态变化比较相似。在不同月份氮矿化速率存在较大差异。在7、8月份时,氮矿化速率最大且红松云冷杉林土壤氮矿化速率明显高于阔叶红松林和岳桦云冷杉林。而在11、12、1～3月份之间氮矿化速率比较低且变化比较平稳。主要是因为温度对氮矿化速率起限制作用。就不同林型而言,阔叶红松林土壤年氮矿化量是44.13kg/hm2.a为最高,其次是红松云冷杉林31.3kg/hm2.a和岳桦云冷杉林25.73kg/hm2.a。因此阔叶红松林土壤供氮潜力更大。     

阔叶红松林群落优势树种生态位和种间联结

【目的】通过分析小兴安岭阔叶红松林群落优势树种重要值、生态位、种间联结等关系,研究了阔叶红松林群落优势树种的组成特征和种间相互作用。【方法】利用Levins指数(B_L)、Shannon指数(B_S)、Pianka重叠指数(O_ik)、方差比率(VR)、χ²检验、联结系数(AC)及Pearson相关检验的方法。【结果】结果表明：红松、青楷槭和花楷槭是阔叶红松林群落的主要优势树种,红松的生态位宽度最大;在11个优势树种55组种对中,生态位重叠大于0.50的共26对,占总数的47.27%,说明阔叶红松林群落中优势树种间的生态位分化程度一般;方差比率(VR)大于1,说明阔叶红松林群落中优势树种间整体上呈现正联结,群落处于相对稳定阶段;χ²检验、联结系数(AC)及Pearson相关检验均显示,种间联结的显著性较低,种间独立性较强。【结论】阔叶红松林群落优势树种对资源的利用较为充分,生态位分化程度一般。群落乔木层优势树种间负相互作用占优势,但这种负相互作用的强度较低。     

长白山自然保护区三个主要林型下土壤微生物生态分布的季节性动态

长白山自然保护区位于长白山北坡。从植被的分布,可把长白山北坡的林型划分为:杜鹃岳桦林、红松云冷杉暗针叶林、杜香落叶松林、灌木阔叶红松林和胡枝子长白赤松林五个主要林型。长白山北坡土壤也有明显的垂直带分布。从山顶到山麓,土壤的垂直分布可划分为:山地苔原土、山地生草森林土、山地棕色针叶林土和山地暗棕色森林土四个主要土壤类型。我们在1982年,对山地棕色针叶林土上生长的杜香落叶松林、山地暗棕色森林土上生长的胡枝子长白赤松林和灌木阔叶红松林。三个主要林型下土壤微生物生态分布的季节性动态变化?进行了调查和分析。     

近天然落叶松-云冷杉林树种竞争关系的变化

以4块落叶松-云冷杉间伐实验样地为对象,采用6个与距离无关的竞争指标,研究林木竞争状态在20年间(1986～2006年)的变化及间伐的影响。结果表明,落叶松为主要树种,竞争能力最强,其竞争压力主要来自种内,红松和其他阔叶树的竞争能力有逐渐增强的趋势,因此,随着林分生长,落叶松的竞争主体地位受到了来自其他针叶树云冷杉、红松及阔叶树种的威胁。该林分竞争关系近期相对稳定,但有从落叶松-云冷杉林向阔叶树及红松林发展的趋势。间伐影响种间竞争关系和林分平均竞争水平,影响程度与间伐对象的选择与间伐强度有关。林分竞争水平随间伐强度的增加而降低,但会逐渐恢复。     

抚育间伐对落叶松云冷杉混交林的影响

以15块人工落叶松纯林演化后形成的落叶松云冷杉混交林为对象,间伐后12年观测结果,研究间伐对林分和树木生长、树种组成、物种多样性及土壤等因子的影响。间伐强度分为2级:中度(平均为20%)和强度(平均为30%)。结果表明:间伐促进了保留木生长的显著增加,但不同间伐强度间无显著差异。林分及单木的直径、断面积和蓄积生长率均表现相同的趋势即随间伐强度的增加而增加。但间伐没有显著地增加12年间的总收获量。伐后对照样地表现为较高的枯损,枯死木主要是落叶松和阔叶树。林分进界株数严重不足,进界的主要树种是云冷杉、阔叶树和红松,以耐荫树种为主。从枯损和进界看,如果能对红松和阔叶树进行保护,这种林分很可能逐渐演化为阔叶红松林。建议对红松和阔叶树进行保护,使林分向阔叶红松林方向发展。各林分的树种组成在12年间基本没有发生变化,即间伐没有显著地改变林分的树种组成,目前的树种组成即落叶松、其他针叶树(云杉、冷杉和红松)和阔叶树组成比约为6∶3∶1可能是相对稳定的群落。20%和30%的间伐强度没有显著地改变林分的物种多样性、灌草生物量和土壤物理性质,间伐样地的物种多样性略有提高;间伐样地的土壤物理性质有所改善,总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度都大于对照;林下灌草生物量有所增加。     

东折棱河地区不同类型天然红松林林分结构比较

对东折棱河地区的柞树红松林、枫桦红松林和紫椴红松林等3种典型的阔叶红松林进行了标准地调查,比较了不同类型的天然红松林的林分结构和空间分布格局之间的差异,分析了出现差异的原因,同时判断了不同红松林的群落稳定性。结果发现：在分层现象明显的阔叶红松林中,主林层的红松为优势种,分布最广,占据最大的生存空间,而阔叶树种则在次林层争夺生存空间。在红松林的不同发育阶段,其林分密度不同,但自然稀疏现象的存在使林分结构趋于优化,趋于稳定。     

帽儿山典型森林群落优势种空间分布格局及其关联性

选取帽儿山地区阔叶红松林、红松人工林和水曲柳天然次生林3种典型群落,基于方差均值比、L函数和角尺度方法比较研究各群落乔灌层优势种的空间分布格局与空间关系。结果表明,帽儿山典型森林群落优势种的空间分布格局主要呈聚集分布或随机分布。阔叶红松林乔木优势种呈随机分布或不显著聚集分布;红松人工林中红松呈随机分布;水曲柳次生林乔木优势种主要呈随机分布。各群落灌木优势种均呈聚集分布。帽儿山典型森林群落中各乔木优势种间主要呈空间正关联或无空间关联,红松与阔叶树小尺度无关联,大尺度正关联,阔叶树种间主要呈正关联。红松人工林与水曲柳天然次生林乔木优势种间均呈正关联。帽儿山典型森林群落优势种空间关系良好,空间结构稳定。     

长白山北坡亚高山云冷杉林植物种类的重要值

采用典型抽样方法,对长白山北坡不同海拔高度带云冷杉林的植物种类的重要值进行了初步研究。根据主要伴生树种在各云冷杉林群落的重要值,长白山北坡的云冷杉林可分为三类,即红松云冷杉林,典型云冷杉林及岳桦云冷杉林。     

人工诱导的阔叶红松林径阶结构分析

文章对人工诱导的阔叶红松林的径阶结构进行了分析,结果表明:择伐改造诱导的异龄阔叶红松林中,红松与阔叶树的径级分布在各个调查年份基本上呈单峰型偏左曲线,随着林龄的增长曲线峰值逐渐向右平移。皆伐改造诱导的同龄阔叶红松林,根据红松的生物学特性,不同年龄采取不同强度抚育,林龄小于20年生时采取半透光抚育,林龄大于20年生时采取全透光抚育。不同林分类型阔叶红松林径阶分布有明显差异,红松纯林、红松-胡桃楸、红松-杂木与其它类型的红松径阶分布差异显著(P0.05);红松-胡桃楸、红松-水曲柳与其它类型的阔叶树径阶分布差异显著(P0.05)。红松径阶分布取决于红松与阔叶树株数比例,阔叶树的径阶分布主要取决于林分密度。     

云冷杉过伐林主要树种结构特征分析

选择长白山针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的云冷杉过伐混交林,探讨直径结构、空间格局、蓄积生长、林下更新以及植物多样性等林分结构问题,为恢复红松为主的针阔混交林,提出结构调整思路。研究表明:由于过去以不合理的非经营性采伐,红松成主要择伐对象,红松不同年份各径阶株数变化幅度较大,直径18 cm开始出现缺损株数现象,缺乏中、大径组株数,导致母树数量、结实量和种源减少,造成在主要树种中红松更新最差的问题,不利于林分正向演替。不同针阔比混交林空间格局与其主要树种空间格局并非完全一致,在同一林分不同树种间存在差异。针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的混交林空间格局分别为随机分布、聚集分布和均匀分布。其中,红松分布格局主要呈聚集分布。因此,恢复以红松为主的针阔混交林,以红松和珍贵阔叶树种作为目标树种,采取目标树培育方法,伐除影响其更新和生长的林木,而将云冷杉和一般阔叶树作为伴生树种,逐渐减少云冷杉的优势,最终逐渐恢复成红松阔叶混交林;对针阔比8∶2和7∶3混交林红松分布格局,采取人工补植、间伐等措施,结合天然更新,向随机分布进行调整;采取人工补植、清理母树周围枯枝落叶层等措施人工辅助红松天然更新。     

Leaf and twig litter decomposition of main species in different forests along the north slope of Changbai Mountain, northeast China

From 2001 to 2003, the litter decomposition dynamics of dominant tree species were conducted using a litterbag burying method in the broadleaf-Korean pine forest, spruce-fir forest and Ermans birch forest, which represents three altitudinal belts in Changbai Mountain, northeast China. The spatial and temporal dynamics of litter decomposition and the effects of litter properties were examined. Furthermore, the decomposition trend of different species was simulated by the Olson model, and results showed that annual mass loss rates increased over time, but was not significantly correlated. Leaf decomposition rates increased after decomposing for 638 days (1.75 years), and the order of dry weight remaining rates of leaf litter for different species is: Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla) (24.56%) < Amur linden (Tilia amurensis) (24.81%) < Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) (38.48%) < spruce (Picea jezoensis var. microsperma) (41.15%) < Ermans birch (Betula ermanii) (41.53%) < fir (Abies nephrolepis) (42.62%). The dry weight remaining rates of twig litter was smaller than that of leaf litter, and followed the order of Amur linden (44.98%) < fir (64.62%) < Korean pine (72.07%) < spruce (73.51%) < Asian white birch (77.37%) < Ermans birch (80.35%). The simulation results by the Olson model showed that, in leaf, the 95%-decomposition rates ranged from 4.5 to 8.0 years, and annual decomposition rate (k) followed the order of Amur linden (0.686) > Asian white birch (0.624) > Korean pine (0.441) > spruce (0.406) > fir (0.397) > Ermans birch (0.385); in twig, it ranged from 7.8 to 29.3 years, and k follows the order: Amur linden (0.391) > fir (0.204) > Korean pine (0.176) > spruce (0.157) > Asian white birch (0.148) > Ermans birch (0.102). In general, the differences of decomposition rate are evident between leaf and twig litter and among species, and were higher in broad-leaved species compared with coniferous species at the same elevation, and decreased with the ascending of elevation. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(4): 1,037–1,046 [译自: 生态学报]     

Human–wildlife competition for Korean pine seeds: vertebrate responses and implications for mixed forests on Changbai Mountain,China

Introduction  

Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) is a dominant tree species in the cold temperate mixed forest zone in eastern Eurasia. Its seeds are food sources for wildlife but have become an important and marketable part of the economy for local communities.     

腾冲县天然林景观格局特征分析

基于森林资源规划设计调查资料,利用ArcMap 10、Fragstats 4.1、DPS 14.1、Excel等软件,选取常用的景观指数,分析云南省腾冲县天然林的景观格局特征,结果表明:①腾冲县天然林景观总体异质性高、形状复杂、聚集程度高、斑块分布比较均衡,景观格局特征比较复杂;②各森林类型面积比例从大到小依次为栎类林其它阔叶林云南松林针阔混交林旱冬瓜林硬阔林竹林冷杉林软阔林华山松林铁杉林,栎类林、其它阔叶林面积占61.51%,是腾冲县天然林景观的主要组成部分,云南松林、针阔混交林、旱冬瓜林面积占32.04%,是腾冲县天然林景观的重要组成部分,硬阔林、竹林、冷杉林、软阔林、华山松林、铁杉林面积仅占6.45%,面积虽小,但在天然林景观中具有特殊的作用;③因子分析结果,从稳定、复杂、异质性高、破碎化低、抗干扰能力强等方面综合评价,按得分从高到低依次是栎类林其它阔叶林云南松林硬阔林针阔混交林旱冬瓜林竹林冷杉林铁杉林华山松林软阔林;④聚类分析结果,可把腾冲县天然林分为4类,第一类是破碎度低、形状复杂、异质性高、抗干扰能力强的栎类林和其它阔叶林,第二类是破碎度高但形状复杂、异质性高、抗干扰能力强的云南松林、针阔混交林和旱冬瓜林,第三类是斑块间平均距离远、聚合度高、呈群团状分布的硬阔林、竹林、铁杉林和冷杉林,第四类是破碎度高、形状简单、异质性低、抗干扰能力弱的华山松林和软阔林;⑤聚类分析结果在因子分析的基础上,体现了硬阔林平均几何最邻近距离远的特征,对腾冲县天然林景观格局的评价效果比因子分析更好。     

Effect of microenvironmental quantitative regulation on growth of Korean pine trees planted under secondary forest

Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and broadleaved mixed forest in Northeast China has been changed regressively into secondary forest with almost no conifers. Planting Korean pine trees under the canopy of secondary forest is a feasible approach for recovering Korean pine and broadleaved mixed forest. For establishing an effective growth promotion method for under-canopy planted young Korean pine trees, two stands were selected as the experiment plots, Stand A (planted in 1989) and Stand B (planted in 1982), and an experiment of microenvironment regulation was conducted relying mainly on Opening degree (K=1, K=1.5, K=2, CK) in 2004. The results were shown that the adjustment had promoted growth of diameter and height of Korean pine planted in Stand A and Stand B, and had a significant influence on the growth rate of basal diameter, diameter at breast height and height in the two growth stands. The four years periodic increment of mean diameter and height of Korean pine planted in 1989 and in 1982 after regulation in K=1 level were 63.4% (D₀) and 82.7% (H), 64.8% (D_1.3) and 69.7% (H) higher than that of control respectively. Quantitative regulation had significant influence on specific leaf area of Korean pine planted in 1989, and the current year specific leaf area (SLA) was lager than perennial year SLA. Quality indexes of natural pruning capacity, normal form quotient and crown size was not significantly changed but shown a positive tendency. The regulation scheme of Opening degree K=1 might be proper for adjusting the microenvironment of Korean pine trees planted under the canopy of secondary forest when the Korean pine trees were in the growth period of 15 to 26 years old in the experiment region.     

Age structure ofTilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

Based on a vast of field investigation on stamps inTilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain, age structure of some major species were studied in this paper. The results showed that Korean pine population was composed of grouped patches with different ages. There were not strict intervals among the dominated generations, and the curve of age structure often had two or more peaks. The distribution of broad-leaved species in natural Korean pine forest was grouped or scattered, and age distribution was also uneven-aged. There existed close relation between quality of broad-leaved species and Korean pine. So, it shaped multi-storied and uneven-aged mixed forest. The model of age structure and growth demonstrated their passive correlation, but growth became slow when woods had reached old age. The study was funded by the Opened Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. (Reponsible Editor: Chai Rulhai)     

长白山森林的采伐更新方式

This paper discussed the characteristics of degenerated forest ecosystems in Changbai Mountain area,which include over-harvest natural forest,typical secondary forest,derived forest,and artificial forest.Forest cutting and regeneration methods that were historically used in the region were summarized.They lnclude diameter-class selective cutting,clearcutting,upbringing selective cutting,and selective sutting.We proposed cutting methods for the broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest,spruce-fir forest,and larch forest.The measures for restoring the original mixed forest ecosystems were recommended.     

土壤温度和水分对长白山3种温带森林土壤呼吸的影响

为了研究土壤温度和土壤含水量对阔叶红松林(山地暗棕壤)、云冷杉暗针叶林(山地棕针叶林土壤)和岳桦林(生草森林土)的土壤呼吸的影响,于2001年9月在长白山进行了土壤实验。利用增加土壤样柱的含水量,将土壤含水量分为9%,、21%、30%、37%和43%5个等级,土壤样品分别在0、5、15、25和35的温度下保持24小时。阔叶红松林土壤在0~35范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关。在一定的含水量范围内(21%~37%),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低。土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用。不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林.红松阔叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35,含水量37%;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25,21%;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35,含水量37%。但是,由于长白山阔叶红松林,云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4~5,所以野外所测的同期的山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率。图2表1参25。     

Study of structure and dynamics of Korean pine forest in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains

The thesis for the Doctorate consist of two parts. The first is to study on structure, dynamics and tree growth of natural Korean pine forest. The second is to research for tree architecture, growth and stand structure of artificial Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forests.The thesis compares the stand structure, process of regeneration, and various tree growth patterns between natural forests and artificial forests. Its purpose is to give a basis for forest management and silviculture. The study was carried out in Liangshui Experimental Forest Farm, which is located in the southern Xiaoxing’an Mountains.