几株保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌在乳中发酵特性及优化搭配的研究

研究了不同来源的4株保加利亚乳杆菌和4株嗜热链球菌在乳中的生长发酵特性;进行了菌种优化搭配和最适配比菌株发酵产品贮藏特性的研究。结果表明:4株杆菌中,L.b-S1和L.b-DR凝乳时间最短,细胞生长速率和产酸代谢速率亦最快;4株球菌中,S.t-TX凝乳时间最长,细胞生长速率和产酸代谢速率亦最慢;杆菌和球菌的最适配比为:L.b-S1:S.t-SY为1:1或L.b-DR:S.t-SY为1:1,利用菌种最适配比,以2%的接种量42℃进行鲜乳发酵,3.5h均可凝乳,发酵产品活菌含量均高达1×109个/mL以上,酸度80～90°T,pH值均为4.5左右,感官风味俱佳;最适配比菌株发酵产品4℃冷藏21天时,酸度上浮不足10°T、pH值下降0.2～0.4,活菌数下降1个log数量级。     

C．B．T．三菌混合发酵益生菌酸奶发酵基本特性研究

利用酪乳杆菌干酪亚种,德氏乳杆菌保加利亚种和嗜热链球菌三菌混合发酵制作风味独特的酸奶。实验结果表明,在干酪乳杆菌接种量为10％,种子酸度为100^0T,混合发酵温度为38℃,发酵4．5—5h后能获得风味自然独特,口感良好,后酸不强的益生菌酸牛奶．     

类芽孢杆菌BD3526发酵上清对植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ的促生长研究

研究类芽孢杆菌BD3526脱脂乳发酵上清对植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ在脱脂乳中的生长影响.结果表明:培养5～9 d的BD3526脱脂乳发酵上清液可显著促进植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ在脱脂乳中的生长和凝乳.与空白对照相比,添加含5～9 d发酵上清的脱脂乳培养24 h后,pH值从6.44降至4.70～5.08,16h发生凝乳,活菌数达到9.22～9.35 (lg (CFU/mL》).     

干酪乳杆菌LC-03的培养条件优化研究

本研究通过单因子优化试验和正交试验对干酪乳杆菌LC-03培养条件和培养基成分进行初步优化。结果表明,干酪乳杆菌LC-03属于兼性厌氧菌,最佳培养基成分为:蛋白胨12g,酵母提取物6g,牛肉膏6g,葡萄糖18g,乙酸钠5g,柠檬酸铵2.15g,Tween801mL,MgSO4.7H2O0.58g,MnSO4.4H2O0.05g,K2HPO42g,水1000mL;最佳培养条件:温度为35℃,培养基起始pH为6.5,接种量为1.0%,培养时间为24h;优化培养后D610nm值达到1.832,活菌数达到3.22×1010CFU/mL。     

复合果蔬汁促进植物乳杆菌在牛奶中增殖研究

植物乳杆菌能够改善人体肠道微生物菌群,产生生物活性物质,吸附重金属,降低胆固醇,并且具有较强的耐酸、耐胆盐能力。但是,植物乳杆菌属于营养缺陷型细菌,缺乏蛋白质分解酶,利用牛奶中乳蛋白的能力较弱,牛奶无法满足其生长和繁殖需求,植物乳杆菌在牛奶中基本不生长。为了使植物乳杆菌在牛奶中生长,主要采取添加四种复合果蔬汁、协同发酵、改变发酵温度等方法,通过测定pH值、滴定酸度、活菌数来判断植物乳杆菌在牛奶中的生长情况。结果表明,7.5%复合菠萝汁-香蕉浆(1∶1)对植物乳杆菌生长促进作用最好,35℃发酵24 h后,活菌数提高100倍,滴定酸度可以达到100°T。     

中国传统乳制品中优良乳酸菌的筛选及复合菌株发酵的初步研究

该试验针对中国少数民族传统乳制品,分离纯化得到56株乳酸菌。其中7株厌氧菌,11株乳球菌,38株乳杆菌。通过传代试验、凝乳时间、酸奶酸度及凝乳时风味的感官评价,选出其中4株性能较佳的乳酸菌：杆菌A、B,球菌C、D。球杆菌1∶1进行复合菌发酵性能研究,结果表明复合菌在发酵过程中,产酸速度比单菌株发酵剂快,能在5h内达到凝乳,且后酸化程度较弱,4℃保藏21d后酸度维持在120°T左右,符合工业化发酵剂的要求。通过对4种复合菌发酵剂的后酸化能力、产双乙酰能力、蛋白水解能力以及发酵乳的感官效果比较,最后筛选出AD复合菌发酵牛乳的效果最佳,具有成为生产发酵剂的潜力。     

干酪乳杆菌在牦牛奶酪制作中发酵特性的研究

在传统奶酪制作中添加不同量(0～3%)的干酪乳杆菌,以不添加组作为空白对照,观察干酪乳杆菌的发酵特性。结果表明,试验组在发酵3～6h达到对数生长期,发酵6h时干酪乳杆菌活菌数可达到6.03×107/g,12h时活菌数达1.58×10~8/g。试验组样品黏度均较对照组显著增加(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验组蛋白质水解程度略高,但差异不显著。在4℃冷藏过程中,试验组后酸化现象不明显;28d后,添加3%干酪乳杆菌的活菌数达9.77×10~8/g;对照组在冷藏中黏度几乎不变化,其余各组样品的黏度在冷藏7～14d中显著降低,之后到28d黏度变化不明显。     

3．摄入益生茵能够降低二甲肼对大鼠结肠的基因毒性

印度学者研究了嗜酸乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌对二甲肼（DMH）基因毒性的降低作用。他们将实验大鼠随机分为4组,第一组为DMH对照组：第二组为益生菌凝乳组（凝乳中加入嗜酸乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌）,饲喂益生菌凝乳并进行DMH皮下注射：第三组为普通凝乳对照组,     

副干酪乳杆菌LC-01对便秘小鼠的通便作用

副干酪乳杆菌LC-01是一株具有较强抗氧化活性和免疫活性的益生菌菌株,为评价该菌株的润肠通便作用,实验通过将Balb/c雄性小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、LCS对照组和3个副干酪乳杆菌LC-01给药组.空白组和模型组经口灌胃0.1mL/(kg·d)(以体质量计)质量分数10％的脱脂乳.选取代田乳酸菌LCS及干酪乳杆菌菌株LC-14作为对照菌株.代田乳酸菌LCS对照组灌胃1×108CFU/mL的菌悬液0.1mL/(kg·d),LC-14对照组和LC-01给药组分别相应给予低、中、高剂量(1×106、1×108、1×1010CFU/mL)的活菌液0.1mL/(kg·d).使用复方地芬诺酯建立小鼠便秘模型,副干酪乳杆菌LC-01给药7d后,便秘小鼠首次排便时间缩短,排便粒数和质量明显增加,粪便水分含量提高:连续15d灌胃副干酪乳杆菌LC-01,便秘小鼠小肠墨汁推进率也得到显著增加.结果表明,副干酪乳杆菌LC-01具有良好的润肠通便功能.     

两株干酪乳杆菌生物学特性的研究

在模拟人体消化道环境中,对2株干酪乳杆菌耐酸、耐胆盐和耐NaCl等生物学特性进行了研究.结果表明,2株干酪乳杆菌在pH值为2.5～4.5的人工胃液或人工肠液中作用3h后均能生长,活菌数达到1010个/mL左右.此外,在胆盐浓度为2.5g/L或高盐浓度比例为7.5%的条件下亦能正常生长.该研究表明,这2株菌株在人体或动物中具有较好的适应性,可以作为益生菌用于食品工业.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.