类胡萝卜素与畜禽产品着色的关系

类胡萝卜素作为一天然着色剂已经被广泛应用于畜牧生产中。本文简要阐述了类胡萝卜素在动物机体内的分布、吸收及着色机理，并对影响类胡萝卜素着色的因素做一概述。     

斑蝥黄的着色运用

类胡萝卜素是天然色素，大量存在于植物和动物体中，许多重要的类胡萝卜素作为色素被用在食品和饲料工业中，其中斑蝥黄是一种重要的类胡萝卜素，广泛运用于家禽的着色。着色效果与色素沉积作用的强度有关。     

水产动物中类胡萝卜素的生理功能

类胡萝卜素在水产动物着色、营养、生长等方面具有重要的生理功能。类胡萝卜素是水产动物的主要成色色素,增加其沉积,可大大提高水产品的商品价值。类胡萝卜素还具有强的抗氧化功能,一方面可以保护组织和成分免受氧化,促进生长和发育,另一方面作为电子受体可以执行呼吸功能。本文对类胡萝卜素的主要生理功能进行了概述。     

影响类胡萝卜素着色的因素和肉鸡

在饲料中加入类胡萝卜素着色剂，使蛋黄和肉鸡皮肤颜色满足市场要求是现代养禽业广泛采用的方法。但由于影响类胡萝卜素着色效果的因素很多，实际生产中常常出现着色不良的问题。本文将分析一些影响因素并介绍一种简单、易行的肉鸡皮肤快速着色方法。     

家禽产品着色的原理及应用

研究表明，家禽本身不能合成色素，只有带有含氧功能基(羟基、酰基、酮基)的类胡萝卜素包括叶黄素、番茄红素和玉米黄素等才有着色效果。饲料中的类胡萝卜素以棕油酸二酯的形式存在，主要是与低密度脂蛋白结合被吸收，吸收后的类胡萝卜素以游离状态进入血液，随血液循环     

家禽着色原理及其影响因素

使用色素的目的是为了改善肉鸡皮肤和脚胫以及蛋鸡蛋黄的色泽,提高家禽产品的商品价值。但在实际饲养中,由于对家禽着色原理及其影响因素不了解,无法达到应有的效果,或增加了饲料成本。为了合理使用色素,降低饲养成本,本文就有关家禽着色原理及其影响因素等问题进行讨论。1家禽着色原理肉鸡着色是通过类胡萝卜素(叶黄素)在鸡的皮肤,脂肪,脚胫等不同组织中的沉积而达到的,鸡不能合成这些色素,因此必须从饲料中摄入。当胆汁——类胡萝卜素微团形成后,类胡萝卜素在十二脂肠、空肠、回肠中被吸收,通过脂蛋白在血液中传输,少数类胡萝卜素在肝脏中…     

着色剂及其在家禽生产中的应用

着色剂是一类增加畜禽和水产养殖动物产品色泽的添加剂。它能在动物体内转化和代谢 ,但不能在体内合成 ,必须从饲料中摄取。对禽产品起着色作用的是类胡萝卜素及其衍生物 ,其中起着色作用的主要有叶黄素、隐黄素、黄体素、桔黄素等。这些化合物被肠道吸收后仍保留原来的结构和颜色 ,并在家禽皮肤、脂肪和蛋黄内沉积 ,使皮肤加深为黄色、蛋黄色、桔黄色或橙黄色 ,符合人们的视觉习惯 ,提高了禽产品的市场价格 ,因此近几年来着色剂备受养鸡户的关注。1　着色剂的着色机理家禽从饲料中摄取的类胡萝卜素在体内溶于脂肪 ,当形成胆汁——类胡萝卜…     

鱼类着色剂及其在黄颡鱼饲料中的应用

本文浅述了鱼类体色形成机制、鱼类着色剂类胡萝卜素及其在黄颡鱼配合饲料的应用、影响鱼类着色的因素等研究进展,以期对黄颡鱼配合饲料的研发提供一定理论参考。     

影响卵黄着色的因素

卵黄的颜色对消费者很重要，一般消费者喜欢金黄色到橙色的卵黄，而卵黄的色泽来源于产蛋鸡饲料中天然或全成的烃基类胡萝卜素，它是脂质样的化合物，主要由植物、微生物和甲壳类（虾、螃蟹等）产生。分析式决定了烃基类胡萝卜素的色泽是黄色或是红色。影响卵黄着色的因素有遗传，饲养方式，脂质和抗氧化剂、维生素A高水平的钙、抗生物质和药物等。     

关于肉鸡着色问题

肉鸡的脚胫、皮下脂肪、皮肤的着色问题愈来愈引起各饲料厂家的关注。添加到饲料中的着色费用愈来愈高 ,有的高达１７０元／ｔ。正确添加及使用着色剂 ,每吨饲料可节约成本几十元。１着色的概念与肉鸡着色的过程着色就是色素（类胡萝卜素）在鸡的皮肤、脚胫、脂肪等组织中的沉积过程。鸡本身不能合成这些色素 ,必须从饲料中摄入。１．１着色的阶段肉鸡着色分两阶段。第一阶段是通过加入黄色色素 ,以确保底色为黄色 ,此阶段称为“饱和阶段” ;第二阶段是在黄色基底上通过加入红色色素 ,使之从黄色转变为金黄—橙红色 ,此阶段称为“增色阶段”…     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

畜禽物种多样性及其保护和利用

文章就我国畜禽物种多样性资源的现状、保护和利用等方面进行阐述,为生态脆弱的喀斯特地区畜牧业可持续发展提供参考。     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

德国荷兰畜禽产品质量安全交流与启示

2018年岁末,笔者有幸赴德国和荷兰,就畜产品质量安全控制及检测技术等进行了短期交流,收获颇丰,现具体介绍如下。一、交流情况德国面积35.73万平方千米,人口约8175.2万,是欧盟人口最多的国家,农业发达,机械化程度很高。德国的畜牧业以猪、牛、羊和禽类为主,畜牧业产值占农业生产总值的61%。德国虽然农业比重很小,但却是有机农业运动最早的发起国,也是目前世界上有机农产品生产与消费大国。     

广西芒果主要病虫害及其防治

广西是我国主要的芒果生产基地。随着基地建设的发展,芒果病虫害已成为目前栽培管理的主要问题。为此,在调查、研究的基础了介绍了当前芒果生产中常见的病虫害,并提出了防治措施,以期为生产上提供技术参考。     

国内外蛋氨酸与赖氨酸市场分析与展望

近几年,世界饲用添加剂市场增长较快,预计今后将进一步增长,据世界粮农组织(FAO)首领会议的倡议,到2015年,将使世界营养不良的人口削减一半,其间,肉制品将会以每年2％的速度增长,特别是加快猪肉和禽肉增长。这将促进世界添加剂,尤其是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需求量的增加。