HIRA is essential for the development of gibel carp

HIRA is one of the chaperones of histone H3.3. Mutation of Hira results in embryonic lethality in mice, suggesting a critical role in embryogenesis. However, Hira-mutated Drosophila may survive to adults, indicating that it is dispensable in Drosophila development. The role of Hira in fish development is unknown. In this study we first investigated the expression of Hira during embryogenesis of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) by whole-mount in situ hybridization. We found that Hira signal appeared ubiquitously in the early embryos. After gastrulation, it appeared mainly along the anterior–posterior axis, including the tail bud. In hatching period, the signal was detected in head, heart, and the endoderm region on the back of yolk. Then by microinjection with morpholino-HIRA at the beginning of development, we observed delayed gastrulation and abnormal somitogenesis in gibel carp embryos. The HIRA morphants exhibited short trunk, limited yolk extension, and twisted tail. Most of the mutants died during embryogenesis or shortly after hatching. The rest of the HIRA morphants could survive to larvae but with severe defects in organogenesis. These data suggest that HIRA may be essential for the development of gibel carp, and this function is conserved in vertebrates.     

草鱼AdipoR1-B基因克隆、组织分布及其表达的营养调控

为探讨Adipo R1-B在鱼类糖类和脂质代谢中的作用,本实验采用RACE方法获得了草鱼Adipo R1-B的全长c DNA序列(登录号:KP733846),利用生物信息学技术对该基因及其所编码蛋白的结构特征进行了分析;采用实时定量PCR技术,检测了Adipo R1-B在19个不同组织中的表达特性以及高糖(45%)、高脂(8%)和高糖高脂饲喂对草鱼肝脏中该基因表达的影响。结果显示,草鱼Adipo R1-B c DNA全长2186 bp,其中开放读码框为1122 bp,编码373个氨基酸;跨膜结构分析表明草鱼Adipo R1-B为典型的7次跨膜蛋白;同源性分析结果显示,草鱼Adipo R1-B与其他物种的Adipo R1-B高度同源(氨基酸相似度78%以上),并与斑马鱼Adipo R1-B的进化关系最近;组织分布结果显示,Adipo R1-B在草鱼肝脏中表达量最高,中枢神经系统和红肌次之;此外,高脂和高糖高脂饲喂均能够显著提高草鱼肝脏中Adipo R1-B的表达水平。因此,草鱼肝脏中Adipo R1-B的表达水平受到日粮中脂类水平的调控,推测该受体可能在调节鱼类脂质代谢中发挥重要作用。     

Molecular cloning,characterization and expression of FSH and LH beta subunits from grass carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idella</Emphasis>)

Follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit (FSHβ) and luteinizing hormone beta subunit (LHβ) have been cloned and characterized from the pituitary of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The full length of FSHβ and LHβ cDNA was 393 bp and 441 bp, with open reading frame encoding proteins of 130 and 146 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the proteins of FSHβ and LHβ showed a high homology with other fishes. Homology analysis also indicated that LHβ has higher conservation than FSHβ. The expression analysis of grass carp FSHβ and LHβ by RT-PCR suggested that they were only expressed in the pituitary. Real-time quantitative PCR protocols were developed and validated to measure FSHβ and LHβ mRNAs during ovarian development. The FSHβ and LHβ mRNA level was very low in the pituitaries of early-pubertal fish and significantly increased during the ovulation period. These results suggested that in grass carp the gonadotropins synthesized synchronously in order for asynchronous oogenesis to take place.     

Dietary nano‐selenium enhances antioxidant capacity and hypoxia tolerance of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella fed with high‐fat diet

To evaluate the effects of dietary nano‐selenium (Nano‐Se) on antioxidant capacity and hypoxia tolerance of grass carp fed with high‐fat diet, experimental fishes were fed Nano‐Se supplemented diets at doses of 0 (Control), 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mg/kg for 10 weeks. After feeding trial, a part of the fishes were exposed to hypoxia stress. Results showed that the survival ratio of grass carp significantly increased in 0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg Nano‐Se group, and the content of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) significantly decreased in 0.6–1.2 mg/kg Nano‐Se groups compared with the control group. In addition, dietary Nano‐Se significantly enhanced glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in fishes fed diets with 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg Nano‐Se. Dietary Nano‐Se significantly elevated mRNA expression of GPX1 and catalase (CAT) by promoting the mRNA expression of NF‐E2‐related nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2) in the hepatopancreas. After hypoxia stress, the GPX and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly enhanced, and the MDA content and mortality rate consequently decreased in fishes fed diets with 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg Nano‐Se. In summary, these results suggested that optimal Nano‐Se in diet enhanced the antioxidant capacity and hypoxia tolerance of grass carp.     

仿刺参基质金属蛋白酶基因MMP-16的克隆及表达

基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)是一种能够降解细胞外基质的蛋白水解酶类。为研究MMPs在仿刺参免疫防御中的作用,本实验采用RACE技术克隆了仿刺参基质金属蛋白酶16基因(Aj-MMP-16)的cDNA全长序列,并对其序列特征和功能进行了初步分析;采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法,分别分析了Aj-MMP-16基因在仿刺参不同组织、不同"化皮"体壁组织以及病原菌刺激后体腔细胞中的表达情况。结果显示,Aj-MMP-16基因的cDNA全长为2 976 bp,包括一个342 bp的5′非编码区,一个963 bp的3′非编码区;开放阅读框(ORF)为1 671 bp,编码557个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为63.11 ku,等电点为4.79。Aj-MMP-16具有典型的MMPs家族蛋白结构:N-端前肽区、铰链区、催化区、C-端类血红素结合区和跨膜区。Aj-MMP-16与其他物种的MMPs具有一定的相似性,与紫色球海胆的MMP-16相似性最高。Aj-MMP-16基因mRNA在仿刺参各组织中均有表达,表达量由高到低为呼吸树、肠、体腔细胞、管足、肌肉、体壁;在"化皮病"不同阶段,AjMMP-16基因mRNA在"化皮"体壁组织中的表达量显著高于正常体壁组织;灿烂弧菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌刺激后,体腔细胞中Aj-MMP-16基因mRNA表达量显著升高。Aj-MMP-16基因可能在仿刺参内脏再生、炎症发生以及免疫应答中起着重要的作用。     

锦鲤墨蝶呤还原酶基因的克隆、表达和定位分析

为探究SPR在锦鲤体色形成中的作用,实验利用RACE技术获得spr cDNA全长序列,并分析其时空表达模式,同时利用Western blot和免疫组织化学方法检测SPR蛋白在皮肤、鳍条和鳞片中的分布和表达情况。结果显示,spr cDNA全长879 bp,包含132 bp和134 bp的5′和3′非编码区,开放阅读框510 bp,编码170个氨基酸残基。氨基酸序列比对和系统进化树分析显示,锦鲤SPR具有保守的adh_short_C2结构域,与金鱼相似性高达97.7%。spr在各组织中均有表达,其中皮肤的表达量最高。spr在锦鲤个体发育的4个阶段表现为先降后升。纯红、纯白及红白3种体色锦鲤皮肤、鳞片和鳍条中spr mRNA和蛋白表达水平基本一致,在纯红锦鲤皮肤中表达量最高,红白锦鲤白色皮肤、鳞片和鳍条的表达量最低。SPR组织定位分析显示,红色锦鲤和白色锦鲤皮肤中均检测到阳性信号,其中红色皮肤阳性信号强度高于白色皮肤。研究表明,spr可能与锦鲤红/黄色素细胞的分化和形成具有一定相关性,参与了锦鲤体色的形成。     

黄河鲤酪氨酸酶基因的克隆、表达模式及定位分析

为探究Tyrosinase(Tyr)基因在黄河鲤体色形成中的作用,利用生物显微镜对黄河鲤黑色鳞片、银色鳞片、鳍条色素细胞的组成进行观察,并利用RACE克隆黄河鲤Tyr基因全长cDNA序列,荧光定量PCR分析其在不同组织中的表达情况,Western blot印迹和免疫组织化学方法检测其蛋白的表达定位。结果显示,黄河鲤具有黑色素细胞、黄色素细胞和虹彩细胞3种色素细胞,3种色素细胞的数量、种类和分布在不同组织中存在较大差异。黄河鲤Tyr基因cDNA全长1717 bp(GenBank ID:No.KY305667),其中ORF长1605 bp,编码535个氨基酸,5′-UTR区41 bp,3′-UTR区71 bp。蛋白同源分析发现,黄河鲤Tyr与鲤科鱼类相似性最高,与哺乳类及鸟类等脊椎动物相似性最低。系统进化分析显示,黄河鲤Tyr与鲤、瓯江彩鲤、锦鲤和斑马鱼等鲤科鱼类的亲缘关系最近。实时定量PCR分析表明,Tyr基因在黄河鲤不同组织中均有表达,肌肉中的表达量最高,其次是黑色皮肤,另外在黄色皮肤、臀鳍和尾鳍等黑色素细胞存在的组织中也有较高表达。Western blot印迹结果显示,Tyr基因在黑色皮肤中表达最高,其次是臀鳍和尾鳍,银色皮肤中没有表达。免疫组织化学结果显示,Tyr基因在黑色皮肤的黑色素细胞和黏液细胞中有表达。研究表明,Tyr基因表达水平与黑色素细胞数量和分布具有一定相关性,参与黄河鲤体色的形成。     

Molecular and functional characterization of Raptor in mTOR pathway from Litopenaeus vannamei

Raptor, a member of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1), participates in the formation of complex proteins related to the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling. In this study, a 5,020 bp cDNA of Raptor with an open reading frame (ORF) of 3,804 bp encoding for 1,267 amino acids was cloned from Litopenaeus vannamei. The protein contains three conserved domains: Raptor N, HEAT and WD40 domains. The expression of Raptor gene was detected by qRT‐PCR in different tissues of L. vannamei, including hepatopancreas, intestinal, stomach, eyestalk, gill and muscle. The mRNA expression profiles of Raptor in muscle were also analysed under suppression or stimulation of mTOR signalling pathway. The level of Raptor mRNA significantly increased either at 0.5–6 hr after an injection of rapamycin (RAPA) or after 3 days starvation. Leucine or arginine alleviated the up‐regulation of Raptor gene expression caused by RAPA or starvation. The Raptor gene was successfully suppressed using RNA interference (RNAi) technology, and the gene expression and the protein phosphorylation level of 4EBP1 and S6K were significantly decreased. The results of the study suggested that the expression of Raptor was sensitive to the immunology status of L. vannamei and participated in nutritional metabolism.     

牙鲆胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白IGFBP-1 cDNA全长的克隆及表达分析

利用RACE-PCR技术,从牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)的肝脏组织总RNA中克隆得到胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-1(insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1, IGFBP-1)基因的全长cDNA序列,该cDNA全长为1070 bp,开放阅读框为729 bp,编码242个氨基酸。通过系统进化树分析,牙鲆IGFBP-1与鱼类IGFBP-1基因聚为一支;通过同源性比对,牙鲆IGFBP-1基因的核苷酸序列与大菱鲆同源性最高,为95%,而其推导的氨基酸序列与其它鱼类如大菱鲆、五条鰤、黄金鲈、红点鲑、鲤鱼和斑马鱼的同源性分别为89%、89%、84%、79%、67%和67%。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,牙鲆IGFBP-1基因存在母源转录本,合子基因在孵化前的胚胎阶段及早期仔鱼中仅有较低水平的表达,在后期仔鱼中表达逐渐增高;牙鲆IGFBP-1基因在肝脏中表达量最高,在胃、脾、肠、性腺、肾、鳃、脑、心脏和肌肉中也有不同程度的表达。     

A comparative account of the structure of the growth hormone encoding gene and genetic interrelationship in six species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeo</Emphasis>

The growth hormone (GH) gene isolated and cloned from various Labeo species (L. rohita, L. calbasu, L. fimbriatus, L. gonius, L. bata, and L. kontius) is shown to contain a single copy in the haploid genome, with an overall size of ∼2.5 kb. The GH gene in all the Labeo species studied has five exons and four introns of various sizes with the exon/intron boundary sequence of GT/AG. The length variation of the GH gene between the species is found to be due to length variation in the form of several deletions in the third intron. The length of individual exons is the same in all the species with an open reading frame (ORF) of 630 bp (210 amino acids) except in L. rohita, which has a 9 bp deletion in the fourth exon, resulting in a shorter GH of 621 bp (207 amino acids). The similarity in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences between the different Labeo species is greater than 97%, in spite of eight amino acids being altered in the GH protein of Labeo that reside outside the conserved domain sequence required for its function. Nucleotide substitutions are seen in the form of 20 transitions and three transversions in the ORF of the GH gene. Both types of transitions (A–G; T–C) and only one type of transversion (A–C) are detected in the GH gene. Codon preference in GH gene shows a strong preference for G and C in the wobble position of the codons. Genetic interrelationships determined between Labeo and other species of fishes using nucleotide sequence of GH cDNA supports the overall teleost classification of Nelson (Fishes of the World. Wiley, New York, 1984) with separate clades for Ostariophysi, Protacanthopterygii, and Acanthopterygii. Besides, the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) analysis clearly distinguishes between the species having five exons and four introns in the GH gene from the species having six exons and five introns in the same gene. The Labeo species analyzed in the present study could be clustered into two groups using the maximum-parsimony method on the intron sequences data of the GH gene.     

鲤WISP基因家族的克隆、表达及系统进化树的构建

Wnt1诱导分泌蛋白(WISP)基因家族与CYR61、CTGF、NOV基因共同构成了CCN家族。研究通过鲤基因组序列与斑马鱼WISP基因编码区全序列的比对获得WISP1a、WISP1b、WISP2、和WISP3等4条序列。经过克隆、测序、比对拼接得到其开放阅读框,分别是1 089、1 077、1 038和1 026 bp,它们都是由5个外显子和4个内含子构成,分别编码362、358、345和341个氨基酸。分子系统学分析表明,鲤4个WISP基因具有高度同源性,其中WISP1a、WISP1b和WISP2均含有4个模块,WISP3缺少第2个模块。通过RT-PCR检测WISP基因在鲤组织中的表达,结果表明,WISP1a鲤在13个组织中均有表达,皮肤中表达最高,脾、肠、卵巢次之,其他组织中表达较低。WISP1b在精巢、脑、皮肤、卵巢中表达较高。WISP2在血液、鳃中表达较高。WISP3在血液、脑、肝中表达较高。实时荧光定量PCR法分析WISP基因在鲤胚胎发育时期的表达,结果表明,除WISP3外,WISP1a、WISP1b和WISP2在前期表达较高,36 h表达最低,随后逐渐升高至第6天开始下降。     

Cloning and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bax1</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bax2</Emphasis> genes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idellus</Emphasis> and evaluation of transcript expression in response to grass carp reovirus infection

Multidomain proapoptotic Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein is an essential effector responsible for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, resulting in cell death via apoptosis. In this study, two Bax genes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), designated as CiBax1 and CiBax2, were isolated and analyzed. The obtained CiBax1 cDNA is 2058 bp long, with a 579 bp open reading frame (ORF) coding a protein of 192 amino acid residues. The full-length cDNA of CiBax2 is 1161 bp, with a 618 bp ORF coding 205 amino acids. Both CiBax1 and CiBax2 are typical members of Bcl-2 family containing conserved Bcl and C-terminal domains, and they share conserved synteny with zebrafish Bax genes despite the grass carp Bax mapping to different linkage groups. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CiBax1 was clustered with Bax from most teleost fish, and CiBax2 was close to Bax2 from teleost fish but far separated from that of Salmo salar. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed broad expression of CiBax1 and CiBax2 in tissues from healthy grass carp, but the relative expression level differed. The mRNA expression of CiBax1 and CiBax2 was both upregulated significantly and peaked in all examined tissues at days 5 or 6 post-infection with grass carp reovirus. Subcellular localization indicated that CiBax1 protein was localized in both nucleus and cytosol, while CiBax2 protein only in cytosol. Moreover, CiBax2, but not CiBax1 was colocalized with mitochondrion under normal condition. Taken together, the findings would be helpful for further understanding of the function of Bax in teleost fish.     

石磺钙调蛋白Os-IP3R和Os-RyR基因的克隆、相对表达量及进化关系

为明确石磺钙通道蛋白1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体（IP₃R）基因和蓝尼碱受体（RyR）基因的序列和结构信息,初步研究不同石磺中的Onchidium struma-IP₃R/Onchidium struma-RyR（Os-IP₃R/Os-RyR）基因表达量百分比与石磺系统进化的相关性,实验在瘤背石磺表皮转录组数据库的基础上,克隆得到2条钙通道蛋白基因Os-IP₃R和 Os-RyR,利用生物信息学技术对该基因及所编码蛋白的结构特征进行分析,并通过qRT-PCR技术分析2个基因在瘤背石磺、平疣桑椹石磺和紫色疣石磺各组织中的表达情况。结果显示,Os-IP₃R核酸序列为4 574 bp,包括2 808 bp的开放阅读框,共编码935个氨基酸,预测编码的蛋白有6个跨膜区;Os-RyR核酸序列为1 253 bp,包括1 131 bp的开放阅读框,共编码376个氨基酸,预测编码的蛋白有3个跨膜区。将瘤背石磺IP₃R和RyR的氨基酸序列进行比对,发现位于钙离子通道区的G*R*GGG*GD序列处高度保守;发现3种石磺Os-IP₃R/Os-RyR 的相对表达百分比的高低顺序与各石磺从陆地到浅海的梯度分布趋势相一致,依次为瘤背石磺>平疣桑椹石磺>紫色疣石磺;石磺的陆栖性越强,则Os-IP₃R/Os-RyR 的相对表达百分比越高。不同种石磺的Os-IP₃R/Os-RyR表达量百分比的研究能为分析海洋无脊椎动物由海洋向陆地进化学说提供新的分子生物学线索。     

大口黑鲈两种脂蛋白脂肪酶基因cDNA的克隆及表达特征分析

为促进肉食性鱼类人工配合饲料开发的理论基础研究,分析鱼类脂肪代谢的机制,实验克隆了大口黑鲈2个脂蛋白脂肪酶基因LPLtype1和LPLtype2的cDNA。序列分析表明,LPLtype1基因cDNA序列全长2 156 bp,编码516个氨基酸;LPLtype2基因cDNA序列全长1 710 bp,编码346个氨基酸。大口黑鲈LPLtype2与LPLtype1氨基酸序列之间的同源性为43.5%。系统进化分析表明,大口黑鲈LPLtype1和鳜LPL聚为一支,大口黑鲈LPLtype2和大麻哈鱼LPLtype2紧密聚为一支。预测分析发现,大口黑鲈LPLtype1和LPLtype2基因编码蛋白的活性中心位点、N-糖基化位点、二聚体形成的保守疏水残基位点、肝素结合域等主要功能域与硬骨鱼类和其他脊椎动物对比都比较保守。运用实时定量PCR方法检测脂蛋白脂肪酶mRNA的组织分布,发现LPLtype1和LPLtype2都在肝脏中表达量最高,推测这与肝脏是最主要的营养诱导性储脂部位有关。     

A novel 79‐bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in 3′‐flanking region of IGF‐I gene is associated with growth‐related traits in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) participates in the modulation of the cellular development, differentiation and proliferation in various vertebrate tissues. Therefore, variations in IGF‐I gene are good candidates as growth regulators. In this study, a novel 79‐bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism was identified in 3′‐flanking region of IGF‐I gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing approaches in common carp Cyprinus carpio. To gain insight into the association of the 79‐bp I/D polymorphism with growth‐related traits, a total of 747 individuals from Heilongjiang carp Cyprinus cario haematopterus (YL) (n = 263), selective line of German mirror carp Cyprinus carpio L. mirror (JL) (n = 229), and cold‐resistance line of Hebao red carp Cyprinus carpio var. wuyuanensis (HL) (n = 255) were genotyped. The DD genotype of the polymorphism was significantly associated with higher body length (135), body weight (325, 385, and 445 days), net weight (445 days) and lower overwintering body loss rate in JL. In addition, in pooled population (YL+JL+HL), fish with DD genotype also showed significantly higher body weight (445 days) and net weight (445 days) than those with II genotype. Taken together, these results suggest that the novel polymorphism in IGF‐I gene could be considered as a potential genetic marker for selection of growth performance in common carp.