Low nitrogen supply decreases water‐use efficiency of oriental tobacco

Most studies indicating positive effects of nitrogen (N) supply on biomass water‐use efficiency (WUE) used two contrasting levels of N supply and monitored some of the relevant traits being associated with WUE. In order to investigate N effects on WUE over a wider range of N‐supply levels, oriental tobacco was cultivated in pots under six (Exp. 1) and four (Exp. 2) N levels until flowering stage. Water‐use efficiency, intrinsic water‐use efficiency (A/g), carbon isotope discrimination (CID), average daily canopy transpiration rate (E_C; from 12 to 7 d before harvest), and biomass‐partitioning parameters were determined. Water‐use efficiency increased from the lowest to the highest N level and was positively correlated with biomass. Intrinsic water‐use efficiency was positively correlated with leaf N and chlorophyll concentration. Whole‐plant CID was significantly less negative under high compared to low N supply. Biomass‐partitioning parameters were only slightly affected by N supply except for leaf‐area ratio, which significantly increased with N supply. The low planting density of Exp. 2 resulted in an increase of WUE and substantially less negative whole‐plant CID compared to Exp. 1. In both experiments, E_C was lower under high compared to low N supply and was negatively correlated with WUE. It is concluded that plants under high N supply realized a higher WUE via increases of A/g and a reduction of E_C.     

水氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响研究

通过田间和桶栽试验研究了水、氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响。田间试验结果显示,土壤水分条件对冬小麦根冠生长影响显著。当冬小麦生育期60 cm土层土壤水分维持在田间持水量的60%以上时,根冠比维持稳定状态,不随灌溉次数的增加而变化;当冬小T麦生育期60 cm土层土壤水分低于田间持水量的60%时,土壤越干旱,根冠比越大。桶栽试验结果显示,氮素水平对冬小麦根冠比影响显著,而水氮互作效应对根冠比影响不显著。在所有水分处理条件下,随着施氮量增加,冬小麦根量减少。施氮对冬小麦地上部分和地下部分的影响不同。在水分亏缺条件下,随着氮用量增加,冬小麦经济产量呈增加趋势,水分利用效率与施氮量存在明显正相关关系;而在充分灌溉条件下,产量随着施氮量的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势,存在一个氮肥用量阈值。因此,水氮通过调控地上地下干物质分配而影响作物产量和水分利用效率,在水分供应受限制条件下,增施氮肥会降低根冠比,更利于地上干物质的积累和经济产量形成。田间试验和桶栽试验均表明,冬小麦根冠比与水分利用效率呈负相关,根冠比大不利于地上部分干物质的积累和作物产量的形成,导致水分利用效率降低。     

The effects of potassium fertilization on water‐use efficiency in crop plants

The supplies of water and nitrogen to a plant during its critical stages of growth are the main factors that define crop yield. A crop experiences irregular water deficits during its life cycle in rain‐fed agriculture. An effective anti‐stress‐oriented approach therefore ought to focus on increasing the units of water productivity. The main objective of this conceptual review is to confirm that adequate K management can be used as an important tool to alleviate the negative effects of water deficit on plant growth, yield‐component formation, and yield. The French and Schultz approach of using the water‐limited yield (WLY) was modified in this review into a graphical form and was used to discriminate between yield fractions that depended on the volume of transpired water from those that were induced by K fertilizer. By using this method, it was possible to demonstrate the extent of several crop (winter wheat, spring triticale, maize, sugar beet) responses to the K supply. Yield increases resulting from K application mostly appeared under conditions of mild water deficit. As described for sugar beet, finding the critical period of crop K sensitivity is a decisive step in understanding its impact on water‐use efficiency. It has been shown that an insufficient supply of K during crucial stages in the yield formation of cereals (wheat, spring triticale), maize, and sugar beet coincides with a depressed development in the yield components. The application of K fertilizer to plants is a simple agronomic practice used to increase crop tolerance to a temporary water shortage. It may be that the improvement of a plant's access to K during mild water‐deficiency stress will increase water uptake by the root cells, which in turn increases their osmotic potential and thereby allows extension growth. This growth in turn promotes access to other mineral elements (including nitrogen) and water, which favor plant growth and yield.     

Carbon isotope discrimination and water use efficiency in Iranian diploid,tetraploid and hexaploid wheats grown under well-watered conditions

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been proposed as physiological criterion to select C₃ crops for yield and water use efficiency. The relationships between carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), water use efficiency for grain and biomass production (WUE_G and WUE_B, respectively) and plant and leaf traits were examined in 20 Iranian wheat genotypes including einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) accessions, durum wheat (T. turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) landraces and bread wheat (T. aestivum L. subsp. aestivum) landraces and improved cultivars, grown in pots under well-watered conditions. Carbon isotope discrimination was higher in diploid than in hexaploid and tetraploid wheats and was negatively associated with grain yield across species as well as within bread wheat. It was also positively correlated to stomatal frequency. The highest WUE_G and grain yield were noted in bread wheat and the lowest in einkorn wheat. Einkorn and bread wheat had higher WUE_B and biomass than durum wheat. WUE_G and WUE_B were significantly negatively associated to Δ across species as well as within bread and durum wheat. The variation for WUE_G was mainly driven by the variation for harvest index across species and by the variation for Δ within species. The quantity of water extracted by the crop, that was closely correlated to root mass, poorly influenced WUE_G. Environmental conditions and genetic variation for water use efficiency related traits appear to highly determine the relationships between WUE_G and its different components (water consumed, transpiration efficiency and carbon partitioning).     

不同灌溉条件下不同类型冬小麦产量水分利用效率差异原因分析

以旱地品种"西峰20"和"晋麦47"、水旱兼用型品种"石家庄8 号"、高水肥地品种"石4185"和"科农9204"5 个冬小麦品种为材料, 通过田间不同灌溉处理试验研究了不同抗旱类型冬小麦品种收获指数和群体水分利用效率对产量水分利用效率的影响差异。结果表明: 不同抗旱类型的小麦在不同灌溉处理下, 产量水分利用效率(WUE_y)以及变化趋势存在显著差异。旱地冬小麦品种WUE_y 和收获指数(HI)显著低于水地品种和水旱兼用型品种。不同品种间WUE_y 最大相差42.01%, HI 相差25.91%。HI 和群体水分利用效率(WUE_bm)与WUE_y 呈显著正相关关系。株高与HI 呈显著负相关关系(R²=0.574)。在不灌溉条件下, 品种间WUE_y 差异源自HI 的差异; 而在补充灌溉条件下, 品种间WUE_y 的差异源自WUE_bm 和HI 的共同作用。说明不同抗旱类型的小麦对不同灌溉处理的响应方式和适应策略不同。旱地品种在干旱胁迫条件下, 主要靠增加WUE_bm 来提高WUE_y; 而水地品种和水旱兼用型品种在补充灌溉中凭借较高的WUE_bm 和HI 共同作用提高WUE_y。     

LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS,BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND WATER AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCIES OF TWO CONTRASTING NAKED VS. HULLED OAT GENOTYPES SUBJECTED TO WATER AND NITROGEN STRESSES

Water and nitrogen (N) are the two most important factors influencing the growth and yield of oat (Avena sativa). A pot culture study was conducted to determine the physiological and biomass production of contrasting oat genotypes to water and N supply conditions. With sufficient water, biomass yield of the naked ‘Shadow’ was 12.4% and 10.0% greater than ‘Bia’ in the treatments 750 and 1250 mg N pot^?1, respectively, but ‘Bia’ produced greater grain yield than ‘Shadow’. Under severe water stress conditions, increasing N supply decreased P_N mainly due to the reduction of g_s and E. ‘Shadow’ had higher chlorophyll and leaf N than ‘Bia’, while there were no differences in plant total N, NuptE and NUE. With increasing N application and water stress, WUE_L and WUE_P both increased. NUE was inversely related with increasing N rates and water stress levels, resulting in a trade-off relationship between WUE_P and NUE.     

旱稻水分利用率与碳同位素识别值之间的关系

通过温室盆栽试验 ,分析和探讨了三个水平的土壤水分条件对分蘖期和成熟期收获的旱稻(OryzasativaL .)生物量累积、水分利用率 (WUE)、植株不同部位的碳同位素识别值 (CID)的影响 ,并了解了它们之间的相互关系。水分条件包括 :饱和含水量 (W1 )、饱和含水量的 70 %(W2 )、饱和含水量的 4 0 %(W3)。结果表明当土壤水分条件从W1降低到W2时 ,分蘖期收获的生物量降低 4 5 %左右 ,成熟期收获的生物量降低 1 6 %～ 1 9%;而当从W1降低到W3时 ,分蘖期收获的生物量降低 73%左右 ,成熟期收获的生物量降低 5 5 %～ 5 7%。然而 ,根据地上部干重计算而来的WUE(WUE 地上部 )和根据全株干重计算而来的WUE(WUE 全株 )则随土壤含水量的降低而增加 ,其增幅在分蘖期为 0 .0 7～ 0 .2 8gkg-1 ,在成熟期为 0 .0 7～ 0 .4 5gkg-1 。植株的CID值变幅为 1 7.0～ 2 0 .6 ,但植株不同部位间差别显著 ,分蘖期收获的样品CID值从小到大的顺序为 :根 <最近完全伸展叶 <叶芽 <茎秆 ;而成熟期收获的样品CID值从小到大的顺序为 :籽粒 <根 <茎秆 <旗叶。随着土壤含水量的降低 ,植株所有部位的CID值亦显著减小。叶部的CID值与WUE 地上部(和WUE 全株 )之间呈一致的负相关关系。     

Photosynthetic water‐use efficiency of irrigated winter and summer crops in a typical mountain oasis of northern Oman

The millenia‐old existence of traditional, surface‐irrigated Omani mountain oases implies a remarkable sustainability of such systems in a hyperarid environment. This study was conducted in the mountain oasis of Balad Seet, situated in the Al‐Jabal‐al‐Akhdar mountains of northern Oman, to investigate the water‐use efficiency (WUE) of these oases and how farmers regulate it. In 2005, gas exchange of single leaves of 9–16 plants was measured for the most important perennial field crop alfalfa in both February and August, for the typical winter crop oat in February, and the dominating summer crop sorghum in August. The measurements were conducted five times a day in subplots irrigated the evening before and in the surrounding control plots, where plants had been withheld from irrigation for 14–16 d. Water deficit at the end of the irrigation interval reduced the stomatal conductance (g_s) strongly in summer alfalfa, oat, and sorghum, but only slightly in winter alfalfa. In oat, the reduction of net photosynthetic rate (P_N) at the end of the irrigation cycle was caused mainly by stomatal closure, in sorghum by nonstomatal factors and in summer alfalfa by both, whereas P_N in winter alfalfa remained unaffected. The ratio of net photosynthetic rate to stomatal conductance (P_N/g_s), the “intrinsic water‐use efficiency”, increased in all investigated crops in response to drought because of a stronger reduction of g_s than of P_N. This increase was small in winter alfalfa, but much stronger in oat, sorghum, and summer alfalfa. The data indicate that alfalfa maintains a relatively high CO₂ assimilation rate year‐round, contributing to a relatively high annual dry‐matter production. The decrease of the light intensity in the late afternoon caused by the shading effect of the surrounding mountains diminishes the crop evapotranspiration in the oasis.     

Effects of nitrogen supply on water‐use efficiency of higher plants

The worldwide increase of food demand and reduced sweet‐water availability in some important food‐producing regions raised interest in more efficient water use, which has become one of the central research topics in agriculture. Improved irrigation management and reduced bare‐soil evaporation have highest priority to increase agronomic water‐use efficiency (WUE). Compared to these technical (irrigation) and basic (crop production) management options, effects of nutrient management on WUE were less frequently considered. Twenty‐nine publications on nitrogen (N) effects on biomass WUE of container‐grown plants are considered in this review. Most of them indicate positive N effects on WUE, and relevance of N effects on intrinsic WUE and unproductive water and carbon loss is discussed. A plot of 90 published data of percent decreases of WUE and dry mass under variable N supply is presented. Extrapolation of biomass WUE from leaf measurements of intrinsic WUE is critically reviewed. The positive correlation between WUE and dry‐mass formation suggests that physiological rather than stomatal effects are more important in order to explain positive N effects on WUE.     

Labile organic matter fractions as early‐season nitrogen supply indicators in manure‐amended soils

Soil test indicators are needed to predict the contribution of soil organic N to crop N requirements. Labile organic matter (OM) fractions containing C and N are readily metabolized by soil microorganisms, which leads to N mineralization and contributes to the soil N supply to crops. The objective of this study was to identify labile OM fractions that could be indicators of the soil N supply by evaluating the relationship between the soil N supply, the C and N concentrations, and C/N ratios of water extractable OM, hot‐water extractable OM, particulate OM, microbial biomass, and salt extractable OM. Labile OM fractions were measured before planting spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in fertilized soils and the soil N supply was determined from the wheat N uptake and soil mineral N concentration after 6 weeks. Prior to the study, fertilized sandy loam and silty clay soils received three annual applications of 90 kg available N (ha · y)^?1 from mineral fertilizer, liquid dairy cattle manure, liquid swine manure or solid poultry litter, and there was a zero‐N control. Water extractable organic N was the only labile OM fraction to be affected by fertilization in both soil types (P < 0.01). Across both test soils, the soil N supply was significantly correlated with the particulate OM N (r = 0.87, P < 0.001), the particulate OM C (r = 0.83, P < 0.001), and hot‐water extractable organic N (r = 0.81, P < 0.001). We conclude that pre‐planting concentrations of particulate OM and hot‐water extractable organic N could be early season indicators of the soil N supply in fertilized soils of the Saint Lawrence River Lowlands in Quebec, Canada. The suitability of these pre‐planting indicators to predict the soil N supply under field conditions and in fertilized soils from other regions remains to be determined.     

Growth,water use efficiency,and sodium and potassium acquisition by tomato cultivars grown under salt stress

Three cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cvs. Sera, 898, Rohaba) were grown under different levels of NaCl in nutrient solution to determine effects of salt stress on shoot and root dry matter (DM), plant height, water use efficiency (WUE, g DM kg^‐1 water evapotranspired), shoot sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations, and K versus Na selectivity (S_K,Na). Increasing NaCl concentration in nutrient solution adversely affected shoot and root DM, plant height, WUE, K concentration, and K/Na ratio of all cultivars. Shoot Na concentrations increased with increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution. Although increasing salt concentration in the solution adversely affected growth of all cultivars, the cultivar Sera had the highest shoot and root DM than the other two cultivars (898 and Rohaba). Shoot and root DM of cultivar 898 was most affected by salt, while cultivar Rohaba had an intermediate salt sensitivity. The cultivar Sera generally had higher WUE values, shoot K concentrations, and S_K,Na, but had lower shoot Na concentrations than the other two cultivars when plants were grown under different salt levels. Greater Na exclusion, higher K uptake and shoot S_K,Na are suggested as being plant strategies for salt tolerance.     

冬小麦||菠菜-番茄宽垄浅沟节水栽培中冬小麦水分利用效率研究

垄作小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)和间套作技术是我国华北地区农业生产中的重要种植模式之一。本研究结合华北地区严重缺水的实际, 以平作小麦、垄作小麦作为复种模式中冬小麦的对照, 平作菠菜(Spinaciaoleracea L.)复种番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Miller)为复种模式中菠菜和番茄的对照(平作采用漫灌, 起垄栽培作物均采用沟内灌水), 研究了垄作小麦间作菠菜复种1 季番茄这一间套模式中冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率。结果表明, 垄作小麦及垄作小麦间作菠菜复种番茄比平作小麦减产11%, 减产是由于没能充分发挥边际效应而使得穗数降低。3 种模式的水分利用效率比较表明, 平作小麦水分利用效率最高, 其次是垄作小麦, 间套作条件下的垄作小麦水分利用效率最低。垄作小麦的水分利用效率低于平作小麦, 是因为冬小麦对沟内水分利用不充分, 而试验中降水、灌溉水主要存留于沟内。在垄作小麦沟内套种菠菜, 获得了与单作菠菜相同的产量, 说明冬小麦不影响菠菜产量。收获菠菜后接茬移栽番茄, 移栽时间应尽量后移, 可减少共生期, 便于田间管理和番茄生长。小麦、菠菜、番茄间作套种, 如果品种选择合理、时机恰当, 可以在小麦等粮食作物不减产的情况下, 增收2 茬蔬菜。     

Nitrogen metabolism is related to improved water‐use efficiency of nodulated alfalfa grown with sewage sludge under drought

Leguminous plants grown in sewage sludge–amended soils can acquire nitrogen by assimilation of nitrate and ammonium from the soil solution or from atmospheric‐dinitrogen (N₂) fixation through association with N₂‐fixing bacteria. We proposed that operation of both metabolic processes could contribute to alleviate the impact of drought in sludge‐treated plants. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the involvement of nodule metabolism in the use efficiency of water and N in sludge‐treated plants. Treatments comprised (1) plants inoculated with rhizobia and amended with sewage sludge; (2) plants inoculated with rhizobia without any amendment; and (3) noninoculated plants supplied with ammonium nitrate, each under well‐watered and drought conditions. Under drought, sludge‐treated plants had increased plant growth and higher photosynthetic and water‐use efficiencies than untreated plants. Drought stimulated nitrate reductase and GS/GOGAT activities but did not affect the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and malate dehydrogenase or the leghemoglobin concentration. The results suggest that under drought conditions, both N₂ fixation and nitrate assimilation in nodules of sludge‐treated plants contributed to improve plant N supply and to increase the drought tolerance of alfalfa.     

Fate of phosphorus in soil during a long‐term fertilization experiment in Finland

Accumulation and depletion of soil phosphorus (P) was studied in a long‐term (37 y) field experiment in Southern Finland. The loam soil had a high pH (7.5–7.7) due to an earlier liming. Spring barley, spring wheat, oat, and ryegrass, grown in rotation, were annually fertilized with 0, 32, or 67 kg P ha^?1 y^?1 (P₀, P₁, and P₂K) and sufficient N. The average dry matter grain yield 2,600 kg ha^?1 of the P₀ plots increased by about 500 kg ha^?1 at P₁ treatment and another 600 kg ha^?1 by P₂K. Soil samples were collected in 1978 (beginning), 1995, 2005, and 2015. According to the Chang and Jackson sequential extraction, the P₂K and P₁ treatments increased the inorganic soil P by 732 and 32 kg P ha ^?1 in 37 years, respectively, while the P₀ plots were depleted by –459 kg P ha ^?1. The P₂K treatment increased all four P fractions, extracted with NH₄Cl (easily soluble), NH₄F (Al‐P), NaOH (Fe‐P), and H₂SO₄ (Ca‐P). Continuous depletion (P₀) decreased the NH₄Cl‐P and NH₄F‐P pools, NaOH‐P and H₂SO₄‐P pools remaining stable. None of the P pools changed significantly at P₁. The remarkable gap between the measured change and the balance for the P₂K and P₁ treatments cannot be explained solely by lateral soil movement, meaning that a significant proportion of the applied P was lost either in surface runoff or transported below the investigated depth of 40 cm. Despite large P applications, the degree of P saturation reached only 20% in the P₂K topsoil, assuming a 50% reactivity of Fe and Al oxides. As derived from sorption isotherms, a high EPC₀ (i.e., equilibrium P concentration at zero net P sorption or desorption) of 1.30 mg L^?1 had been built up in the P₂K treatment, while in the P₁ treatment EPC₀ (0.33 mg L^?1) had remained unchanged and P depletion (P₀) had caused a decrease to 0.12 mg L^?1. These results demonstrate that P sorption and desorption properties respond strongly to both P fertilization and null fertilization treatments and that in a long‐term field experiment only a low proportion of the residual fertilizer P can be recovered from soil.     

Influence of Boron Nutrition on Membrane Leakage,Chlorophyll Content and Gas Exchange Characteristics in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.)

Understanding the effect of boron (B) on plant physiology will help to refine the diagnosis of B deficiency and improvement in B fertilizer recommendations for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing areas. This study shows the testing of hypotheses “that application of B-fertilizer improves net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and water use efficiency (WUE) for cotton plant on a B-deficient soil [< 0.50 mg B kg^?1 hydrochloric acid (HCl)-extractable] in an arid environment”. Thus, a permanent layout [two-year field experiment (2004 and 2005)] was conducted to study the impact of B fertilizer at 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 kg ha^?1 on gas exchange and electrolyte leakage (EL) characteristics of cotton crop (cv. ‘CIM-473’). The soil at experimental site was alkaline (pH 8.1), calcareous [calcium carbonate (CaCO₃ 5.6%)], and silt loam (Typic Haplocambid). Boron use decreased EL of plant membrane (P ≤ 0.05), and increased P_N, transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s), while intercellular concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂; C_i) significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) during both experimental years. There was a positive, but non-significant effect of B concentration on chlorophyll content in plant leaves. Application of 3.0 kg B ha^?1 improved WUE up to 9.7% [4.62 μmol (CO₂) mmol^?1 water (H₂O)] compared to control plants (4.21 [μmol (CO₂) mmol^?1 (H₂O)]. Principal component analysis (PCA) of data indicates positive correlations between leaf B concentration and P_N, E, g_s, and WUE, while a negative relationship existed between leaf B concentration and intercellular CO₂ (C_i). This study showed that addition of B fertilizer in the B-deficient calcareous soil proved beneficial for growth and development for cotton crop by enhancing its WUE and gas exchange characteristics.     

紫色土坡耕地农田生态系统蒸散发与水分利用效率及其影响因素

蒸散发与水分利用效率是农田生态系统碳水循环的重要衡量指标。本研究利用涡度相关技术对紫色土坡耕地生态系统进行连续观测,获取2014—2018年碳水通量数据,分析紫色土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下的雨养坡耕地农田生态系统蒸散发和水分利用效率变化特征及其对主要环境因子的响应规律。结果表明:紫色土坡耕地农田生态系统蒸散发日变化规律呈单峰型趋势,最大值均在14:00前后出现;一年中8月日蒸散发最高,1月最低;夏季日变化幅度最大,春季次之,冬季和秋季变化较为平缓。叶面积指数、温度为影响紫色土坡耕地蒸散发的最主要因子,其次为饱和水汽压差。水分利用效率在9:00—17:00期间基本呈先下降后回升的变化规律,冬季水分利用效率为全年最高;叶面积指数、CO2通量为影响水分利用效率的主要因子,其次为温度,相对湿度、饱和水汽压差等水分条件也显著影响了水分利用效率。年际差异分析结果表明,紫色土坡耕地夏季玉米生长盛期的水分利用效率对降雨响应更为敏感,同时冬季土壤水分为冬季蒸散发和水分利用效率的关键影响因子。未来仍需对紫色土坡耕地农田生态系统生长盛期蒸散发与水分利用效率动态进行深入研究,从而为探明当地主要作物应对春夏季季节性干旱威胁的系统性策略提供科学依据。     

Yield formation of five crop species under water shortage and differential potassium supply

A long‐term field experiment on a Haplic Phaeozem, established 1949 with four levels of potassium (K) supply (5, 69, 133, and 261 kg K ha^?1), was analyzed for the interaction between K supply and yield loss of five crop species by water shortage. The crop species were cultivated simultaneously side‐by‐side in the following rotation: potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), silage maize (Zea mays L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The treatment with 133 kg K ha^?1 supply had a nearly balanced K budget. In the treatments with lower supply, the soil delivered K from its mineral constituents. On the low‐K plots (especially on those with only 5 kg K ha^?1), crops suffered yield depressions of nearly all main harvest products (cereal grains, potato tubers, beet storage roots, silage maize) and by‐products (straw, beet leaves) by up to 40.7% of dry matter. Only wheat grains were an exception. Potassium concentrations in the harvested plant parts decreased nearly in parallel to the reduction of their dry matter yields, with the exception of cereal grains, which kept stable concentrations even in the treatment with only 5 kg K ha^?1. A comparison of four year‐pairs with differing levels of precipitation in yield‐relevant periods showed an average water shortage‐induced depression of dry matter yields by 19.7% in the main harvest products. The severity of this yield depression was not mitigated by elevated K supply, with the exception of beet leaves, where the dry matter production was stabilized by high K supply. In this crop, the reduction of storage‐root yield was associated with a decrease in harvest index and was therefore obviously caused by an inhibition of assimilate translocation from the leaves into these organs, in contrast to cereals, where water shortage primarily affected dry matter production in vegetative organs. It is concluded that the physiological causes of yield reduction by drought stress and the possibility of its amelioration by K supply differ between plant species and organs.     

Leaf gas exchange and water-use efficiency of dry-land wheat genotypes under water stressed and non-stressed conditions

The objective of this study was to determine drought tolerance characteristics of dryland wheat genotypes based on leaf gas exchange and water-use efficiency in order to identify promising genotypes for drought tolerance breeding. Physiological responses of ten genetically diverse wheat genotypes were studied under non-stressed (NS) and water stressed (WS) conditions using a 2?×?10 factorial experiment replicated 3 times. A highly significant water condition?×?genotype interaction (P?<?0.001) was observed for photosynthetic rate (A), ratio of photosynthetic rate and internal CO₂ concentration (A/C_i), ratio of internal and atmospheric CO₂ (C_i/C_a), intrinsic (WUE_i) and instantaneous (WUE_inst) water-use efficiencies suggesting genotypic variability among wheat genotypes under both test conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three principal components (PC’s) under both test conditions accounting for 84% and 89% of total variation, respectively. Bi-plot analysis identified G339 and G344 as drought tolerant genotypes with higher values of A, T, gs, A/C_i, WUE_i and WUE_inst under WS condition. The current study detected significant genetic variation for drought tolerance among the tested wheat genotypes using physiological parameters. Genotypes G339 and G344 were identified to be drought tolerant with efficient A, T, gs, A/Ci and water-use under water stressed condition.     

光辐射强度对侧柏油松幼苗光合特性与水分利用效率的影响

 探讨不同土壤水分条件下光辐射强度对侧柏和油松苗木光合特性与水分利用效率的影响规律,可为林木栽培和管理提供科学依据。在黄土半干旱区,采用人工控制土壤水分的方法,利用模拟光源研究了侧柏和油松苗木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和胞间CO2浓度随模拟光辐射增强的变化规律。结果表明:在模拟光辐射为0～2200μmol/（m2.s）的范围内,侧柏和油松叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均随光辐射强度的增强而增大,但光辐射强度进一步增强,侧柏和油松净光合速率和水分利用效率呈下降趋势;在同样土壤水分条件下,侧柏净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率高于油松,侧柏光饱和点高于油松,而侧柏光补偿点低于油松,侧柏光能利用率高于油松;随着土壤水分的增加,侧柏与油松净光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度升高,而水分利用效率降低。在土壤含水量为7.90%、13.00%和19.99%条件下,侧柏光饱和点分别为1275、1 450和1 675μmol/（m2.s）,光补偿点分别为4225和13μmol/（m2.s）,由光饱和点对应最大净光合速率分别为3.04、4.06和5.53μmol/（m2.s）;在土壤含水量为7.83%1、3.04%与20.15%条件下,油松光饱和点分别为11001、325和1500μmol/（m2.s）,光补偿点分别为60.30和23μmol/（m2.s）,由光饱和点对应最大净光合速率分别为1.08、3.35和4.36μmol/（m2.s）。     

石羊河流域节水高产高效轮作模式研究

为解决石羊河流域不合理种植模式和灌溉方法引起的水资源短缺问题, 采用轮作和调亏灌溉相结合的节水技术, 在石羊河流域设置了5 种轮作模式, 从等价产量、耗水量、等价水分利用率、经济水分利用率和经济效益等方面进行不同灌溉条件下不同轮作模式的对比分析研究。结果表明: 就单个轮作模式而言, 不同灌溉条件下作物的等价产量、耗水量和经济效益表现为: 充分灌溉>轻度调亏>重度调亏, 等价水分利用率和经济水分利用率表现为: 轻度调亏>充分灌溉>重度调亏; 对不同轮作模式而言, 在不同调亏灌溉条件下制种油葵-小麦/黄豆和小麦/黄豆-小麦2 种模式具有增产、节水、提高水分利用率和增加经济收入的潜力, 与常规小麦-玉米轮作模式相比, 等价产量分别提高14.1%~29.5%和-0.4%~28.7%, 分别节水42.5~96.5 mm 和47.9~58.7 mm,等价水分利用率分别提高24.8%~37.3%和8.2%~36.0%, 经济水分利用率分别提高119.8%~149.2%和-0.1%~26.1%, 经济收入分别增加25 785~29 656 Yuan·hm^-2 和-614~5 501 Yuan·hm^-2。因此, 制种油葵-小麦/黄豆和小麦/黄豆-小麦2 种轮作模式为比较理想的模式, 对其进行轻度调亏时, 可在少量减产的情况下起到节约灌水、提高水分利用率和水分经济利用率的效果, 替代常规小麦-玉米轮作模式, 实现石羊河流域农业可持续发展。