The effect of orifice shape and the injection pressure on enhancement of the atomization process for pressure-swirl atomizers

The following paper presents results of studies on the atomization process of water in pressure-swirl atomizers with different shapes of orifice using a laser diffraction technique. The effect of the shape of the orifice and the injection pressure on the droplet size distributions and mean droplet diameters was analyzed. The results obtained showed that droplet size decreases with an increasing injection pressure and droplet size distributions are expanded. The smallest droplet diameters were obtained by atomization in profiled and conical shaped orifice atomizers, however the largest droplet diameters were achieved for plain orifice atomizers. The analysis of the interfacial surface produced by the atomizers has shown that the greater enhancement of the atomization process had occurred using profiled and conical shaped orifice atomizers compared with plain orifice atomizers. The correlation for the Sauter mean diameter as a function of the Reynolds number and the ratio of orifice length to diameter has been proposed. The paper is related to agricultural water management. The data obtained are important from the point of view of the design of atomizers, agricultural treatments and crop protection.     

Effects of formulation on spray nozzle performance for applications from ground-based boom sprayers

The performance of agricultural spray nozzles has components relating to the droplet size and velocity distributions within the spray, spray structure, entrained air characteristics and the spray volume distribution pattern. The interaction of these physical performance parameters has been shown to influence target retention, efficacy and the risk of drift. Results from a number of studies have also shown that the physical properties of the spray liquid have a substantial effect on spray formation such that changes in formulation type can give changes in spray characteristics that would be equivalent to doubling the flow rate through conventional hydraulic flat fan nozzles. The interactions between the physical properties of the spray liquid and the characteristics of the spray formed is a function of nozzle design. However, analysis of a large data set for a range of types of hydraulic pressure nozzle has shown that sprays formed from liquids based on emulsions generally have a coarser droplet size distribution compared with sprays formed from surfactant solutions. Although some correlation between dynamic surface tension and viscosity with spray droplet size has been established, the results from work reviewed in this paper suggest that other factors also influence the spray formation process. Air induction and twin-fluid nozzles mix air and liquid in the spray formulation process to produce droplets with air inclusions. These nozzle designs have been found to have a performance that is more sensitive to changes in spray liquid properties compared with hydraulic pressure nozzles and to exhibit trends that are different from those of conventional nozzle types.     

The Insertion Behaviour of Wheat Puroindoline-a into Diacylgalactosylglycerol Films

In order to study the surface behaviour of puroindoline-a (PIN-a) in the presence of lipid monolayers, protein solutions were injected beneath films of the polar wheat lipid diacylgalactosylglycerol (MGDG). It was found that injection of PIN-a into the sub-phase caused a surface pressure increase of monolayers consisting of MGDG. When PIN-a was injected beneath an MGDG film at an initial surface pressure (_initial) between 9 and 15 mN/m, a relatively fast increase in the surface pressure to 17±2 mN/m was observed (the maximum surface pressure that could be reached by the protein alone). Then a much more gradual increase in was observed. At _initialvalues exceeding 35 mN/m, injection of PIN-a resulted in a gradual increase in to 49±1 mN/m, which is equal to the collapse pressure of a pure MGDG monolayer. A gradual increase in the surface pressure was observed after injection of PIN-a beneath an MGDG monolayer with _initialvalues between 15 and 35 mN/m, but the final value was lower than the collapse pressure of pure MGDG. Injection of peptide-a (a peptide comprising the tryptophan-rich domain of PIN-a) beneath MGDG monolayers also led to a considerable increase in surface pressure. The data are interpreted as insertion of PIN-a or peptide-a into the MGDG films. In contrast to this, lipid-transfer protein did not show this behaviour under the same conditions. The present data suggest that PIN-a may be present at the gas–cell surface in dough. However, although the elasticity of mixed PIN-a/MGDG films somewhat decreased owing to protein insertion, the resulting monolayer would still retard disproportionation.     

Measurement of local pressure during proving of bread dough sticks: Contribution of surface tension and dough viscosity to gas pressure in bubbles

Proving of bread dough is a crucial step in bread making. So far researches have succeeded in modelling the bubble growth according to miscellaneous external conditions. These models are based on assumptions that can be discussed at the light of pressure measurements inside dough bubbles during proving. In this study, the use of miniaturised pressure transducers made it possible to assess pressure inside bubbles of diameter larger than a quarter of a millimetre. Pressure results were discussed with the use of a simplified mathematical model in order to give insights onto the forces restricting bubble growth. The relevance of the surface tension versus the viscous resistance of the dough was discussed into two water content conditions.     

Characteristics and classification of Japanese nozzles based on relative spray drift potential

European spray nozzle drift classifications have enabled the objective evaluation of the drift reduction performance of different nozzles with various operating parameters available in certain areas. The drift potential index reduction percentage (DIXRP) for one series of drift reduction nozzles used in Japan was investigated by wind tunnel tests. Based on the reference spray (Hypro ISO F110 03), most of the YAMAHO KIRINASHI ES nozzles had DIXRP values above 50% at nozzle heights from 0.3 m to 0.5 m, which means these nozzles can be considered as drift reduction nozzles. The best nozzle height range was found to be between 0.3 m and 0.4 m above the crop canopy. In addition, the DIXRP values were above 80% for a nozzle height of 0.3 m, except for one nozzle (the ES 05) which had the smallest droplet size and low flow rate which contributed to the large decrease in the DIXRP values when nozzle pressure increased. Large droplet diameter, high droplet velocity and low recommended nozzle height are considered to be important factors that can provide good drift reduction performance although droplet velocity was not measured in this study. The DIXRP value was inversely proportional to nozzle height. In addition, the influence of nozzle size on the DIXRP values was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01), although the influence was not as obvious as that of nozzle height. Finally, a nozzle classification system for use in Japan based on the relative drift potential has been established.     

Diameter variations of irregular fibers under different tensions

The cross-section area of animal fibers varies along the fiber length, and this geometrical irregularity has a major impact on the mechanical properties of those fibers. In practice fibers are often subjected to tensile stresses during processing and application, which may change fiber cross-section area. It is thus necessary to examine geometrical irregularity of fibers under tension. In this study, scoured animal fibers were subjected to different tensile loading using a Single Fiber Analyzer (SIFAN) instrument. The 3D images of the fiber specimens were first constructed, and then along-fiber diameter irregularities of the specimens were analyzed for different levels of tensile loading. The changes in effective fineness of the fiber specimens were also discussed. The results indicate that for the wool fibers examined, there is considerable discrepancy in the fiber diameter results obtained from the commonly used single scan along fiber length and that from multiple scans at different rotational angles, and that the diameter variation along fiber length increases as fiber tension increases. The results also show that when diameter reduction treatments are applied to wool by stretching, the reduced average fiber diameter is associated with an increase in both within-fiber and between-fiber diameter variations. So in terms of effective fineness, the change is much smaller than the difference between the average diameters of the parent and treated wool. These results have significant implications for improving the accuracy of fiber diameter measurement and evaluation.     

微喷带补灌对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响

为给适于麦田精量灌溉的新型灌溉设施和方法的研发提供理论依据,于2011-2013年冬小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,以全生育期不灌水处理和传统畦灌处理为对照,设置6个不同带宽(60、80、100mm)和孔径(1.0和0.8mm)配置的微喷带补灌处理,研究了微喷补灌对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在60~100mm带宽范围内适当增大微喷带带宽,或在80mm带宽下增加内喷孔孔径均可显著提高灌溉水分布均匀系数。带宽80mm、内喷孔孔径1.0mm配置的微喷带灌溉处理(T80/1.0)下小麦拔节期至开花期对80~200cm土层贮水的消耗量低于其他处理,对0~40cm土层贮水的消耗量亦较低,其开花期补灌水量、全生育期总灌水量和总耗水量均低于其他微喷带灌溉处理。T80/1.0处理籽粒产量、水分利用效率及灌溉效益均显著高于带宽为60mm的处理及内喷孔孔径为0.8mm、带宽为80mm和100mm的处理;T80/1.0处理与传统畦灌处理相比,灌水均匀度和籽粒产量均无显著差异,但全生育期总灌水量减少33.2~70.8mm,总耗水量减少47.6~52.2mm,水分利用效率提高2.1~2.9kg·hm-2·mm-1。说明小麦生育中后期采用带宽80mm、内喷孔孔径1.0mm配置的微喷带进行按需补灌,有明显的节水高产效果。     

助剂380对杀菌剂在芒果叶片上展着能力的影响

当今现有农药利用率低造成一系列社会问题,如非靶标生物和人畜安全受影响,以及环境污染等。如何提高现有农药的利用率迫在眉睫。为提高芒果生产中杀菌剂的有效利用率,结合芒果的特性,研究添加农药助剂对杀菌剂在芒果叶片上润湿展布性和农药持留量的影响,为农药的高效利用提供理论指导。本研究以防治芒果细菌性角斑病的杀菌剂为研究对象,通过测定液体在芒果叶片的接触角及不同浓度液体的表面张力,根据表面张力及接触角结果,获取芒果叶片的临界表面张力以及助剂的临界胶束浓度（critical micelle concentration, CMC）。通过添加助剂,分析其对药液在芒果叶片表面上展布和最大持留量（maximum retention, Rm）的影响。本研究中,助剂380从实验室前期研究基础上筛选得到,结果表明,助剂380可以降低药液表面张力,增加药液在叶面的润湿展布,对常用细菌性角斑病防治药剂表面张力值的降低范围为23.54%~75.94%,最低可达(17.62±0.65)mN/m,低于芒果叶片的临界表面张力;且加入助剂的药液能很好地在芒果叶面上展布,在芒果叶上的持留量显著增加,最大增加率为203.53%。因此,在芒果细菌性角斑病防治过程中,可以通过添加助剂380来提升药液在作物叶面的展布效果和持液量,从而提高农药的利用率。     

A comparison of initial spray characteristics produced by agricultural nozzles

Pesticides are commonly applied by using hydraulic nozzles to generate droplets. The properties of these spray droplets can influence the effectiveness and risks associated with the use of pesticides. Initial spray characteristics (initial droplet size and velocity, fan angle and spray liquid density) were therefore measured for a range of hydraulic nozzles and spray mixtures. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the spray sheet velocity.There was a significant difference between a standard hydraulic nozzle, Turbo TeeJet^® and air induction nozzle for all measured spray characteristics. The standard hydraulic nozzle generated the smallest droplet sizes, the highest velocity and the highest spray liquid density. The air induction nozzle generated the largest droplet size, the slowest velocity and the lowest spray liquid density. The type of air induction nozzle and spray formulation was also found to influence spray characteristics.This work has demonstrated that initial spray characteristics such as droplet size and velocity, liquid density, fan angle and included air can vary depending on nozzle design, operating parameters and spray formulations. Initial droplet velocity was found to be significantly correlated to droplet size (D_v0.5) and spray pressure.     

Experimental study and prediction of the diameter of melt-electrospinning polypropylene fiber

Firstly, the effects of the spinning temperature, spinning voltage, tip-to-collector distance and ambient temperature on the diameter of melt-electrospinning polypropylene (PP) fibers were studied. The results showed that with the increase of the spinning temperature, spinning voltage and tip-to-collector distance, the fiber diameters first decreased and then increased. However, when the ambient temperature increased, the fiber diameters increased gradually. Secondly, based on the previous results, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the combined effects of processing parameters on fiber diameters and establish a second-order polynomial equation to predict the fiber diameter. The results showed that the effect order of four factors on fiber diameter was as follows: spinning temperature > tip-to-collector distance > ambient temperature > spinning voltage. Moreover, the fiber diameter predicted by response surface analysis fitted well with the experimental result. Finally, three layer melt-electrospinning PP webs with different fiber diameters were online compounded with conventional non     

Relation between tacticity and fiber diameter in melt-electrospinning of polypropylene

Electrospun atactic polypropylene (PP) fibers are thicker than those obtained from isotactic PP, although the viscosity of molten PPs is almost same. Thus we focused on the effect of tacticity of PP on fiber diameters. The PP samples with various tacticity were prepared by changing the blend ratio of isotactic PP and atactic PP. Melt-electrospinning is performed by using blended samples, and then electrospun fibers were observed by scanning electron microscope to evaluate fiber diameter of obtained fibers. It is clear that the diameter of electrospun PP fibers decreases as high tacticity content of PP increases. This result suggests that tacticity of samples is an important factor to control the electrospun fiber diameter.     

Effect of surface-active agent on morphology and properties of electrospun PVA nanofibres

After the addition of a surface-active agent, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibres showed a significant enhancement in the mechanical properties, such as improved tensile strength and elongation at break. The improved crystallinity and strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the molecules of SDBS and PVA were the two main factors that improved the mechanical properties. In addition, a sharp decrease in surface tension of PVA solution with the addition of SDBS was observed, and the protruding droplet at the tip of needle diminished in the electrospinning process.     

An investigation on the effects of twist on geometry of the electrospinning triangle and polyamide 66 nanofiber yarn strength

The formation of a symmetric electrospinning triangle zone (E-triangle) via a technique based on using two oppositely charged nozzles is described for fabricating continuous twisted nanofiber yarn of polyamide (Nylon 66). This study shows how changing the dimensions and geometry of the E-triangle influences the distribution of nanofiber tension and diameter in this zone, and consequently how it affects the nanofiber yarn strength. The twist effect on the E-triangle geometry was investigated by changing the rotational speed of the twister plate of values of 96, 160, 224 and 288 rpm. The results showed that by increasing the twist rate, the apex angle of the E-triangle increased, whereas the height and width of the Etriangle decreased. An energy method was adopted to study the distribution of tension on nanofibers in the E-triangle. Considering a constant spinning tension, it was observed that the gradient of the nanofiber tension curve was steeper and the extreme values of tension on nanofibers were increased by increasing the twist rate. Furthermore, the mean diameter reduction of nanofibers confirmed these results. It is concluded that mechanical properties of nanofiber yarn have been considerably improved by increasing the twist rate and changing the shape of the E-triangle.     

Theoretic analysis on the manufacture of blended yarn by one spinneret

The possibility of producing blended yarn by using one spinneret is analyzed theoretically, especially the formation of differences in linear density and shrinkage between the monofils. Under the same spinning pressure, the die-spinning nozzles with different diameters are used to produce the differences in the flow of the melt. According to the hagen-poseuille equation for streamline flow in cylinder pipe, the volumetric flow rate and the mean melt speed of die-spinning nozzles increase with the increase of diameters. Under the conditions that the winding speeds are the same, so that the effective draw ratios decrease with the increase of the die-spinning nozzles diameters. Then, the filament formed through the die-spinning nozzle with large diameter is coarse and have a low birefringence. On the contrary, the filament formed through the die-spinning nozzle with small diameter is fine and have a high birefringence. The differences between the filament in structure and property could be acquired by one spinneret.     

超高压射流破碎对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

超高压射流破碎技术已被证明是可以改变生物分子结构的一种新的物理方法.本实验对超高压射流破碎在不同压力下处理后的大豆分离蛋白功能性质进行了研究.结果表明,超高压射流破碎能够明显改变大豆分离蛋白的功能性质.超高压射流破碎处理后大豆蛋白的结构发生了变化,处理可促使包含在分子内部的疏水基团暴露,改善了蛋白质的疏水性,增强了与油脂的亲和能力,提高了大豆蛋白的乳化和起泡能力.同时由于超高压射流破碎可有效减小蛋白溶胶中的粒子直径,增加了大豆蛋白与水相的接触面积,提高了大豆蛋白的溶解性.     

Effects of blend ratio and heat treatment on the properties of the electrospun poly(ethylene terephthlate) nonwovens

Semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) (cPET)/amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) with isophthalic acid (aPET) blends with 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100 by weight ratios were dissolved in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/methylene chloride (MC) (50/50, v/v) and electrospun via the electrospinning technique. Solution properties such as solution viscosity, surface tension and electric conductivity were determined. The solution viscosity slightly decreased as aPET content increased, while there was no difference in surface tension with respect to aPET composition. The characteristics of the electrospun cPET/aPET blend nonwovens were investigated in terms of their morphology, pore size and gas permeability. All these measurements were carried out before and after heat treatment for various blend weight ratios. The average diameter of the fibers decreased with increasing aPET composition due to the decrease in viscosity. Also, the morphology of the electrospun cPET/aPET blend nonwovens was changed by heat treatment. The pore size and pore size distribution varied greatly from a few nanometers to a few microns. The gas permeability after heat treatment was lower than that before heat treatment because of the change of the morphology.     

Effect of fibre diameter and cross-sectional shape on moisture transmission through fabrics

The current work incorporates an experimental study on the effect of fiber cross sectional shape and fibre diameter on moisture transmission properties of the fabric. Water vapour transmission of the fabrics was measured using the PERMETEST. In plane liquid flow through the fabric was measured using a gravimetric in-plane wicking tester and vertical movement of liquid along the fibres against gravity was also observed using a vertical wicking tester. With the change in shape factor and fibre diameter, it is seen that with increase in fibre specific surface area wicking rate through fabric increases, whereas water vapour permeability of the fabric reduces.     

喷施参数对四旋翼植保无人机雾滴在橡胶林中分布的影响

雾滴分布特征影响作物上喷雾的施药效果,而喷施参数是影响植保无人机雾滴分布特性的重要因素之一。为了揭示施药量和雾滴粒径等喷施参数对电动四旋翼植保无人机雾滴在高大乔木橡胶树林段中分布的影响,以成龄‘热研7-20-59’胶林为试验地,分别设置18.75、37.50、75.00、90.00、105.00 L/hm²施药量,70、100、150、250 μm雾滴粒径,采用5点采样法在6个高度上测量水平方向及垂直方向的雾滴谱宽度、雾滴覆盖密度、雾滴分布均匀度等主要作业质量技术指标数据,结合橡胶树白粉病的防治效果,筛选四旋翼无人机的最佳喷施参数。结果表明,随施药量的增加,雾滴谱宽度呈下降趋势,雾滴覆盖密度显著增加;施药量在75 L/hm²及以上时满足最低施药雾滴覆盖密度的要求。随着雾滴粒径的增加,雾滴谱宽度呈上升趋势,雾滴覆盖密度无显著差异,雾滴粒径100 μm的水平分布均匀度最优。不同施药量和雾滴粒径的雾滴在橡胶林垂直方向的分布均匀度一致,穿透性良好。本研究筛选出施药量75 L/hm²和喷雾粒径100 μm的最佳喷施参数,在橡胶树白粉病最佳防治时期使用咪鲜胺（EW）和戊唑醇（SC）复配药剂进行田间飞防试验,效果优异,2块试验地的防效分别为65.7%和82.9%。本研究提供了一组橡胶树白粉病防治的四旋翼无人机施药参数,为植保无人机在橡胶林病虫害防治作业中提供参考。     

Effects of ferric chloride on structure, surface morphology and combustion property of electrospun polyacrylonitrile composite nanofibers

In this work, the pure polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers and PAN/FeCl₃ composite nanofibers were prepared by an electrospinning process. Electrospinning solution properties including viscosity, surface tension and conductivity, had been measured and combined with the results of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic force microscope (AFM) and Micro Combustion Calorimeter (MCC) to investigate the effects of FeCl₃ on the structure, surface morphology and combustion property of electrospun PAN nanofibers, respectively. It was found from SEM images that the diameters of composite nanofibers were decreased with the addition of FeCl₃, which was attributed predominantly to the increased conductivity of the polymer solutions compared to viscosity and surface tension. The AFM analyses revealed that the surface morphology of electrospun nanofibers changed from smooth and wrinkle-like structure (without FeCl₃) to rough and ridge-like structure (with FeCl₃). The results characterized by MCC showed that the loading of FeCl₃ decreased the heat release rate (HRR) and improved the combustion property of composite nanofibers.     

Emulsifying and surface properties of citric acid deamidated wheat gliadin

The properties of citric acid deamidated wheat gliadin (d-gliadin) and d-gliadin emulsions at concentrations of 2% and 0.5% at pH 7 and 3 were investigated. d-gliadin exhibited high solubility at neutral pH and had a different molecular weight distribution compared with control gliadin. Stability of d-gliadin emulsion increased after heat treatment. Heat treatment led to a red shift of the fluorescence emission maxima of emulsions, indicating the rearrangement of d-gliadin molecules and increase of the protein structure flexibility at the oil–water interface. The emulsion was sensitive to NaCl up to 150 mM due to electrostatic screening effects. d-gliadin concentration influenced the droplet size and the saturation surface load of emulsion. d-gliadin slowly adsorbed on the oil–water interface during the adsorption process. Higher d-gliadin concentration exhibited higher surface pressure. Surface adsorption properties confirmed that d-gliadin was a good emulsifier in oil–water emulsions.