水稻黑条矮缩病毒对非介体稻飞虱——白背飞虱适应性的影响

 为明确水稻感染病毒病后对非介体稻飞虱的影响,在室内研究了水稻感染黑条矮缩病病毒后对白背飞虱的生态适应性及其体内相关的保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明, 在感染病毒水稻植株上取食对白背飞虱若虫存活率、发育历期、成虫性比、雌成虫体质量、产卵量和卵孵化率等影响不显著,但雌成虫寿命和卵历期显著缩短。取食感病稻株的成虫体内保护酶(CAT、SOD和POD)和解毒酶(AchE、 GST和CAE)的活性均显著增强。结果证明水稻感染黑条矮缩病病毒后非介体白背飞虱的适应性提高。     

稻株挥发物在调节褐飞虱、白背飞虱种内种间关系中的作用

以TN1为供试水稻品种,研究了稻株挥发物在褐飞虱、白背飞虱寻找寄主及调节两种飞虱种内种间关系中的作用。结果表明健康稻株挥发物对褐飞虱、白背飞虱具有明显的引诱作用。当稻株被一种飞虱为害12 h后,其所释放的挥发物对另一种飞虱有明显的引诱作用,但对同种飞虱则无显著的吸引或驱避作用。随着为害程度的加重（为害1 d以上）,两种飞虱均避开虫害株而趋向健康稻株。     

Transmission of Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus from Frozen Infected Leaves to Healthy Rice Plants by Small Brown Planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus)

In order to preserve virus for identifying the resistance of rice varieties against rice black-streaked dwarf disease, a simple and reliable method was developed, through which virus-free small brown planthopper (SBPH) acquired rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) from frozen infected leaves and the virus was transmitted to healthy rice plants. The experimental results showed that SBPH could obtain RBSDV from frozen infected rice leaves and the virus could be transmitted to a susceptible rice variety. For the ability to acquire RBSDV and transmit the virus to healthy plants by SBPH, there was no significant difference between frozen infected leaves and in vitro infected leaves. The novel method could be applied to identification of rice variety resistance to rice black-streaked dwarf disease, facilitating the breeding process for rice black-streaked dwarf disease resistance.     

水稻抗虫品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群增长的影响

 利用实验种群生命表和Morris-Watt模式综台评价了5个已推广的水稻品种对褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens Stal和白背飞虱Sogatetla furcifera Horvath的抗性及品种对稻飞虱各虫态的抗性作用大小。IR36、汕优6号、协优10号、秀水620和丙664对褐飞虱种群增长有明显的抑制作用；而品种秀水620、丙664和协优10号对白背飞虱呈中抗水平。同时发现，品种对稻飞虱各虫态抗性作用在成虫产卵期最明显，对褐飞虱表现为：成虫产卵期>卵孵化期>高龄(3-5龄)若虫期>低龄(1-2龄)若虫期；对白背飞虱则为：成虫产卵期>低龄若虫期>高龄若虫期>卵孵化期。     

The insecticide resistance in two planthoppers from three areas to three insecticides

Migrating insects brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparata lugens Stal and white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatellafurcifera Horvath are both most harmful insects on rice in China. Chemical control is thought to be the best way to manage them, but it may cause insecticide resistance.     

The insecticide resistance in two planthoppers from three areas to three insecticides

Migrating insects brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparata lugens Stal and white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatellafurcifera Horvath are both most harmful insects on rice in China. Chemical control is thought to be the best way to manage them, but it may cause insecticide resistance.     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病抗性的遗传分析及主效QTL的精细定位

【目的】近年来由白背飞虱传播的南方水稻黑条矮缩病给水稻生产造成了巨大损失,开展该病的抗性遗传分析和基因精细定位,将为抗性育种提供材料和理论依据。【方法】分析了抗性材料D4对南方水稻黑条矮缩病的抗性特征,并通过广恢998/D4F2群体分析该病抗性的遗传规律,利用QTL-seq技术联合遗传连锁分析定位主效抗性QTL。【结果】D4对南方水稻黑条矮缩病的抗性表现为抗病毒性而非抗虫性,且受主效基因和微效基因共同控制。QTL-seq和连锁分析将南方水稻黑条矮缩病主效抗性QTL定位于第9染色体上,命名为qSRBSDV9。利用代换作图法进一步将qSRBSDV9定位在102.3kb的区间内,该区间包含21个预测基因,其中9个基因与赤霉素信号传导相关。【结论】揭示了D4对南方水稻黑条矮缩病的抗性特征及遗传规律,精细定位了南方水稻黑条矮缩病主效抗性QTL qSRBSDV9。这为该QTL的图位克隆及育种利用奠定了基础。     

灰飞虱从冷冻病叶获得水稻黑条矮缩病毒方法的研究初报

  研究出一种利用灰飞虱从冷冻病叶中获得水稻黑条矮缩病毒（rice black streaked dwarf virus, RBSDV）的方法。以-70℃条件下冷冻保存的RBSDV罹病植株叶片对灰飞虱饲毒,随后接种感病水稻品种,结果发现灰飞虱可从冷冻病叶上获得RBSDV,并传播RBSDV,且获毒能力和传毒能力与新鲜病叶没有差异。这表明从冷冻病叶上获得RBSDV的灰飞虱可以应用于品种抗性鉴定,此法可望加快RBSDV抗病品种的选育进程。     

8个水稻品种的条纹叶枯病抗性特征

利用强迫饲毒、集团接种、非嗜性测验、抗生性测验的方法研究与分析了8个抗条纹叶枯病水稻品种对条纹病毒和介体灰飞虱的抗性,发现不同水稻抗性品种的抗性特征并不完全相同。IR36、Kasalath、窄叶青8号、道人桥、DV85既抗条纹病毒又抗介体灰飞虱,对条纹叶枯病所表现的抗性是条纹病毒和介体灰飞虱抗性共同作用的结果; 爱知97和Kenta Nakan抗条纹病毒,但不抗介体灰飞虱,对条纹叶枯病所表现的抗性是品种对条纹病毒的抗性;而IR24对条纹病毒和介体灰飞虱仅表现中等抗性。     

Insecticidal effect of recombinant endophytic bacterium containing Pinellia ternata agglutinin against white backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera

White backed planthopper (WBPH; Sogota furcifera Horvath) has become the major threat to rice crops throughout Asia, damaging plants both through its feeding behavior and by acting as a virus vector. Here, we developed a novel method for biologically controlling WBPH by using endophytic bacterium to express anti-pest plant lectins. Strain SJ-10 of an endophytic bacterium, characterized as Enterobacter cloacae by morphological, physiological, biochemical and 16s rDNA characteristics, was isolated from rice seedlings. The Pinellia ternate agglutinin (PTA) gene was cloned into SJ-10 for expression. The positive transformant, selected by antibiotic resistance, was evaluated using PCR, SDS-PAGE and Western blot assay. After inoculation, rSJ-10 could colonize rice plants so that they expressed PTA, and then the rice was shown to have insecticidal activity against WBPH. The results showed that rSJ-10 could significantly decrease the survival and fecundity of WBPH fed on rice seedlings (p < 0.01). At day 19, the fecundity of WBPH inoculated with rSJ-10, or with wild-type SJ-10 was decreased by 86.1%, and 25.6%, respectively. At day 22, numbers of WBPH on rice in the control were 19.4 times greater than on rice inoculated with rSJ-10. At day 26, the rice seedlings all died in the control group, but the seedlings inoculated with rSJ-10 grew well. The results showed that the rice seedlings inoculated with rSJ-10 expressing PTA protein were endowed with the anti-pest activity against WBPH. Further work is needed to investigate whether the rice plants expressing rPTA are toxic to mammals. This research highlights a way to biologically control planthoppers by recombinant endophytic bacteria expressing plant lectins.     

中国杂交稻的"超感虫性"研究概况

介绍了高度感虫的中国杂交稻推广带来水稻害虫生态地位发生的变化.褐飞虱和白背飞虱上升为杂交稻上最突出的极易爆发成灾的重要害虫.20世纪70年代以前,白背飞虱只是水稻上的次要害虫,但80年代以来其种群大大增加.由于它从中国南部杂交稻种植区大范围迁飞,白背飞虱也成为中国中部地区粳稻上的重要害虫.由于种植具有抗褐飞虱基因Bph1的杂交稻组合,褐飞虱种群曾得到暂时的控制.然而,抗虫性的杂交稻在中国中部和南部稻飞虱迁飞区推广以后,褐飞虱生物型发生了改变,对抗虫品种产生了适应性.1990年以后,以前表现抗虫的杂交稻变得高感褐飞虱.缺乏抗虫性主基因不是中国杂交稻对稻飞虱超感性的充分理由,杂交稻旺盛生长的杂种优势可能是稻飞虱生殖力提高的部分原因.中国杂交稻对稻飞虱的超感虫性是从不育系遗传而来的.因此,杂交稻抗虫性的提高有赖于不育系的改良.利用持久抗性和多抗性的IR品种如IR64作为恢复系是改善中国杂交稻的超感虫性的一种有效方法.杂交稻上二化螟和三化螟为害也有所增加.与常规稻相比,杂交稻是一种更有利的食料植物且耐虫性更强.进行水稻产量损失的估计,尤其是水稻本身对螟虫为害的补偿能力,以及螟虫和杂交稻之间的生态学关系的研究有助于评价杂交稻对螟虫田间抗性的实际影响.     

不同氮肥水平下转Bt基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱生态适应性的继代影响

在目前氮肥施用量依然偏多的大背景下,氮肥与转 Bt 基因水稻的相互作用是否会对稻田中非靶标节肢动物产生影响是转基因水稻安全评价的重要内容。本研究在室内条件下用0 kg/hm²、100 kg/hm²和250 kg/hm²3个氮肥水平处理的转 Bt 基因水稻T1C-19和T2A-1以及非转基因亲本水稻明恢63,连续饲养褐飞虱和白背飞虱4代,研究在不同氮肥条件下,转 Bt 基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱生态适应性的继代影响。结果显示,在同一水稻品种上,氮肥的过量施用,显著提高了褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性,并且随着代数的增加具有一定的累加效果。同一氮肥水平条件下,转 Bt 基因水稻和对照相比对同代褐飞虱和白背飞虱的若虫发育历期、雌虫体质量、成虫寿命、褐飞虱若虫孵化率、存活率均无显著影响。而在100 kg/hm²和250 kg/hm²施氮水平下取食转基因水稻T1C-19的褐飞虱在第1代至第3代的每雌产卵量均显著低于另一转基因品种T2A-1以及对照品种明恢63,但第4代褐飞虱在各品种上的产卵量无显著差异。本研究结果表明,氮肥的施用显著提高了褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性,供试两种转Bt基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性无显著影响。这为转基因水稻的安全评价提供了一定的理论依据。     

Seasonal occurrence of Laodelphax striatellus in Spain: Effect on the incidence of Maize rough dwarf virus

Maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) has emerged as a major constraint to maize crop production in Spain. The seasonal abundance of planthopper-vectored MRDV was studied during two consecutive years in trials located within the area with the highest incidence of MRDV. Insect density was estimated once every 15 days during the maize growing season using sticky and suction traps. Laodelphax striatellus Fallén was the sole planthopper present in these maize trials and 52% of the captured hoppers contained MRDV. The population of L. striatellus showed two peaks during the season; one in June and the other in September. Adults of L. striatellus were captured from mid-May to the beginning of October and viruliferous insects were captured from 18th May to the beginning of September. Levels of the incidence of MRDV were correlated with the first detection of planthoppers (whether carrying the virus or not) in maize fields during the early development stages of the crop, but not with the planthopper abundance. The data obtained in this study support that early sowing of maize could contribute to reduce the incidence of MRDV in the northeast of Spain.     

水稻飞虱对十三种杀虫剂的抗性监测

1987～1991年选用有机磷、有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类十三种杀虫剂对白背飞虱和褐飞虱用国际统一标准毒力测定点滴法进行抗药性监涮。结果表明：1)白背飞虱和褐飞虱对呋喃丹最为敏感。对马拉硫磷敏感度最低,LD50值相差上百倍。因两种飞虱均属迁飞性害虫,年度间的测定结果稍有波动;2) 白背飞虱抗药性发展比褐飞虱快,在测定方法和供试昆虫条件基本相同的情况下, 将1990年所测几种药剂的LD50与Nagata (1967)测定的数据进行比较。浙江省白背飞虱种群对马拉硫磷的抗性差异高达1lO．56倍, 对杀螟松为48.90倍;褐飞虱种群对马拉硫磷、杀螟松的抗性分别相差11.61倍和6．11倍。3)褐飞虱种群对药剂的敏感度与当地用药水平呈负相关。4) 有机磷类不同品种杀虫剂对两种飞虱的毒力差异较大。毒力较高的久效磷的LD50值与毒力较低的马拉硫磷的LD50值相差数十倍。     

Screening of Brown Planthopper Resistant miRNAs in Rice and Their Roles in Regulation of Brown Planthopper Fecundity

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can participate in plant-insect interactions, which regulate plant defense networks. In this study, we analyzed the miRNA expression profiles of six rice varieties before and after brown planthopper (BPH)-feeding. We identified 45 differentially expressed miRNAs between BPH- susceptible and BPH-resistant rice varieties and 144 miRNAs that responded to BPH-feeding. Thus, miRNAs may be involved in multiple pathways regulating rice defense response against BPH. In addition, we found that the genetic history of rice varieties determined the regulation mode of the miRNA and affected the amounts, types, changing trends and response periods of miRNAs in response to BPH- feeding. To conclude, we scanned seven potential cross-kingdom miRNAs, of which miR5795 may target the vitellogenin gene in BPH, causing a 16.07% reduction in BPH oviposition. The results provide new miRNA information of rice-BPH interactions and BPH-resistant rice variety breeding.     

应用DNA标记分析稻飞虱的抗性基因

简要地回顾了水稻抗飞虱的遗传位点定位和作图的新进展.来自具有不同基因组的野生稻渗入系的4个抗褐飞虱基因Bph 1、 bph 2、 bph 4和Bph 9,以及4个暂定名抗褐飞虱基因Bph 10(t)、bph 11(t)、bph 12(t)和Bph 13(t),目前已被定位于水稻12条染色体中的5条.其中,Bph 1、 bph 2、 Bph 9和Bph 10(t)在水稻第12染色体的长臂上形成1个连锁区段,位于bph 2位点附近约25 cM.检测出几个对田间抗性和杀卵作用有影响的QTL.抗白背飞虱基因Wbph 1、 Wbph 2和Wbph 6(t)已经或暂时定位了.粳稻中对白背飞虱具有杀卵抗性的QTL已进行了详细的分析,在第6染色体的短臂上检测到有效的QTL,在同一位点鉴定出1个显性的杀卵基因Ovc.在杀卵基因Ovc存在时,第1染色体上的1个QTL和第5染色体上的2个QTL增加白背飞虱的卵死亡率.用DNA标记进行QTL作图可以加深人们对作物抗虫性中复杂的生理和遗传机理的理解.标记辅助选择可以加速培育具多基因抗虫性的作物,还可以将野生种中的有利抗虫特性转入改良品种中,增加作物抗虫性的持久性和遗传多样性.     

Rice planthopper resistance of interspecific protoplast fusin line "pf9279" between O. sative and O.officinalis

An interspecific hybrid line pf9279 was obtained by protoplast fusion between 02428(japonica, with a wide compatibility gene) and CNW240 (O. officinalis, from Malaysia) at CNRRI in 1992. Possible introgression of planthopper resistance from O.officinalis into pf9279 was investigated by field and laboratory experiments during 1998-1999 at CNRRI. Thirty-day-old seedlings of pf9279 and other rice varieties were individually transplanted with a spacing of 18× 24 cm in each plot (ca 7× 20 m) on Jun 15, 1999. Population trends of brown planthopper(BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, and whitebacked planthopper(WBPH),Sogatella furcifera were examined weekly by visual counting of adult females on 50-100 hills for each variety.     

Content Variations of the Secondary Compounds in Rice Plants and Their Influence on Rice Resistance to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (St?l), is a monophagous pest that feeds only on rice, and sucks the juice from the phloem resulting in drying of the leaves and wilting of the tillers, causing ‘hopper burn’, as well as being an important…     

Bacterial Community in Different Populations of Rice Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)

The structures of bacterial communities in the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) from different geographic and resistant virulent populations were analyzed by using denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results showed that the bacterial communities in BPH nymph from the first to the fifth instars varied with nymphal growth and development. The bacterial communities in the first-instar BPH nymph were similar to those in adults. Nine geographic BPH populations were divided into three groups based on the cluster analysis of DGGE fingerprint. The first group was from the Philippines; the second group was from Thailand and Hainan, Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces of China; and the third group was from Vietnam and Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces of China. BPH populations adapted to different resistant rice varieties. The BPH populations from Mudgo (with resistant gene Bph1) and ASD7 (with resistant gene bph2) differed with those of the susceptible rice variety TN1.     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus） and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper (SBPH) (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) by the modified seedbox screening test. Twenty-five rice accessions with different levels of resistance to SBPH were detected, accounting for 18.1% of the total accessions, which included 2 highly resistant, 9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties. Compared with indica rice, japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH. Antixenosis test, antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism. The resistant check Rathu Heenati (RHT), highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath, and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH, indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties. Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis. Dular, ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis, indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties. The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis, whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH, suggesting tolerance in these three varieties. Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311. Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A. Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance. The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.