Carbonation Resistance of High_addition Flyash Concrete

In order to improve carbonation resistance of high_addition flyash concrete,the grinding of flyash and additon of hydrated_lime in flyash concrete have been studied.It is shown that it is possible to improve the carbonation resistance of high_addition flyash concrete by using these methods without reducing its strength.     

固氮、解磷、解钾混合菌株协同固定化技术

圆褐固氮菌、巨大芽孢杆菌和硅酸盐细菌是微生物肥料中常用的几种固氮、解磷和解钾微生物菌株,为了延长这几种菌混合菌液的存活期和降低杂菌率,针对3种菌的混合菌液筛选了细胞包埋固定化材料,组合了2种配方,对比了2种包埋配方中3种菌的包埋条件、存活情况及释放情况,为固定化混合微生物菌剂的应用提供一定的理论基础。试验结果表明,2种包埋剂包埋的混合菌液的存活期均比直接保存菌液长,而且经包埋的颗粒中菌的数量还有一个缓慢的增加过程。2种包埋材料对混合菌的起始包埋能力不同,其中以配方1(3%海藻酸钠+1.0%褐煤+0.5%淀粉溶液)包埋效果较好,保存在包埋剂配方1:3%海藻酸钠+1.0%褐煤+0.5%淀粉溶液中的包埋颗粒内部菌的纯度高;配方2:3%海藻酸钠+1.5%褐煤+0.3%淀粉溶液+0.3%明胶溶液中的包埋颗粒内部容易滋生杂菌。虽然2种包埋剂配方效果有差异,但都有利于混合菌液、特别是芽孢菌的保存。     

A Study on Desulphogypsum Flyash Blocks

A new type of wall materials, a block from desulphogypsum and flyash is prepared with desulph-ogypsum and flyash as solid wastes from power stations.This block presents excellent properties which can meet the requirements for non-loadbearing wall.lts binder proportion,production process,properties and economic benifits are studied and analyzed in thise paper.     

南美白对虾对东北碱性水域的适应性研究

以虾塘水添加天然碱泡水为实验用水,通过室内急性毒性实验法,研究水环境碱度和pH对淡化南美白对虾幼虾的毒性效应;并对幼虾进行天然碱性水域生存能力实验,以期探讨东北地区碱性水域养殖南美白对虾的可能性。结果表明,水环境pH为7.33~7.41、盐度3.62‰~3.56‰时,碱度对幼虾毒性效应的24 h EC50值为2.78 mmol/L。水环境pH为7.41~7.62、盐度3.56‰~3.45‰时,碱度对幼虾毒性效应的24 h、48 h及96 h LC50值分别为12.94、11.89及11.65 mmol/L,SC值为3.10 mmol/L。水环境盐度在3.87‰~6.07‰条件下,碱度为5.37~19.71 mmol/L时,pH对幼虾毒性效应的24 h、48 h LpH50值分别为9.26~8.54和9.14~8.47;碱度在5.37~14.66 mmol/L时,pH对幼虾的24 h、48 h、72 h及96 h LpH50值分别为9.26~8.98、9.14~8.86、9.10~8.80和9.00~8.80。水环境碱度分别为5.37、10.72、14.66及19.71 mmol/L时,幼虾的SpH值分别为8.42、8.23、8.14和7.85。当水环境碱度在25.33~36.42 mmol/L时,碱度和pH已先于盐度限制幼虾生存。幼虾在碱度为38.78 mmol/L、盐度3.29‰、pH 9.41的天然碱性水域可生存5~9 h。幼虾对碱度和pH的适应能力不如鲢、鳙、草鱼等淡水鱼类,尚无法适应东北地区高碱度、高pH的碱性水域。     

The Coupling Mechanism Study of Aluminate Coupling Agent on the Surface of Flyash Microspheres

The monolayer model about aluminate coupling agent on the surface of flysah microsphares is proposed. The chemincal coupling mechanism on the boundary of aluminate coupling agent with flyash microspheres is verified by the methods of IR and EMS analyses.     

Screening rice genotypes for tolerance to alkalinity and zinc deficiency

Summary A preliminary investigation on the inheritance of tolerance to Zn deficiency and the inter-relationship of tolerances to Zn deficiency and alkalinity was made. Three generations of 2 crosses involving parents tolerant (IR20 and IR30) and sensitive (E425) to Zn stress were screened in IRRI concrete beds. One hundred genotypes (varieties and breeding lines) were screened for injury from alkalimity and Zn deficiency. The results of this experiment and earlier mass screening experiments were subjected to association analyses. The results in general indicated that tolerance to different mineral stresses behave nearly independently. The frequency distribution of ratings for 3 generations indicated that the trait tolerance to Zn deficiency is under polygenic control showing continuous variation and transgression in F₂. Tolerance seems to be dominant. The heritability varied between crosses.     

循环水养鱼系统水质参数关系分析

为充实有关工厂化循环水养殖系统水质研究数据,提供实际生产理论依据,研究了在循环水养殖系统中饲养吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus)成鱼(190g)16天期间水质参数的变化情况,对实验数据进行主成分分析。水质参数包括氨氮、碱度、溶氧、pH和温度,记录实验期间投喂量,及时收集并去除排泄物。主成分分析表明与第一主成分F1（贡献率42.62%）主要关联的是pH、碱度和投喂量;与F2（贡献率27.8%）主要关联的是溶氧和温度;与F3（贡献率为19.3%）主要关联的是氨氮。此外,pH与碱度、氨氮与投喂量、溶氧和温度之间存在显著关系。     

Carbon dioxide and oxygen disequilibrium in a tidal basin (Dutch wadden sea)

Measurements of total CO₂, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen were conducted in a tidal basin with estuarine properties during three cruises. In winter CO₂ and oxygen were close to equilibrium with the atmosphere. In May the basin was a large source for CO₂, where the fractional gain with respect to the freshwater CO₂ was as high as 42%. Also in September high pCO₂ indicated a release to the atmosphere; both in May and September there was accompanying low oxygen. Water originating from the tidal flats was shown to affect the water in the adjacent tidal channel significantly. Tidal-flat water was characterized by high TCO₂ and alkalinity and low oxygen as compared with the surrounding water. It develops through biological processes on the tidal flats (only in the vegetative season), as well as through the local discharge of a small freshwater source with very high alkalinity (and TCO₂). Using alkalinity as a tracer it was calculated that in March 12% of the fresh water in an adjacent tidal channel might originate from this source, although it constituted only 1.5% of the total freshwater discharge.     

日本沼虾对碱性湖泊水含盐量的适应性研究

采用室内急性毒性实验法,研究日本沼虾对东北地区碱性湖泊水含盐量的适应能力,探讨碱性湖泊增殖与养殖日本沼虾的可能性。结果表明,在pH 为7.72~7.81、碱度7.87~14.49 mmol/L时,含盐量对幼虾毒性作用的24 h半数有效浓度为3.17 g/L,95%置信限3.02~3.32 g/L。在pH为 7.85~8.07、碱度16.97~26.96 mmol/L时,含盐量对幼虾毒性作用的24 h、48 h、96 h半数致死浓度分别为7.95、6.84、5.77 g/L,95%置信限分别为7.74~8.11、6.69~6.99、5.59~5.93 g/L。日本沼虾对东北地区碱性湖泊水含盐量的适应上限为3.69 g/L,耐受限8.65 g/L,耐受范围4.25~8.19 g/L,长期生存所适应的含盐量为1.52 g/L。碱性水环境下日本沼虾对含盐量的适应能力将下降。东北地区含盐量在4.0 g/L以下、碱度在10~30 mmol/L的碱性湖泊可以增殖与养殖日本沼虾。     

循环水养殖条件下溶解氧、碱度、固体总悬浮颗粒物对水体和罗非鱼肌肉中重金属含量的影响

为研究封闭循环水养殖条件下水质参数变化对水体和养殖对象肌肉中重金属含量的影响,以初始体重为(57.9±0.87)g的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为试验对象,在模拟实际工况的小型循环水系统中养殖60天,通过控制不同水质因子包括碱度、溶解氧和固体总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)水平的高低,观察其最后对水体和鱼体重金属含量的影响。结果显示,碱度对水中Cu、Zn浓度及试验鱼肌肉中Zn含量有显著影响,溶解氧对水中Cu浓度及试验鱼肌肉中Cu、Zn含量有显著影响,而TSS水平高低对水体和鱼肌肉重金属含量均没有显著影响。试验期间,试验鱼可食用部分重金属含量符合国家和行业标准。     

水涝胁迫对不同土壤盐碱度下甜菜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

为探究水涝胁迫对不同土壤盐碱度下甜菜幼苗生长的影响,验证甜菜在水涝逆境中的生长规律,评估水涝胁迫对盐碱地甜菜种植的影响,以甜菜‘SV1433’为供试品种,以微酸性黑土为基础利用NaCl、Na₂SO₄、Na₂CO₃、NaOH调节土壤盐碱度,采用室内土培法,设置微酸土、盐渍土、盐碱土3个土壤盐碱梯度下对照及水涝胁迫共6组处理。结果发现,播种9天后出苗结束,微酸土中甜菜出苗较快,优于盐渍土及盐碱土;播种26天后收苗,在微酸土、盐渍土、盐碱土3种土壤盐碱度下,水涝胁迫比对照植株鲜重分别降低40.7%、26.9%、25.2%,干重分别降低41.1%、29.9%、24.8%,株高分别下降20.4%、19.1%、16.3%,表明随土壤盐碱度升高水涝胁迫对甜菜幼苗鲜重、干重、株高影响逐渐降低;水涝胁迫下幼苗根面积及叶面积显著降低,植株叶长显著下降,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度显著降低,表现出水涝胁迫下盐碱土中甜菜幼苗生长较好,优于盐渍土及微酸土。     

“上棉下渔”对沿黄盐碱地土壤的改良作用

“上棉下渔”、“上粮下渔”盐碱地开发模式始于20 年前。近几年来随着养虾效益的提高,在山东博兴地区发展较快。探讨“上棉下渔”模式对盐碱地的改良效果,可以为下一步大力推广该模式提供理论依据。在博兴县选择3 个取样点,分别为未经开发的盐碱土,通过“上棉下渔”模式改良2 年和20 年后的台田土。为减少取样点土质对检测结果的影响,选择的这3 个取样点都相距在10 km以内;每个取样点在5 个土层取样,分别为0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm土层。对3 个取样点不同土层的土壤总盐度、碱度、pH 值、有机质及可培养微生物的数量进行了研究。结果表明：开发2 年后,脱盐率达到59.7%,开发20 年之后,脱盐率达到90.3%;开发2 年后,土壤碱度变化不大,20 年后,土壤碱度由最初的2.004×10-3 mol/L 下降到0.6311×10-3 mol/L,说明土壤碱度改良难度较大;随着开发年数的增加,各土层pH值都较未开发时有所下降,逐渐接近中性;开发20 年后土壤有机质含量提高了15.58%;在0~20 cm土层,开发2 年之后的土壤可培养微生物的总量是未开发的12.73 倍。总体上来看,“上棉下渔”对沿黄盐碱地土壤有较好的改良作用,“上棉下渔”是一种非常值得推广的盐碱地改良措施。     

Reproductive stage tolerance to salinity and alkalinity stresses in rice genotypes

Salinity and alkalinity (sodicity) seriously threaten rice production in south Asia. Improving screening methodologies for identifying sources of tolerance is crucial for breeding salt tolerant rices. Rice genotypes of varying tolerance (tolerant, semi‐tolerant and sensitive) were screened in saline soil of electrical conductivity, ECe 4 and 8 dS/m and alkali soil of pH 9.5 and 9.8 in lysimeters. Vegetative growth events were less affected by both the stresses in comparison to reproductive stage. Grain yield was reduced by 26.7%, 45.7% and 50.3% at ECe 8 dS/m in three tolerance groups respectively. At pH 9.8 the reduction was 25.1%, 37.2% and 67.6% in the three groups respectively. Higher floret fertility contributed to higher seed set and grain yields in tolerant genotypes whereas higher spikelet sterility led to poor seed set and lower grain yields in sensitive genotypes. The 1000 grains weight was also significantly reduced at ECe 4 or pH 9.8. Screening at reproductive stage for morphological traits like floret fertility is thus more useful to identify rice genotypes tolerant to both salinity and alkalinity stress. Genotypic (G) and environmental (E) effects and GE interactions were highly significant for the growth attributes and grain yield. Based on analysis of variance, genotypes tolerant to salinity and alkalinity as well to both the stresses were identified.     

2种土壤复合改良剂对滨海盐渍土的改良及肥力作用

为研究2种土壤复合改良剂(由微生物菌剂和园林腐熟废弃物组成)对盐渍土的改良及肥力作用,本研究采用60天室内恒温(30℃)培养法,对不同处理的盐碱土理化性质进行研究.结果 表明:园林腐熟物能够提高盐碱土电导率和土壤碱度,而在园林腐熟物基础上添加不同浓度的微生物菌剂对盐碱土电导率值和土壤碱度的影响不显著,表明2种复合改良剂...     

盐碱胁迫对野生地肤种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

将中性盐NaCl、Na2SO4和NaHCO3、Na2CO3两种碱性盐按不同比例混合,模拟出30种与天然盐碱土壤相似的条件,进行野生地肤种子发芽试验和幼苗生长情况检测等7项指标,结果表明:在混合盐碱胁迫作用下,地肤种子发芽受到明显抑制,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等指标呈下降趋势,并随盐碱度递增,下降程度逐渐增大,高盐高碱效应较单独高盐或高碱作用大;幼苗存活率和相对含水量在不同处理组间均呈下降趋势,而MDA和可溶性糖含量则随着盐碱度的升高逐渐上升,其中可溶性糖含量在低盐浓度(50、100 mmol/L)或低pH条件下,增加幅度小于高盐浓度(200、250 mmol/L)或高pH,两者具有明显的协同作用。     

巴西陆稻引种试验初报

为了探求巴西陆稻在我地的高产种植模式,2002年至2003年我们进行了抗旱、密度、酸碱度等试验。试验表明：巴西陆稻在PH为5.5左右,有灌溉条件的土壤中,采用直播亩播量7.5公斤于5月10日前播种可获得较高产量。     

Thermodynamics analysis on the carbochlorination of flyash

Because of the high altitude of Qinghai, its air pressure is 0.77 atm which is lower than the atmospheric pressure. Therefore, an analysis is done for carbochlorination reaction of flyash for the extraction of aluminum in such an environment. The phase diagrams and predominance area diagram on chlorides are calculated and drawn and the equilibrium compositions of complex system composed of multi-components are simulated by Factsage software. Results show that, carbochlorination reaction converts Al2O3 and SiO2 which can not directly react with chlorine gas originally to chloride completely, and this demonstrates the thermodynamics feasibility of carbochlorination process. The ratio of FeCl3(Fe2Cl6) to FeCl2 changes with the amount of carbon and chlorine gas. The catalysts like Na2CO3, CaCO3 and B2O3 have some side effects in the aspect of thermodynamics such as consuming chlorine gas and carbon. The volatility of AlCl3(Al2Cl6) is affected by other chlorides. Compared with the normal pressure region, there are advantages and disadvantages to carbochlorination reaction under the pressure below the normal. The work provides thermodynamic data for the process.     

Influence of Fine Recycled Aggregate on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Based on a series of recycle process, waste concrete can be made into fine recycled aggregate which can be used completely or partly to compound concrete as a substitute for natural sand. But the special properties of fine recycled aggregate make the performance of concrete with fine recycled aggregate different from normal concrete. Characteristics of fine recycled aggregate and its influence on physical and mechanical properties of concrete are studied. On this basis, the influence of fine recycled aggregate on gas permeation properties, chloride permeability, and carbonation resistance of concrete are also studied. It is found that fine recycled aggregate produces a lot of defects in crushing preparation. And the compressive strength, the chloride permeability and the carbonation resistance of the concrete with fine recycled aggregate as substitution show difference from that of normal concrete.     

不同改良剂对新疆盐碱土壤改良及棉花生长的影响

针对新疆干旱区盐碱土的特点,探究该区域改良盐碱土壤的最适改良剂产品。通过采用田间小区试验的方法,设计对照组(CK)、盐碱专家(Y)、磷酸脲(L)及微力壮(W) 4个处理,分析不同改良剂对中度盐碱地表层20 cm土壤盐分、pH、总碱度、钠吸附比(SAR)及棉花苗期生长和产量的影响。结果表明,各改良剂均能降低土壤盐分含量和pH,促进棉花苗期生长,提高棉花产量。其中,Y处理和L处理的抑盐效果较好,盐分相对升高率分别较CK处理降低107.73%和101.67%;与CK处理相比,Y处理土壤pH显著降低了0.15个单位,并显著促进棉花苗期生长和提高棉花产量,增产5.84%;Y处理和W处理降低土壤总碱度的效果最好,分别比CK处理显著降低了0.46和0.41个单位,但降低SAR的效果无显著性差异。综合各改良剂对土壤理化性质和棉花产量的影响,盐碱专家是该试验区较适宜的盐碱土壤改良剂。     

不同时期施用土壤改良剂对河灌区苏打盐碱地土壤及青贮玉米生长的影响

为明确盐碱地改良剂不同时期施用对河灌区盐碱地土壤的改良效果以及对青贮玉米生长的影响,采用田间试验方法,以青贮玉米‘瑞德2号’为供试作物,研究了河灌区重度苏打盐碱地国产DS、脱硫石膏、脱硫石膏配合DS 3种改良剂的秋季施用和春季施用对青贮玉米出苗率和鲜草产量的影响,分析了土壤(0~20 cm)pH、EC和碱化度的变化。结果表明：与对照（不施用改良剂）相比,施用改良剂处理的青贮玉米出苗率提高6.8%~72.7%,鲜草产量增加1223.2~28144.8 kg/hm2;土壤pH下降0.09~0.83,EC增加0.13~1.26 mS/cm,碱化度降低1.6%~19.8%;秋施和春施脱硫石膏、脱硫石膏配合DS均显著提高了青贮玉米的出苗率与鲜草产量。由此得出,3种盐碱地改良剂秋季施用效果均优于春季施用,其中以脱硫石膏配合DS的秋季施用效果最好。