3种丝柏油醇络合物对11种植物病原真菌的室内抑菌活性

采用生长速率法测定了丝柏油醇铜、钙、钠3种络合物对11种常见植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明,3种丝柏油醇络合物对小麦全蚀病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、柑橘炭疽病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、大葱紫斑病菌、玉米纹枯病菌和番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对棉花枯萎病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的抑制效果相对较高,EC_(50)分别为21.69~27.13mg/L和25.18~29.43mg/L。而3种络合物对其他病菌的EC_(50),除钙络合物对柑橘炭疽病菌和西瓜炭疽病菌、钠络合物对柑橘炭疽病、西瓜炭疽病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的EC_(50)高于50mg/L外,均小于等于45.72mg/L。说明3种丝柏油醇络合物均具有防治上述植物病害的潜力,但以铜络合物的活性相对较高。     

小菜蛾不同抗性品系及其杂交F_1代的生物适合度

构建了小菜蛾抗阿维菌素(A)、抗高效氯氰菊酯(B)和抗杀虫双(D)3个抗性品系及其6个杂交F1代(抗性品系分别两两杂交)以及1个敏感品系(S)的种群生命表,并计算了相对生物适合度。结果表明:A、B和D 3个抗性品系的相对生物适合度均比敏感品系S(生物适合度为1.0)低,分别为0.60、0.77和0.53;6个杂交F1代A♀+B♂、A♂+B♀、A♀+D♂、A♂+D♀、B♂+D♀和B♀+D♂的生物适合度分别为0.67、0.53、0.67、0.74、0.73和0.80,也比敏感品系的低,但和抗性品系的适合度相近或高于抗性品系。     

梳型碳氟高分子表面活性剂在硝磺草酮悬浮剂开发中的应用

为了探讨新型梳型含氟高分子表面活性剂在硝磺草酮悬浮剂开发中的应用，分别以该类表面活性剂 b1 和 b9 为分散剂，以商品化分散剂YUS-FS3000为对照，分别制备了25%硝磺草酮悬浮剂，并测定了其悬浮率、粒径、入水分散性和稳定性等理化性质，室内除草活性，以及分散剂 b1 的添加量对以上性能的影响。结果表明:以 b1 和 b9 为分散剂制备的硝磺草酮悬浮剂，在热贮、低温和冷冻3种条件下分别贮存14 d，其有效成分含量在25.52%~26.98%之间，3种条件下有效成分质量分数均为合格；同时，在3种贮存条件下的悬浮率均高于98.0%，且以 b1 为分散剂时，其分散性和稳定性优于以YUS-FS3000为分散剂；即使 b1 的添加量 (质量分数) 为2%时，在3种条件下分别贮存14 d，其有效成分含量在25.62%~26.01%之间，同时其悬浮率高于99.0%。3种25%硝磺草酮悬浮剂对稗草Echinochloa crusgalli的GR₅₀值 (使杂草生物量降低50%的除草剂剂量) 分别为有效成分29.03 (YUS-FS3000)、15.70 ( b1 ) 和10.19 ( b9 ) g/hm2。     

Reaction of maize,sorghum and Johnson grass to Peronosclerospora sorghi

Development of sorghum downy mildew, incited by Peronoscleospora sorghi (Weston and Uppal) C.G. Shaw, on maize, sorghum and Johnson grass was investigated at two locations in Uganda during three seasons (1994 and 1995). More sorghum downy mildew developed on the Johnson grass and sorghum than on the maize at all locations and in all seasons. No significant differences were observed in sporulation of P. soghi on the three hosts. Leaf shredding occurred on the three hosts but was the least on maize. Cross-inoculation with both conidia and oospores was achieved on the three hosts. Since the fungal population formed oospores and sporulated readily on the three hosts, which is typical of the sorghum strain, the disease in Uganda is attributed to the sorghum strain.     

利用Tri8基因区分中国小麦赤霉病菌的毒素化学型

由镰孢菌(Fusarium spp.)引起的小麦赤霉病在全世界均有发生,我国小麦赤霉病主要由禾谷镰孢菌复合种(Fusarium graminearum species complex,FGSC)所引起,根据产生单族毒素种类分为三种化学型,分别为3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇(3-AcDON)、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇(15-AcDON)和雪腐镰孢菌烯醇(NIV)化学型。为了更方便地对禾谷镰孢菌复合种进行化学型的区分,本研究利用三对引物分别扩增了三种化学型菌株的Tri8基因并进行了序列测定,根据不同化学型菌株的基因序列差异,进行了特异性引物设计和筛选。利用设计的引物同时扩增三种化学型的Tri8基因并用AvaI内切酶进行酶切,根据酶切片段的大小区分三种化学型。研究表明该方法可准确有效地区分我国小麦赤霉病菌的化学型。     

麦冬草对草甘膦耐药性的形态学机制

麦冬、土麦冬和阔叶土麦冬都对草甘膦具有较高的天然耐药性,其耐药性的主要机制是由于EPSPS基因结构差异、基因多拷贝以及高表达量,但是,靶标机制并不能完全解释阔叶土麦冬的耐药性最高,麦冬的耐药性最低,土麦冬居于中间。为了进一步揭示其耐药性的非靶标机制,采用光镜和扫描电镜观察了麦冬、土麦冬和阔叶土麦冬的叶表皮显微结构,发现麦冬、土麦冬和阔叶土麦冬的气孔主要分布于叶片下表皮,气孔密度分别为37.6、36.15和23.92个/mm~2。但是,土麦冬和阔叶土麦冬的气孔在叶片上表皮也有分布,并且阔叶土麦冬上表皮的气孔明显多于土麦冬。麦冬草气孔带和非气孔带细胞在细胞长度、面积和长宽比等方面均存在差异。麦冬气孔周围的表皮细胞平周壁具明显瘤状突起,导致气孔下陷;土麦冬气孔周围的表皮细胞平周壁呈波浪状突起,使气孔略下陷;阔叶土麦冬气孔周围的表皮细胞平周壁基本无突起,气孔下陷不显。这些结构特征差异可能与麦冬草对草甘膦的耐药性差异有一定的相关性。     

Survey of actinosporean types (Myxozoa) belonging to seven collective groups found in a freshwater salmon farm in Northern Scotland

A study of the actinosporean fauna of oligochaetes from a freshwater salmon farm in Northern Scotland was carried out from October 1996 to August 1998. Following the examination of 28,387 oligochaete worms belonging to the families Tubificidae, Lumbriculidae, Naididae and Enchytraeidae, five types of echinactinomyxon (four previously described), six types of raabeia (five previously described), three types of synactinomyxon (all previously described), four types of aurantiactinomyxon (three previously undescribed), one type of triactinomyxon (previously described), one type of neoactinomyxum (previously undescribed) and one type of siedleckiella (previously undescribed) were identified. The triactinomyxon type was released from unidentified immature oligochaetes. Of the twenty-one types of actinosporeans found, thirteen types were released from Tubifex tubifex (Müller), three types were released from Lumbriculus variegatus (Müller), three types from both L variegatus and T. tubifex and two types from immature oligochaetes.     

Chromosomal and Ti plasmid characterization of tumorigenic strains of three Agrobacterium species isolated from grapevine tumours

Fifty-six tumorigenic Spanish grapevine strains of Agrobacterium spp. were tested for biovar classification, pathogenicity on several hosts, opine utilization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PCR amplifications using five primer sets targeting chromosomal and Ti plasmid genes. Fifty of them belonged to A. vitis (biovar 3), three to A. tumefaciens (biovar 1) and three to A. rhizogenes (biovar 2). All strains were tumorigenic on grapevines. Most A. vitis strains were also pathogenic on tomato and tobacco plants, while the three A. tumefaciens strains were only pathogenic on grapevine. Although most A. vitis strains used octopine, 12 utilized neither octopine nor nopaline. 16S rRNA gene sequencing clearly distinguished between strains belonging to the three species. Those of A. vitis could be further divided into three chromosomal backgrounds according to their 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. No universal primer pair was found for the detection of all three Agrobacterium species isolated from grapevine. DNA from all A. vitis strains was amplified with the chromosomally-encoded pehA primer pair. In both A. vitis and A. tumefaciens a correlation was observed between the amplifications obtained using the tmr and the virA Ti-plasmid-targeting primer pairs. Three types of Ti plasmid were found in A. vitis strains according to their PCR amplifications and opine utilization profiles. A given chromosomal background harboured only one type of Ti plasmid within the strains from each analysed sample, showing a strong association between chromosomal backgrounds and Ti plasmids in A. vitis .     

Effect of potting mix microbial carrying capacity on biological control of rhizoctonia damping-off of radish and rhizoctonia crown and root rot of poinsettia

ABSTRACT Potting mixes prepared with dark, highly decomposed Sphagnum peat, with light, less decomposed Sphagnum peat, or with composted pine bark, all three of which were colonized by indigenous microorganisms, failed to consistently suppress Rhizoctonia damping-off of radish or Rhizoctonia crown and root rot of poinsettia. Inoculation of these mixes with Chryseobacterium gleum (C(299)R(2)) and Trichoderma hamatum 382 (T(382)) significantly reduced the severity of both diseases in the composted pine bark mix in which both biocontrol agents maintained high populations over 90 days. These microorganisms were less effective against damping-off in the light and dark peat mixes, respectively, in which populations of C(299)R(2) declined. In contrast, crown and root rot, a disease that is severe late in the crop, was suppressed in all three types of mixes. High populations of T(382) in all three mixes late during the cropping cycle may have contributed to control of this disease.     

Productivity and persistence of perennial grass mixtures under competition from annual weeds in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

In the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau four indigenous perennial grass species Bromus inermis (BI), Elymus sibiricus (ES), Elymus nutans (EN) and Agropyron cristatum (AC) were cultivated as three mixtures with different compositions and seeding rates, BI + EN, BI + ES + AC and BI + ES + EN + AC. From 1998 to 2001 there were three different weeding treatments: never weeded (CK); weeded on three occasions in the first year (1-y) and weeded on three occasions in both the first and second year (2-y) and their effect of grass combination and interactions on sward productivity and persistence was measured. Intense competitive interference by weedy annuals reduced dry matter (DM) yield of the swards. Grass combination significantly affected sward DM yields, leaf area index (LAI) and foliar canopy cover and also species composition DM and LAI, and species plant cover. Interaction between weeding treatments and grass combination was significant for sward DM yield, LAI and canopy cover, but not on species composition for DM, LAI or species plant cover. Grass mixture BI + ES + EN + AC gave the highest sward DM yield and LAI for both weeding and non-weeding treatments. Species ES and EN were competitively superior to the others. Annual weedy forbs must be controlled to obtain productive and stable mixtures of perennial grasses, and germination/emergence is the most important time for removal. Weeding three times (late May, late June and mid-July) in the establishment year is enough to maintain the production and persistence of perennial grass mixtures in the following growing seasons. Extra weeding three times in the second growing year makes only a slight improvement in productivity.     

三种复合干旱指数在我国三大农业主产区的适用性分析

利用多源遥感数据,通过与SPI-3的线性相关分析及实际旱情的对比,研究了三种复合干旱指数(PADI、OVDI、TVDI)在我国三类(冬小麦、夏玉米、水稻)农业主产区的适用性。结果表明:三种复合干旱指数不适用于水稻区的干旱监测;在三类农业区的干旱监测中,指数PADI、TVDI对干旱量化结果较为准确(干旱持续时间、严重程度、空间分布等),OVDI对旱情严重程度的判断偏重;指数TVDI、OVDI适合大范围的旱情监测,且TVDI监测结果更为准确;PADI指数由于结合了作物信息,对干旱的量化更全面,适宜于小范围的旱情监测,但对输入信息的要求较高。     

青蒿中番茄斑萎病毒和烟草花叶病毒的分子鉴定及相关序列分析

番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV)和烟草花叶病毒(tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)是2种重要的植物病原病毒, 对多种经济作物的产量和品质均造成严重影响。2021年-2022年, 在云南省丽江市烟草种植区不同烟区采集叶片黄化、皱缩以及无症状的青蒿Artemisia caruifolia样品共计14份, 利用免疫金标速测卡和RT-PCR对其病原病毒进行检测。利用免疫金标速测卡检测结果显示, 在所检样品中有9份样品检测出TSWV, 检出率为64.28%, 有3份样品检测出TMV, 检出率为21.43%, 2种病毒复合侵染的检出率同样为21.43%;利用RT-PCR对复合侵染的3份样品进行分子检测, 结果显示, 在3份复合侵染青蒿样品中获得3条TSWV N基因序列、3条TMV cp基因序列和2条TMV RdRp部分序列。TSWV青蒿分离物与分离自云南的TSWV-2分离物相似性最高, 为99.6%;TMV青蒿分离物与分离自辽宁的TMV-Shenyang分离物和分离自云南的TMV-Yongren-1相似性最高, 均大于99.4%。这是首次发现TSWV和TMV 2种不同属病毒复合侵染青蒿。     

大豆疫霉根腐病菌单游动孢子的毒性遗传与变异

 采用离体叶柄伤口接种法测定大豆疫霉根腐病菌44号生理小种单游动孢子连续3代或4代分离后代的毒性,结果表明:从S1中选择与亲本相比毒性不发生变异的1号单游动孢子菌株(44号生理小种)和变异最大的30号单游动孢子菌株(1号生理小种)继续分离2代或3代,单游动孢子毒性变异趋势主要是从44号生理小种变异为3号生理小种,也有变异成毒性公式为7或1a,7的单游动孢子。大豆疫霉根腐病菌无性世代毒性变异几率很高,多数单游动孢子毒性在分离后代中都发生变异,产生不同的小种或毒性公式,并且毒性变异基本不能稳定遗传。     

嘧菌酯与三种外源硒对不同生命阶段斑马鱼的联合毒性

分别测定了嘧菌酯、3种外源硒 (亚硒酸钠、硒代蛋氨酸和纳米硒) 对水体模式生物斑马鱼不同生命阶段的单一急性毒性,以及等毒性配比的二元混合体系的联合急性毒性,并分别采用相加指数 (AI) 法、毒性单位 (TU) 法和混合毒性指数 (MTI) 法对其联合效应进行了评价。结果表明:斑马鱼3个生命阶段对亚硒酸钠的敏感性 (以96 h-LC₅₀ (致死中浓度) mg/L表示,其中mg指硒的质量) 顺序为:仔鱼(1.11 mg/L) >胚胎(1.48 mg/L) >成鱼(13.05 mg/L);对硒代蛋氨酸的敏感性:仔鱼(0.80 mg/L) >胚胎(1.03 mg/L) >成鱼(9.36 mg/L);对纳米硒的敏感性:成鱼(0.48 mg/L) >仔鱼(1.67 mg/L) >胚胎(4.32 mg/L)。除MTI法计算嘧菌酯与硒代蛋氨酸对成鱼表现为部分相加作用外,采用AI法、TU法和MTI法计算嘧菌酯与亚硒酸钠、硒代蛋氨酸和纳米硒对斑马鱼成鱼、仔鱼和胚胎的联合作用结果一致,均表现为拮抗作用。     

三种木蠹蛾越冬幼虫的过冷却能力差异比较

以宁夏地区3种木蠹蛾越冬幼虫(榆木蠹蛾、沙蒿木蠹蛾和沙棘木蠹蛾)为研究对象,分析了3种木蠹蛾越冬幼虫在不同时期的过冷却点和结冰点,同时比较了沙棘木蠹蛾不同虫龄阶段的过冷却点和结冰点。结果表明,3种木蠹蛾的过冷却能力基本相似,沙蒿木蠹蛾在3种木蠹蛾中对低温环境的适应能力较强。低温驯化对木蠹蛾越冬幼虫的过冷却能力影响明显,榆木蠹蛾和沙蒿木蠹蛾2013年3月的过冷却点及结冰点显著高于2014年1月,两种木蠹蛾表现出耐结冰型昆虫的特征。沙棘木蠹蛾各虫龄阶段之间的过冷却能力差异不显著,但高龄越冬幼虫具有更好的适应温度变化的能力。     

Response of stomatal conductance of two tree species to vapor pressure deficit in three climate zones

Stomatal behavior is a central topic of plant ecophysiological research under global environmental change. However, the physiological mechanism controlling the response of stomata to vapor pressure deficit(VPD) or relative humidity(RH) has been inadequately understood till now. In this study, responses of stomatal conductance(gs) to VPD in two species of trees(Fraxinus chinensis Roxb., Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis Bge.) in three different climate zones(Jinan with typical warm humid/semi-humid climate, Urumqi with temperate continental arid climate and Turpan with extreme arid desert climate) were measured. Levels of two phytohormones(abscisic acid, ABA; indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) in the leaves of the two tree species at these three sites were also measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the responses of gs to an increasing VPD in these two tree species at the three sites had peak curves which could be fitted with a Log Normal Model(gs=a·exp(–0.5(ln(D/c)/b)2). The VPD/RH values corresponding to the maximum gs can be calculated using the fitting models for the two tree species in the three sites. We found that the calculated gs-max-VPD correlated negatively with relative air humidity in the three sites during the plant growth period(April to October 2010), which showed the values of gs-max-VPD were related to the climate conditions. The prevailing empirical stomatal model(Leuning model) and optimal stomatal behavior model could not properly simulate our measured data. The water use efficiency in the two tree species did not show obvious differences under three very different climatic conditions, but the highest gs, photosynthetic and transpiration rates occurred in P. alba var. of Turpan. The sensitivity in response of gs to VPD in leaves of the two trees showed positive correlations with the concentration of ABA, which implied that ABA level could be used as an indicator of the sensitivity of stomatal response to VPD. Our results confirmed that the prediction of the response of gs to VPD might be incomplete in the two current popular models. Therefore, an improved gs model which is able to integrate the results is needed. Also, the stomatal response mechanism of single peak curves of gs to VPD should be considered.     

Variability of Three Isolates of Botrytis cinerea Affects the Inhibitory Effects of Calcium on this Fungus

ABSTRACT Botrytis cinerea is an economically important pathogen. Epidemiological studies are difficult because of the genetic variability within this species. The objectives of this work were to study the variability and to compare the inhibitory effects of Ca on three isolates of B. cinerea from decayed apple (B) and grape (C and C77:4). Among these isolates, B had the least radial growth but had a sporulation rate 40% higher than that of both C77:4 and C. In situ, isolate C incited the largest decay area in the fruit of two of four apple cultivars examined and had the highest polygalacturonase activity in vitro. Maximum mycelial growth was reached with CaCl(2) at 1 g liter(-1) for isolates B and C77:4 and at 4 g liter(-1) for isolate C. Calcium (CaCl(2)) inhibited polygalacturonase activity at 1 g liter(-1) for C and C77:4 and at 16 g liter(-1) for B. Calcium infiltration reduced decay caused by all three isolates by three to five times. Mycelial DNA analysis showed that 42% of the character loci scored were polymorphic and the greatest similarities were found between B and C77:4. These results support the evidence that the biological and statistical variability in research can be affected by the B. cinerea isolate selected. Despite this variation, Ca treatment of apples reduced decay caused by all three Botrytis cinerea isolates.     

不同水氮处理对果树幼苗生长和耗水特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了低水(W_1)、中水(W_2)、高水(W_3)三种土壤水分和不施氮(N1)、低氮(N_2)和高氮(N_3)三种施氮量对苹果、梨、桃树幼苗的生长、蒸腾耗水量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:三种果树苗耗水量有着明显的差异,在W_2N_1条件下单株耗水量桃树苗最大,在晴天,苹果、梨、桃树日蒸腾量占日总耗水量依次为:22.4%,18%,35.7%,较阴天依次提高了0.5%,8%,22.6%,三种果树苗在晴天夜间的蒸散量依次为:苹果3.26±0.37 g,梨树4.0±1.41 g,桃树4.63±1.8 g左右;在相同的处理下比较三种果树苗蒸腾速率,桃树苗的蒸腾速率相对较大.增施氮肥可以增加果树苗的累积耗水量,提高果树苗水分利用效率.株高、茎粗等生长量的累积幅度上桃树苗最为明显;水分、氮肥对果树干物质的量的影响也都达到了显著水平,干物质量随着土壤含水量、施氮量的增加而增加.在土壤含水量为田间持水量的60%～70%时,既可以保证果树苗正常的生理生长又可以提高水分利用效率.     

环境因子对云南蝠蛾羽化的影响

为明确环境因子对云南蝠蛾蛹发育羽化的影响,采用三元一次正交组合设计分析方法,研究了不同土壤温度、土壤含水量、土层深度条件组合对云南蝠蛾蛹历期、羽化历期、羽化率、羽化出土率的影响,并分别建立了回归方程。结果表明,不同环境因子组合处理对云南蝠蛾蛹的发育羽化有显著影响,其中以土壤温度16℃、土壤含水量60%、土层深度5 cm组合条件下蛹历期最短,为18.41 d;羽化历期最短,为17 d;羽化最为集中;羽化率、羽化出土率结果最好,均达到了96.67%,在土壤温度8℃、土壤含水量30%、土层深度15 cm的组合条件下羽化率和羽化出土率均最低,均为33.33%;在土壤温度8℃、土壤含水量60%、土层深度5 cm的组合条件下蛹历期最长,为36.75 d。从回归分析来看,土壤温度对蛹的发育羽化起着主导主用,特别是对蛹历期、羽化历期、羽化率的影响,在这三个回归方程中,其偏回归系数绝对值最高,分别16.2、9.70、5.94;土壤含水量对羽化出土率的影响起着主导作用,其偏回归系数最高为75.42,对羽化率的影响仅次于土壤温度,而对蛹历期、羽化历期影响较小;土层深度对蛹历期、羽化出土率的影响分别次于土壤温度、土壤含水量,其偏回归系数绝对值分别为0.46、7.92,对羽化历期和羽化率的影响最小。