甘蓝型油菜种质氮素营养效率的鉴定及评价指标筛选

为建立甘蓝型油菜种质氮素营养效率的鉴定及评价方法,筛选合理的次级评价指标和氮素营养高效基因型,在田间小区试验条件下设置低氮(45 kg/hm2)、中氮(180 kg/hm2)和高氮(270 kg/hm2) 3个施氮水平,测定了416份不同生态类型甘蓝型油菜种质植株性状及氮素吸收效率(NAE)、氮素利用效率(NUE)和氮收获指数(NHI)。各性状在不同氮素水平下对氮的敏感性不同,低氮下第一次有效分枝数的变异程度表现为最大,单株籽粒重次之;中氮和高氮处理水平下单株籽粒重的变异程度均表现为最大,低氮胁迫加大了种质间的差异。油菜种质氮素营养效率基因型间差异明显,表现中效类型的种质最多,高效和低效的较少。油菜种质间成熟期NAE的鉴定与评价应选择在低氮处理下,以单株籽粒重、单株地上干重和株高为间接指标进行选择效果明显;油菜种质间成熟期NUE的鉴定与评价应选择在高氮处理下,以单株地上干重、第一次有效分枝数、单株籽粒重和每角粒数为间接指标进行选择效果明显;油菜种质间成熟期NHI的鉴定与评价应选择在低氮处理下,以单株籽粒重、单株地上干重和茎基粗为间接指标进行选择效果明显。     

三种氮素营养快速诊断方法在油菜上的适宜性分析

通过大田试验研究了SPAD仪法、硝酸盐反射仪法和光谱仪法在油菜氮素营养快速诊断上的适宜性。试验设施氮0、60、120、180、240、300和400kg/hm2处理,在八叶期、十叶期和蕾薹期对各处理SPAD值、冠层归一化植被指数（NDVI值）和硝酸盐含量进行检测,并测定各时期油菜生物量和收获期籽粒产量。对不同施氮量下的油菜产量进行显著性检验及方程拟合,并对三种诊断方法各测定指标与氮肥用量、籽粒产量进行相关分析。结果表明,油菜施氮量与籽粒产量具有较好的相关关系,满足氮素营养快速诊断要求。三种诊断方法中,硝酸盐反射仪法能在一定程度上反映油菜氮素营养状况,但受油菜生理特性（苗期生物量小、蕾薹期氮素奢侈性吸收等）影响,诊断结果的可信度和稳定性不高。光谱仪法比较适宜于油菜蕾薹期氮素营养诊断,但存在追肥时期过晚、操作不方便等缺点。综合分析认为,SPAD仪法诊断结果稳定,并且具有快速、简便、低耗等优点,适合于油菜氮素营养快速诊断。     

稻种资源苗期氮素营养特性的基因型差异

 采用变异数和频数分析，对88份稻种资源进行了苗期氮素利用效率(NUE)、吸收效率(NAE)和氮素利用效率响应度(NUER)的基因型差异比较。结果表明： 1)不同稻种资源苗期的NUE、NAE和NUER存在显著的基因型差异，且受氮素水平的影响。低氮、中氮和高氮间的NUE存在极显著差异，并随氮素水平的升高而呈下降趋势。低、中氮间的NAE的差异不显著，但极显著地小于高氮；(低氮NUE-高氮NUE )/ 高氮NUE的NUER极显著高于(低氮NUE -中氮NUE)/ 中氮NUE、(中氮NUE -高氮NUE)/ 高氮NUE的NUER，且后两者间未达显著差异。 2)不同稻种资源苗期NUE、NAE和NUER的变异系数存在极大的差别(达20%以上)，大小顺序为NUER>NAE>NUE，即稻种资源苗期NUE、NAE和NUER的基因型差异大小是NUER>NAE>NUE。 3)不同稻种资源苗期NUE、NAE和NUER的基因型分布，基本上符合正态分布，拟合度最好的是NUE，其次为NAE，NUER最差。     

Methods on Identification and Screening of Rice Genotypes with High Nitrogen Efficiency

In order to establish methods for indentification and screening of rice genotypes with high nitrogen (N) efficiency, N absorption efficiency (NAE), N utilization efficiency (NUE) and N harvest index (NHI) in ten rice genotypes were investgated at the elongation, booting, heading and maturity stages under six N levels in a pot experiment with soil-sand mixtures at various ratios. NAE in various rice genotypes firstly increased, peaked under a medium nitrogen rate of 0.177 g/kg and then decreased, but NUE and NHI always decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. NAE in various rice genotypes ever increased with growing process and NUE indicated a descending tendency of elongation stage>heading stage>maturity stage>booting stage. N level influenced rice NAE, NUE and NHI most, followed by genotype, and the both effects were significant at 0.01 level. In addition, the interaction effects of genotype and nitrogen level on rice NAE and NUE were significant at 0.01 level, but not significant on rice NHI. Because the maximum differences of NAE and NUE were found at the elongation stage, it was thought to be the most suitable stage for identification and screening these two paremeters. Therefore, the optimum conditions for identification and screening of rice NAE, NUE and NHI in a pot experiment were the nitrogen rate of 0.157 g/kg at the elongation stage, low nitrogen at the elongation stage, and the nitrogen rate of 0.277 g/kg at the maturity stage, respectively.     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus application on soil nitrogen morphological characteristics and grain yield of oil flax

In order to identify effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on soil nitrogen morphological characteristics and grain yield of oil flax, a two-factor experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in typical semi-arid and hilly-gully area of Loess Plateau with 3 replicates in 2013 and 2014. Two levels of N application included 150 ​kg/hm² (N₂) and 75 ​kg/hm² (N₁). P application included 150 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² (P₂) and 75 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² (P₁). Temporal and spatial variation of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) contents in 0–60 ​cm soil layer, and relationship between soil NO₃⁻-N accumulation (SNA) and grain yield of oil flax were analyzed. Results showed that SNA increased with evaluated N application rate in different soil layers (0–20 ​cm, 20–40 ​cm and 40–60 ​cm). With the increased P application, SNA increased at N₁ level but decreased at N₂ level. SNA under N₂P₁ treatment increased by 73.33% in 2013 and 74.97% in 2014 respectively, compared with control treatment (CK) at maturity stage. Grain yield of oil flax also increased by 44.27% in 2013 and 56.55% in 2014, compared with CK under the same treatment. Correlation analysis showed that SNA in different soil layers were respectively positively correlated with grain yield. In conclusion, this research suggested that the optimal fertilizer application rate was 150 ​kg ​N/hm² and 75 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² in the Northwest of China.     

玉米秸秆还田条件下冬灌时间与施氮方式对冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用效率的影响

为给玉米秸秆还田条件下冬小麦的水氮运筹提供依据,以小麦品种临优2069为材料,研究了山西省小麦-玉米一年两熟区玉米秸秆还田条件下冬灌时间和施氮方式对冬小麦生长发育及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着冬前灌水时间的推迟,小麦总茎数、单株分蘖数、成穗数、产量、籽粒水分生产率、氮肥表观利用率均呈先升高后降低趋势,以11月25日冬灌的最高。在施氮量相同条件下,氮肥一次性底施(N10∶0)的拔节期总茎数、成穗数、产量、籽粒水分生产率和氮素吸收量、表观利用率高于氮肥70%底施+30%拔节期追施(N7∶3)处理,冬前总茎数、单株分蘖数则相反。冬前灌水时间提前和氮肥一次性底施有利于提高小麦前期单株干重;冬前灌水时间推迟和后期追氮则有利于灌浆期穗部和总干物质的积累。因此,山西省小麦-玉米一年两熟区,秸秆还田条件下氮肥采取一次性底施,并于11月25日冬灌,可实现冬小麦的高产高效栽培。     

冬油菜叶片SPAD的时空分布和氮素诊断的叶位选择

在大田试验条件下测定分析不同施氮水平冬油菜关键生育期SPAD值的时空分布特征,并对不同叶位及叶片不同部位SPAD值与叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量、植株全氮含量及籽粒产量之间的相关性进行分析,探求应用SPAD仪诊断油菜氮素营养状况的最佳测试叶位及位点。结果表明,油菜主茎顶部4片完全展开叶SPAD值存在显著空间差异,增加施氮量能显著提高各叶位叶SPAD值,同时减少叶位间的差异;六叶期、蕾薹期以顶4叶（TL4）SPAD值对氮素的敏感性最大,初花期和盛花期则最低。不同部位间,六叶期和初花期以中部SPAD值对施氮量增加的响应最敏感,盛花期则最迟钝,蕾薹期介于顶部和基部之间。综合分析认为,应用SPAD仪监测油菜氮素营养状况的最佳测试叶位和位点为主茎顶4片完全展开叶中部,该部位SPAD值与叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量和植株全氮含量之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平,满足氮素营养快速诊断的要求。     

Perspective on oil flax yield and dry biomass with reduced nitrogen supply

Field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design to determine effects of nitrogen (N) application levels (J0: 150 ​kg/hm², J1: 120 ​kg/hm², J2: 90 ​kg/hm², J3: 60 ​kg/hm²) on regulating dry biomass accumulation, allocation and translocation, and grain yield of oil flax during 2018 cropping season. Significant promotion was observed in dry matter during accumulation stage of oil flax, when N rate was reduced by 40% (from 150 to 90 ​kg/hm²). Under J2 treatment, translocation of dry matter from vegetative organs to pod increased by 38.46% and 61.54% respectively, when compared with J1 and J0 treatment. Dry matter distribution proportion of pod at maturity increased 4.47%–7.61%, contribution rate of leaf to grain upgraded 5.09%–8.77%, and number of effective pods and grains per pod increased by 27.16%–45.38% and 6.49%–26.59% respectively compared to other treatments. As a result, seed yield of oil flax under J2 treatment was 2.23%–18.21% higher than those of other treatments. Our study recommended 90 ​kg/hm² as the best N fertilizer level to improve seed yield of oil flax.     

氮肥运筹对夏玉米氮素利用及土壤无机氮时空变异的影响

研究不同施氮量及基肥追肥比例对土壤无机氮时空分布及玉米氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同施氮量和基追比显著影响土壤剖面硝态氮含量。各施氮处理不同生育期0～60 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于不施氮肥处理,且随施氮量的增加土壤中硝态氮含量增加。夏玉米生长季土壤铵态氮含量较低,且时空变化不明显。玉米氮素农学效率（NAE）、氮素利用效率（NUE）随施氮量的增加显著降低;氮素表观回收率（NRE）有相同的变化趋势,但差异不显著;氮素收获指数（NHI）随施氮量的增加显著增大。相同施氮水平下,“50%基肥+50%大喇叭口肥基追比”的NAE、NUE、NHI和玉米产量显著高于其他处理。因此,在玉米生产中应避免播种时一次性大量施用氮肥,增加后期施氮比例可显著提高氮肥利用效率和玉米产量。     

Dynamic changes of nutrient content in herbaceous peony seed

Herbaceous peony is a promising oilseed crop. ‘Hangshao’ and ‘Fenghuang Niepan’ are two cultivars with high yield and oil content. In this study, seed reserved nutrient of these two genotypes were investigated during seed development process. Results showed that ‘Hangshao’ and ‘Fenghuang Niepan’ matured approximately 85 ​d after flowering (DAF). The development process could be divided into four stages: seed formation and enlargement stage (S1), seed inclusion and enrichment stage (S2), crude fat rapid accumulation stage (S3) and dehydration and color transition stage (S4). During this process, 100-seed fresh weight (HFW) and 100-seed dry weight (HDW) increased, whereas water content (WC) decreased. HFW, HDW and WC for ‘Hangshao’ seed at 85 DAF were 28.56 g, 20.78 ​g and 37.50% respectively, whereas those for ‘Fenghuang Niepan’ seed were 27.2 ​g, 19.78 ​g, and 30.85% respectively. In terms of the primary metabolites measuring, soluble protein content was consistently low (only 2.24%–3.15%), while starch content was relatively high (5.60%–24.81%). They displayed a trend of gradual increasing in early stage, followed by rapid decline. Crude fat tended to accumulate continuously with a linear upward trend starting at 40 DAF, and its maximum level was reached at 85 DAF (27.57% for ‘Hangshao’ and 29.57% for ‘Fenghuang Niepan’). For the secondary metabolites determination, total phenols content was relatively steady, maintaining at 107.7–129.9 ​mg/g for both cultivars, while total flavonoids content varied within 25.33–65.33 ​mg/g for ‘Hangshao’ and 24.33–52.37 ​mg/g for ‘Fenghuang Niepan’. The maximum level for both cultivars occurred at 55 DAF. Furthermore, crude fat content was found to be highly correlated with WC by correlation analysis and linear regression model definition (P ​≤ ​0.01 and r ​= ​0.954). Thus, WC was recommended for evaluating crude fat in peony seed. These findings could provide scientific reference for high-yielding production practice for oleaginous peony plant.     

Genetic segregation analysis of unsaturated fatty acids content in the filial generations of high-linolenic-acid rapeseed (Brassica napus)

Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acids that can improve human health. Rapeseed is the second largest oil crop in the world but the ALA content in its seed fatty acids is only about 10%. Two rapeseed germplasms YH25005 and R8Q10 with high content (up to 21%) ALA were developed by intervarietal crossing. They were used as the maternal parent (P₁) when crossed with a low ALA parent SW (P₂) to produce the seeds of the F₁ hybrid, F₂, and backcrosses to P₁ (BCP₁) and P₂ (BCP₂). A multigeneration joint segregation analysis was conducted to determine major gene ​+ ​polygene effects of the content of three major unsaturated fatty acids including oleic (OA), linoleic (LA) and ALA. The results showed that, although some genes favorable to ALA accumulation were not allelic in R8Q10 and YH25005, all the inheritances of OA, LA and ALA in YH25005 ​× ​SW and R8Q10 ​× ​SW followed a genetic model of ‘two pairs of additive major genes ​+ ​additive-dominant polygenes’. It is suggested that the contents of OA, LA and ALA are closely related and the major genes in the parent SW containing loss-of-function mutations in FAD2 and FAD3 loci had strong effect to reduce ALA and elevate OA. However, total genetic effect of the polygenes was greater than that of the two major genes, especial on ALA content. It indicated that it is necessary to employ a larger F₂ population to find the plant that accumulate enough minor-effect polygenes for high ALA content. The results are useful for high ALA rapeseed breeding and future work of gene mapping.     

Evaluation of yield,stability and adaptability of national winter rapeseed regional trials in the upper Yangtze River region in 2017-2018

Rapeseed variety needs to be tested by regional trial in multiple sites for many years before being applied in market in China. Performants of rapeseed were affected by the interaction of sites and varieties. Evaluation of regional trials is very important for guiding rapeseed breeding. GGE (genotype main effects and genotype ​× ​environment interaction) biplot was used to evaluate yield, stability, adaptability, representativeness and discrimination of national winter rapeseed trials in the upper reaches of Yangtze River in 2017-2018. Results showed that the main effects of genotype (G), environment (E) and genotype ​× ​environment interaction (G × E) were significant (P ​< ​0.01) for yield. Among them, E accounted for 46.95% total variation on average, G and G × E accounted for 19.34% and 33.71% respectively. Eight varieties were found with high-yield, excellent stability and adaptability, including ‘Yiyou 29’, ‘Xiwang 920’, ‘Liyouza 108’, ‘Nanyou 546’, ‘Dadi 195’, ‘Jiayou 1’, ‘Huayouza 28’ and ‘Yuhua 2’. Test sites included Nanchong, Mianyang, Wanzhou, Shuangliu and Chengdu in Sichuan Province and Zunyi together with Guiyang in Guizhou Province were selected for their excellent representativeness and discrimination. These results would provide theoretical basis for rapeseed breeding.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

苗期甘蔗氮高效基因型评价指标的筛选

本研究通过低氮压力选择,筛选出甘蔗氮高效种质,分析影响甘蔗氮高效的重要指标,为甘蔗氮高效育种及栽培提供理论依据。以58份甘蔗种质资源为材料,在苗期采用正常供氮（2 mmol/L N）和低氮（0.2 mmol/L N）处理,分析甘蔗植株形态、干重及氮素在各器官中累积分配的特征。通过主成分分析方法筛选影响甘蔗氮高效利用的重要指标,通过聚类分析对58份种质进行聚类。结果表明,低氮（0.2 mmol/L N）处理可以明显从植物形态区分不同种质的氮利用差异,58份种质低氮条件下的干重范围为0.64~14.75 g/株,氮累积量为5.53~63.00 mg/株,氮利用率范围为115.40~279.30 g/g。对低氮压力下甘蔗干重及氮累积等25个指标进行主成分分析后,提取出4个主要成分,总贡献率为92.35%。通过高、低氮条件下与氮利用效率有关的氮转移系数及基因潜力等19个指标分析后提取出5个主成分,总贡献率为82.21%。影响甘蔗氮高效的重要指标有甘蔗的干重（全株、叶、根）、氮累积量（全株、叶、茎）、氮利用率（全株、叶）、叶的相对氮利用率、茎的基因潜力、茎的相对干物质量和茎的相对氮累积量。经聚类分析后初步将58份甘蔗种质分为氮高效基因型、偏氮高效基因型、偏氮低效基因型和氮低效基因型。     

水氮管理对不同氮效率水稻根系性状、氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

【目的】探究水氮管理措施对不同氮效率水稻根系构型、氮素吸收利用和产量形成的影响,以及根系性状特征与氮素吸收利用和产量关系。【方法】试验采用三因素裂裂区设计,主区为2个不同氮效率水稻品种德香4103(氮高效型)和宜香3724(氮低效型),裂区设置"常规灌溉"和"控制性交替灌溉"2种水分管理方式,裂裂区为SPAD指导施肥、优化施肥以及农民习惯施肥3种施氮模式,运用岭回归分析方法探究根系构型与氮素吸收利用和产量的关系。【结果】水稻抽穗期根系性状、产量、每穗粒数、千粒重及总颖花量均存在显著的基因型差异。氮高效品种德香4103每穗粒数多,群体库容量大,产量较氮低效品种宜香3724高0.24%~11.31%;控制性交替灌溉有利于水稻千粒重的增长,常规灌溉则对水稻有效穗数、每穗粒数及群体颖花量提高更为有利;SPAD指导施肥和优化施肥处理能够提高水稻有效穗数和每穗粒数,扩大群体颖花量以保证其对农民习惯施肥的产量优势;由于水氮互作效应的存在,控制性交替灌溉下施氮处理与空白处理水稻千粒重的差距比常规灌溉的大幅降低,使得控制性交替灌溉下施用氮肥的增产效果更佳。德香4103的氮肥生理利用率较宜香3724平均高8.69%,常规灌溉下水稻氮积累量较高,控制性交替灌溉下氮肥回收率、农学利用率、生理利用率均较优;与农民习惯施肥处理相比,SPAD指导施肥与优化施肥模式更有利于水稻氮素吸收利用效率的提高。拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期水稻根系构型与产量岭回归方程的决定系数范围为0.4198~0.9028,其中,抽穗期根系性状与产量关系最为密切,氮高效和氮低效品种的决定系数均超过0.9。在拔节期,水稻细分枝根长对产量影响最大;在抽穗期,氮高效和氮低效品种存在差异,前者是粗分枝根长,后者是细分枝根表面积对产量影响最大;在成熟期,不定根长与产量关系最为密切。水稻抽穗期根系构型对氮积累量变化的解释程度较高,岭回归方程决定系数均接近0.7。就水氮管理措施而言,氮高效和氮低效水稻均应采用常规灌溉配套SPAD指导施肥或控制性交替灌溉结合优化施肥来实现产量的提高。【结论】水稻抽穗期根系构型与产量、氮积累量关系密切,采用合理的水氮管理措施能够实现水稻产量和氮素吸收利用效率的同步提高。     

不同施氮时期对夏玉米干物质积累及氮肥利用的影响

以提高夏玉米氮肥利用率、减少氮肥污染为目标,研究了不同施氮时期对夏玉米生长发育及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：施氮显著增加子粒产量和穗粒数,以3叶期施氮结合12展叶追氮处理的子粒产量最高,但对千粒重和单位面积穗数影响差异不显著。施氮使各处理植株的叶面积指数(LAI)均在生育后期保持较高值,延缓了叶片衰老,促进了干物质的积累。3叶期施氮结合12展叶追氮处理的夏玉米氮肥利用率最高,较3叶期施氮和12展叶施氮分别提高了21.8个百分点和22.8个百分点,较好地提高了夏玉米当季氮肥利用率,能够有效降低因氮素损失而造成的农田污染。     

施氮量对黄檗幼苗生长的影响

分别设置了施氮量为0、55、110、220、440 kg/hm2(尿素)的5种处理.比较了不同施氮量对黄檗幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:N20、N40、N80三个处理的株高和基茎都显著高于对照,N10处理与对照差异不显著,株高和基茎随施氮量而增加,与对照差异都达到显著或及显著,但当升高到一定程度时,不会继续升高.N20、N40、N80三个处理的根干重、茎干重和叶干重都显著高于对照,N10处理与对照差异不显著,在一定程度(施氮量范围)内,根干重、茎于重和叶干重随施氮量的增加而增加.     

不同施氮水平下缓释氮肥配施对机插稻氮素利用特征及产量的影响

【目的】在高施氮水平和常规施氮水平下,研究缓释氮肥配施对机插稻氮素利用和产量的影响及其生理机制,为机插稻的氮肥高效利用提供依据。【方法】以中迟熟杂交籼稻川谷优7329为材料,采用二因素裂区设计,设置不同的施氮水平及5种缓释氮肥与常规氮肥(尿素)配施处理,并设置不施氮处理,分析不同施氮水平下缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施对机插稻氮素利用和产量的影响及其生理机制,并探讨氮素利用和产量与生理响应之间的关系。【结果】结果表明,施氮水平、缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施对机插稻氮素利用特征及产量均存在显著或极显著的影响,机插稻拔节、抽穗及结实期对氮素的吸收利用以及结实期茎鞘的氮素转运量与干物质量、氮素积累量、氮肥表观利用率、每穗实粒数及最终产量显著或极显著正相关(r=0.38*~0.69**)。与常规氮肥运筹相比,缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施、全缓释氮肥施用处理的机插稻成熟期干物质积累量、氮素积累总量、光合势、叶面积指数、氮肥表观利用率及穗部氮素增加量均显著提高,进而促进增产。【结论】据产量及氮素利用效率表现,机插稻产量在180 kg/hm2施氮水平下较高,且在缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施比例为7∶3一次性施用时产量最高,较其他氮肥运筹产量高0.84%~26.59%,氮肥表观利用率高0.28%~47.02%,为最优氮肥运筹模式。但不同施氮水平下,随着缓释氮肥配施比例的降低,群体叶面积指数、光合势及物质积累等指标也降低,且在施氮处理为全常规氮肥时最低,均不利于机插稻氮肥利用效率及最终产量的提高。     

不同施氮方式对夏玉米产量、氮素吸收与利用的影响

大田条件下以不施氮处理为对照(CK),设置农民传统施肥(FP)、水肥一体化(WF)以及水肥一体化减氮20%(WF-N)4种水氮管理模式,研究氮肥用量及施氮方式对玉米产量形成、氮素吸收及其利用效率的影响。结果表明,同等施氮量下,与FP处理相比,WF处理的子粒产量、穗粒数、千粒重和完熟期植株干物质积累量分别增加9.57%、7.45%、2.41%和9.14%;完熟期植株氮素积累量增加8.77%,氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)、氮肥农学效率(AEN)、氮肥利用率(NUE)分别增加9.57%、45.28%、28.65%。减氮20%条件下,水肥一体化施氮处理的玉米产量及产量构成、完熟期植株干物质积累量与FP处理间无显著差异,其PFPN、AEN、NUE较FP处理分别增加24.34%、21.87%和21.38%。     

不同春生叶龄期追氮对冬小麦产量形成和抗倒性能的影响

为明确兼顾冬小麦高产和抗倒伏的春季最佳追氮时期,设置品种、追氮期二因素裂区试验,其中,2015-2016年以山农16（SN16）和石新828（SX828）2个品种为主区,2016-2017年以藁优2018（GY2018）、科农2009（KN2009）和石4366（SH4366）3个品种为主区,两年均以春3、4、5、6叶伸出时分别追施总施N量240 kg·hm^-2中的50%氮肥（分别用N3～N6表示）为副区。在关键生育时期调查群体总茎数,成熟期调查茎秆抗倒伏相关性状及产量构成因素。结果表明,拔节至孕穗期一般以N3或N4处理总茎数最多,开花至成熟期一般以N4处理的穗数最多,N5处理的成穗率最高;孕穗期至开花后24 d,N4处理的叶面积指数（LAI）最大,N6处理的最小;大部分品种以N4处理的株高最高,不同叶龄期追氮处理的重心高度则因品种而异;N4处理小麦基部第2节间最长,节间充实度和机械强度最小,N3和N4处理的抗倒指数最低。抗倒指数和机械强度与株高、重心高度、节间长度均呈极显著负相关,与节间直径、茎壁厚度和充实度均呈极显著正相关。不同叶龄期追氮对每公顷穗数和穗粒数的影响较小,大部分小麦品种以N4处理的穗数最多,且施氮处理间的差异一般不显著。石新828和藁优2018各施氮处理千粒重的差异不显著,另外3个品种N4处理的千粒重高于其他处理。5个品种中除藁优2018以N5处理的籽粒产量最高外,其他品种均以N4处理的籽粒产量最高,且均与N5处理的差异不显著。综合来看,春4叶期追氮产量性状最优而倒伏风险最大;春5叶期追氮的籽粒产量与春4叶期追氮的差异不显著,但其抗倒能力显著提高,可以兼顾高产和抗倒伏,因此,春5叶期为河北平原春季最佳追氮时期。在灌水条件常成为限制因素的该地区小麦生产中,春4叶至春5叶期根据水源情况灌水和随水追施氮肥,都是比较适宜的。