柱花草接种炭疽菌后防御酶活性反应的品种间差异

以4个抗病性不同的柱花草品种为材料,研究了接种胶胞炭疽菌后过氧化物酶(POD)、草酸氧化酶(OXO)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的变化。高抗品种Tarido、中抗品种CIAT184和TPRC90087在接种后能较快和较大幅度诱导POD活性,在48 h分别为对照的2.69,1.48和2.27倍。而高感品种Graham需较长时间才诱导POD活性,且诱导幅度较低,在48 h与对照相比没有增加。高抗品种Tar-ido接种炭疽菌后PPO活性持续升高,96 h达到最大值时,处理是对照的2.22倍,中抗品种和高感品种Graham的PPO活性在接种后与对照间差异不大。Tarido的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在接种后诱导幅度和持续时间均大于CIAT184和TPRC90087,最大增幅依次为对照的1.72,1.46和1.45倍。而高感品种Graham的酶活性无变化。4个品种的总几丁质酶、AAO和OXO活性在接种后与对照相差不大。结果表明,柱花草接种后POD、PPO和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性被诱导的时间及程度可能与品种的抗病性大小有关。     

柑橘褐斑病菌对不同抗性柑橘品种防御酶活性的影响

以柑橘褐斑病高抗品种Lw8,中抗品种L2,高感品种Lw14为实验材料,通过孢子喷雾法使柑橘褐斑病菌感染柑橘叶片,研究接菌0d、1d、2d、3d、6d、8d、10d时,柑橘叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、几丁质酶(CHT)酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶(GLU)含量及活性变化规律与品种抗病性的关系。结果表明,接种前,两个抗病品种Lw8、L2中的POD、SOD、PAL、PPO 、GLU、CHT活性显著高于高感品种Lw14,CAT活性则与高感品种Lw14相近；接种后,3个不同抗性品种中SOD、POD、CAT、PAL、PPO 、GLU、CHT 7种防御酶活性较对照明显提高,但不同品种增加幅度不一致,除CAT外,其余6种防御酶活性均表现为抗病品种Lw8、L2增幅显著高于高感品种Lw14,且两个抗病品种一般在接菌3d内6种防御酶活性迅速升高并达到峰值；而高感品种Lw14防御酶(除CAT外)活性或增幅较小或较两个抗病品种滞后。本研究初步探讨了不同抗性品种接种褐斑病菌后7种防御酶的活性动态变化与柑橘品种抗病性关系,为进一步研究其抗病机理奠定基础。     

外源诱导物水杨酸对草坪型高羊茅弯孢霉叶斑病抗性影响的研究

在适宜弯孢霉叶斑病发病的条件下,对草坪型高羊茅热浪、黄金岛两个品种的植株喷施外源诱导物水杨酸后接种新月弯孢菌,结果表明:喷施水杨酸可以降低两个品种的弯孢霉叶斑病的发生。在平板培养中,水杨酸对新月弯孢菌分生孢子的萌发率及菌丝的生长均无明显的抑制作用,因此认为水杨酸处理后所试品种病情指数的下降是由于水杨酸处理提高了植株的抗病性,即所试品种产生了诱导抗病性而引起的;0.01～0.1mM的水杨酸诱导处理诱抗效果达到50%以上,水杨酸诱导高羊茅抗弯孢霉叶斑病的最佳浓度为0.01mM,诱导效果可达到70%以上;黄金岛的诱导抗性要好于热浪,诱导最佳间隔期为3d,诱导抗性持久期可达到15d。     

桑叶中乙醇酸氧化酶活性的研究

桑叶中乙醇酸氧化酶活性是筛选低光呼吸桑品种的重要指标。采用测定乙醛酸苯腙(GPH)变化量的方法,对不同品种桑叶及用Na2S和草酸处理后桑叶中的乙醇酸氧化酶(GO)活性进行测定的结果表明:不同品种桑叶的GO活性存在显著差异,最大差异近3倍;用Na2S处理桑叶可以提高乙醇酸氧化酶活性,0.5~2.0 mmol/LNa2S处理可使GO活性比对照升高100%~130%;用草酸处理桑叶可以降低乙醇酸氧化酶活性,50~200 mmol/L草酸处理可使GO活性比对照下降49.6%~98.9%。     

2,3-丁二醇与水杨酸诱导匍匐翦股颖对镰刀菌枯萎病的抗性

分别采用不同浓度2,3-丁二醇(150、250、350、450、550μmol/L)、水杨酸(0.1、0.25、0.50、0.75、1.0mmol/L)处理匍匐翦股颖后接种尖孢镰刀菌,诱导匍匐翦股颖对镰刀菌枯萎病的抗性。结果表明,水杨酸各处理中抗病效果最高的仅为11.52%,水杨酸不能诱导匍匐翦股颖抗镰刀菌枯萎病;250~450μmol/L的2,3-丁二醇对匍匐翦股颖抗病性均有一定的诱导作用,其中250μmol/L的2,3-丁二醇处理抗病效果最佳,病情指数由对照的92降低至20,诱导效果可达78.26%,能够有效诱导匍匐翦股颖抗镰刀菌枯萎病。由此表明,SAR机制诱导剂水杨酸不能诱导匍匐翦股颖抗镰刀菌枯萎病,ISR机制诱导剂2,3-丁二醇能够有效诱导匍匐翦股颖抗镰刀菌枯萎病。     

茉莉酸甲酯和磷酸氢二钾诱导柱花草对炭疽病的抗性

探究茉莉酸甲酯(Methyl Jasmonate,MeJA)和磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4)诱导柱花草对炭疽病的抵抗作用。结果表明,二者浓度分别为0.001~0.1mg·mL-1和10~50mmol·L-1时,病情指数均显著降低(P0.05),最佳诱导浓度分别是0.001mg·mL-1和30mmol·L-1,诱导效果分别是64.84%和54.40%。0.001mg·mL-1MeJA处理组的过氧化物酶(POD)及多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在48h达到最大值,显著高于对照组。30mmol·L-1 K2HPO4处理组的POD与PPO活性分别在48和24h达到最大值,显著高于对照组。两种诱抗剂处理的POD和PPO活性在接种早期增加了柱花草对炭疽菌的侵染的抵御能力,进而提高植株的抗病性。30mmol·L-1 K2HPO4处理组的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在48~72h内上升,显著高于对照组,而0.001mg·mL-1 MeJA处理组的CAT活性除72h显著低于对照组,其他时间点与对照组相差不大。说明在诱导柱花草抗病性方面,两种诱导抗性剂处理的诱抗效果与POD、PPO和CAT的酶活性的诱导的时间及程度有关。     

过氧化物酶活性在紫花苜蓿抗根腐病中的应用研究

经离体叶接种方法进行根腐病接种后,筛选出免疫、高抗、中抗和中感的4个苜蓿品种,测定其过氧化物酶(POD)活性.试验结果表明:从接种根腐病后POD活性的变化来看,4个品种的POD活性比接种前有所提高,且抗病性差的品种POD活性提高最多,从而说明POD活性可作为筛选抗根腐病材料的生化指标之一.     

紫花苜蓿不同品种对拟枝孢镰刀菌的抗性评价

在温室盆栽30个紫花苜蓿品种45 d后,将拟枝孢镰刀菌接种于幼苗根部土壤中,10 d根据根部病情指数评定抗病性,筛选抗性后选择抗病和感病品种再次接种,于4,8和12 h时测定与抗性相关酶的活性。结果表明,不同品种间抗性差异显著,其中耐病品种为晋南苜蓿、驯鹿、PG塞特、苏联二号4 个,占测定品种总数的13.3%;高感品种为新疆大叶、中苜一号、陇中苜蓿、北疆苜蓿、皇冠、甘肃苜蓿和萨兰斯7个,占23.3%;其余的均为感病品种,占63.4%;未发现抗病和免疫品种。酶活性变化测定表明,对于接菌与未接菌的供试耐病和高感苜蓿品种,不同品种间CAT、SOD、PAL的活性存在一定差异;总体接菌植株的酶活性高于对照,且耐病品种的酶活性高于感病品种,酶活性在接菌后4~8 d呈上升趋势,8~12 d呈下降趋势;接菌植株CAT活性较对照增幅明显,SOD、PAL活性较其对照增幅不明显。     

外源H2O2对沙打旺抗黄矮根腐病的影响

本研究以沙打旺抗病和感病品种为材料,接种埃里砖格孢孢子悬浮液后分别施加外源H₂O₂及其清除剂AsA,通过统计发病率、病情指数及测定POD、PPO、CAT、SOD、Glu和Cht六种病程相关蛋白酶活性,研究H₂O₂对沙打旺抗黄矮根腐病的影响。结果表明,接种埃里砖格孢后2种沙打旺H₂O₂含量高于未接种植株,且感病品种在38 h H₂O₂含量最高,为929 μmol/g,抗病品种最高值出现在24 h,为986 μmol/g。抗病、感病沙打旺发病率、病情指数在H₂O₂处理后最低,施加AsA最高。H₂O₂处理各种酶活性都有不同程度的增加,且对抗病品种酶活性提高大于感病品种,表明外施H₂O₂可以减缓沙打旺黄矮根腐病的发生和侵染。表明H₂O₂与沙打旺抗病性紧密相关,并通过调节病程相关酶活性来增强沙打旺对黄矮根腐病的抗性,减少侵染率。     

饲料中长期添加β-1,3-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分和生化指标的影响

本研究旨在研究β-1,3-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分和生化指标的影响.选用640尾初体重为(0.43±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复40尾.Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础饲料,Ⅱ、Ⅲ,Ⅳ组为试验组,分别饲喂在基础饲料中添加250、500、1 000 mg/kg β-1,3-葡聚糖的饲料,试验期为12周.结果显示,随着β-1,3-葡聚糖添加量的增加,凡纳滨对虾末重、增重率、特定生长率均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,并均在Ⅱ组达到最高.与对照组相比,Ⅲ组的肝胰腺蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著升高(P<0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的肝胰腺淀粉酶活性显著升高(P<0.05);Ⅱ组的血清总蛋白、胆同醇、甘油三酯和肝胰腺糖原含量显著升高(P<0.05).肝胰腺谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性以及血清葡萄糖、肌肉糖原、胆固醇、甘油三酯含量各组间无显著差异(P>0.05).与对照组相比,Ⅳ组的血清过氧化氧酶和溶菌酶活性显著升高(P<0.05);Ⅲ组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著升高(P<0.05).血清超氧化物歧化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在各组间无显著差异(P>0.05).添加β-1,3-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾全虾水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和灰分含量没有显著影响(P>0.05).由此得出:1)在饲料中长期添加250 mg/kg β-1,3-葡聚糖能够提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能,促进营养物质代谢;2)在饲料中长期添加500或1 000 mg/kg β-1,3-葡聚糖能够增强几纳滨对虾的非特异性免疫功能.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.