Quantitative dynamics on stimulating regeneration and sowing seedlings ofLarix gmelinii in Daxing’an Mountains

To understand the quantitative dynamics and death reason of stimulating regeneration seedlings is significant for stimulating the natural regeneration ofLarix gmelinii and implement of conservation project of natural forest. This paper summarized location observations and directly-seeding simulation experiments of six permanent sample plots that were set up after the seed bumper harvest year ofLarix gmelinii in 1989. The study showed that stimulating natural regeneration seedlings had a large mortality in the first three years, especially in the first year of seedling emergence. After three years seedlings died less and stepped into the stable regeneration stage. A large number of seedlings died of sunscald as the primary death reason. For those areas of good site conditions and rich soil, damping-off would cause seedlings to death in large quantities. The task of stimulating regeneration is mainly to get rid of the litter (forest floor) on burned areas. By means of promoting measures, emergence rate of sown seeds would be several times and dozens of times higher than that of seed shedding on the condition of retention of forest floor. Promoting the regeneration need to select the suitable site against great slope and low-lying lands; at the same time, be careful of the avoidance of frost heaving by depression water.     

寒温带兴安落叶松林天然更新研究

以内蒙古大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松原始林、渐伐更新林、皆伐更新林3种森林类型为研究对象,对其天然更新幼苗的大小级结构及空间分布格局进行了研究。结果表明:原始林与渐伐更新林的更新幼苗大小级结构均属于稳定型种群,有利于种群的连续更新;而皆伐更新林幼苗大小级结构属于下降型种群,不利于种群的连续更新。3种森林类型的幼苗分布格局均呈聚集分布,聚集程度等级由强到弱顺序为:原始林>皆伐更新林>渐伐更新林。并提出了兴安落叶松合理经营管理的建议。     

试论火与兴安落叶松种子发芽条件的关系

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)自然分布区大兴安岭的立地条件和种子发芽条件的特殊性,导致了兴安落叶松天然更新的特殊性。瘠薄的棕色针叶林土,生长季短、冬季漫长以及土壤表层较厚的死地被物层增加了天然更新的难度。然而兴安落叶松的天然更新效果却是令人满意的。兴安落叶松在母树林冠下更新良好,只是在某些林型如草类落叶松林的成熟林冠下更新不良;而在3—10年的择伐迹地和火烧迹地上平均每公顷有13500株幼树。大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松火烧迹地天然更新良好的奥秘何在?火灾后兴安落叶松的种子发芽条件如何?火灾在这方面的作用是什么?作者从天然更新的关键之一——种子     

Long-term growth response of black spruce advance regeneration (layers), natural seedlings and planted seedlings to scarification: 25th year update

Careful logging around advance growth and tree planting following site preparation or not (fill planting) have been widely used to regenerate black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in the boreal forest of Canada. An experiment was established in 1990 to compare these regeneration modes and natural seeding over a 25-year period following two types of scarification (cone- or disk-trenching) that were applied at two intensities (single- or double-pass). Without scarification, the three types of regeneration had slow height growth during the first 10 years (3.4–5.8?cm/year). Thereafter, planted seedlings (6.1–9.8?cm/year) and pre-established layers (5.8–8.5?cm/year) had 2–3 times higher growth than natural seedlings (2.6–3.1?cm/year). Scarification improved height growth of the three types of regeneration, but planted seedlings responded much earlier, and more strongly over the 25 years (+9.4?cm/year) than layers (+2.8?cm/year) and natural seedlings (+2.7?cm/year). A shift in the proportion of layers and natural seedlings was observed following treatment. Long-term monitoring revealed that double-pass scarification was beneficial to layer growth from years 15 to 20, while no positive effect was observed on natural or planted seedlings. Our results suggest that decades may be required for natural regeneration to respond to scarification in cold soils of the boreal forest.     

兴安落叶松老龄林分幼苗天然更新及微生境特点

对落叶松老龄林幼苗天然更新及微生境研究采用样线法，沿样线设置样方，调查样方内幼苗数、测定环境变量。结果表明，原始老龄林各环境变量中地表层的作用最突出，光照的作用最小，灌木层居中。一般，枯落物、根系盘结层和苔藓的作用较大，其中枯落物对苔藓的发育有抑制作用。抑制兴安落叶松更新的主要因素：在丛桦落叶松林中主要是草本植物、赤杨落叶松林为苔藓厚度、杜香落叶松林为苔藓厚度和根系盘结层厚度。     

兴安落叶松林分直径结构研究

通过对大兴安岭原始兴安落叶松林分直径结构进行研究,分析兴安落叶松林和白桦林木株数和蓄积按径阶分布的特点。分析结果表明:兴安落叶松林分总体上表现出较明显的原始天然异龄林特点,直径分布结构符合原始天然林的自然生长规律,总体上呈波动的倒"J"字型曲线,这可能是由于该林分中林木的生物学特性和生境共同作用的结果。该研究为科学经营提供理论依据。     

辽东山区长白落叶松天然更新调查

调查辽东山区长白落叶松人工林的长白落叶松天然更新数量、幼苗的存活和生长状况以及其幼树出现的生境.结果表明:在结实的长白落叶松人工林内均有1年生落叶松幼苗,其数量与人工林种子库落叶松种子数量有关,其存活和生长(高生长和叶片数量)状况明显受林分开阔度、地面植被盖度和枯落物的影响.1年生长白落叶松幼苗在林内生长缓慢,一般高生长不超过6 cm,地径生长不超过0.1 cm,叶片数量不超过25针.长白落叶松天然更新幼苗4月末开始出现,6月份幼苗数量最多,9月份林内大部分幼苗死亡.这表明长白落叶松幼苗在林下不能正常存活和生长,而影响其存活和生长的主要因素是光照、草本灌木和地面枯落物.另外,长白落叶松林下很难见到幼树,只有在有种源、光照充足、草本灌木和枯落物少,以及土壤较湿润的生境中能见到其幼树.     

华北落叶松迹地更新关键技术及其效果评价

近年,随着大部分华北落叶松近成熟林分被采伐利用,迹地更新技术成为经营管理的首选课题。2002~2006年,通过对围场桃山林场迹地更新技术的实践,总结出了"就近育苗、合理育苗、局部整地、加强幼抚"等,是华北落叶松迹地更新的关键技术,且效果明显。     

火干扰强度对兴安落叶松林物种组成及多样性的影响

以大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松林为研究对象,采用群落调查方法,分析不同火强度对大兴安岭地区落叶松林物种组成及物种多样性的影响。结果表明,重度火干扰对兴安落叶松林物种组成影响较大,火烧迹地的演替从喜光、耐旱的草本及灌木开始,形成以草本层占主要优势的白桦灌草林群落;中度火干扰保留了少量的兴安落叶松,白桦萌条形成更新层和演替层,促进森林群落由针叶林向针阔混交林演替的过程;轻度火干扰不能改变原有的树种组成,林分群落结构变化只是在灌木层和草本层中一些物种的更替。随着火干扰强度的增加,落叶松林物种多样性指数和均匀度而呈现线性下降趋势,优势度呈现乘幂性上升趋势。     

寒温带兴安落叶松林土壤CO气体通量变化特征研究

潜在温室气体CO气体通量相关研究很少,多集中于热带、亚热带地区,大兴安岭兴安落叶松林作为我国北方寒温带最大的天然林,研究该森林土壤CO变化特征具有典型性与创新性。于2020年6—9月采用加拿大LGR-N 2O CO分析仪持续测定大兴安岭兴安落叶松林CO气体通量及土壤温湿度,分析大兴安岭兴安落叶松林土壤CO气体通量的变化特征及其与土壤温湿度的关系。结果表明:测定期内,寒温带兴安落叶松林CO呈现明显的单峰日变化特征,日峰值出现正午12∶00左右;CO气体通量月变化规律呈现由高到低的下降趋势。土壤温度日变化规律呈单峰变化特征,峰值呈现时间段为12∶00—15∶00之间。土壤温度日、月变化规律总体呈先升高后降低的趋势。土壤湿度的日变化规律呈先升后降的趋势,月变化受降雨影响无显著规律;兴安落叶松林土壤CO气体通量随着土壤温度升高而增大,呈现正相关关系,相关关系为:Y=7.2479 T 10-98.208(R 2=0.127,P<0.01);与土壤湿度无明显相关性,同气象因子有明显相关性(P<0.01)。     

兴安落叶松原始林、渐伐林降水截留特征对比分析

通过对大兴安岭北部地区兴安落叶松原始林和渐伐林降水截留特征的观测表明,兴安落叶松原始林和渐伐林的林冠截留量与林外降雨量均呈幂函数关系;两种林地对林外降雨量的截留能力基本相同;研究表明,兴安落叶松渐伐林在经过多年的自然恢复后,林冠对降水的截留作用可恢复到经营前水平。     

Seedling emergence, growth, and allocation of Oriental bittersweet: effects of seed input, seed bank, and forest floor litter

The establishment of invasive plant populations is controlled by seed input, survival in the soil seed bank, and effects of soil surface disturbance on emergence, growth, and survival. We studied the invasive vine Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Oriental bittersweet) to determine if seedlings in forest understory germinate from the seed bank or from seed rain. We also conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the role of leaf litter mass and physical texture on seedling survival, growth, and allocation. In the understory of an invaded mixed hardwood forest, we measured seed input, seedling emergence with seed rain, and seedling emergence without seed rain. Mean seed rain was 168 seeds m⁻²: mean seedling emergence was 107 m⁻², and there was a strong correlation between seed rain and seedling emergence. The ratio of seedlings to seed input (0.61) was close to the seed viability (0.66) leaving very few seeds to enter the seed bank. Seed bank germination under field conditions was low (1 seedling m⁻²). Soil cores were incubated in a greenhouse to determine seed bank viability, and germination from these soil cores did not occur. To determine how litter affects seedling establishment and growth, we measured seedling emergence and biomass allocation in a greenhouse experiment. Seeds were placed below intact and fragmented deciduous leaf litter in amounts ranging from zero to the equivalent of 16 Mg ha⁻¹. Seedling emergence was not affected by fragmented litter, but decreased to <20% as intact litter increased to 16 Mg ha⁻¹. Increasing litter resulted in greater allocation to hypocotyl and less to cotyledon and radicle, and this effect was greater in intact litter. C. orbiculatus seedlings achieve emergence through forest floor litter through plasticity in allocation to hypocotyl growth. The low survival of C. orbiculatus in the seed bank suggests that eradication of seedling advance regeneration and adult plants prior to seed rain may be an effective control strategy. However, the intact forest floor litter of an undisturbed forest will not prevent seedling establishment.     

塞罕坝林区落叶松低密度保留经营技术研究

以塞罕坝机械林场内的落叶松为研究对象,依靠北京林业大学、河北农业大学的科研和技术支持,开展了对落叶松大径级材培育的研究。通过对试验地进行下层疏伐、采伐强度、天然更新的具体措施,分析了不同保留密度下单株及林分年生长量、林分年生长率以及林分的木材品质。结果表明,培育复层林,增加生物多样性,培育大径材的合理密度应在225-525株／hm^2之间。     

森林草原过渡带中沙地云杉幼苗在林窗中的环境梯度变化

在我国内蒙古自治区森林草原过渡带中,从林窗内到周围环境进行沙地云杉(Piceamongolica)幼苗的调查以阐明其梯度变化。在沙地森林区,选择了一个形成年龄长达30年的大林窗,从林窗中央向周围森林作2个5m宽的样带,对沙地云杉幼苗动态进行了监测。幼苗距离林窗中心越远,个体越高,数量也越多。在林窗内,有很多幼苗,但是大多数的幼苗在它们长大之前就死亡了。相对于林木高度的动态变化,幼苗的死亡率在样带中的分布基本上有着相似的规律。沿着森林的边缘,幼苗的生长可能由于林窗中边缘光线渗透而得到暂时的提高。文中还讨论了自然森林的更新动态。结果表明在沙地云杉林里林窗干扰带能产生一个非均质的环境促进物种的更新,从而决定了该森林是一个多年龄层次的森林类型。图6参37。     

针叶树育苗除草剂效果试验

用除草剂对针叶树(落叶松、油松、樟子松)播种苗进行土壤处理和茎叶处理,试验表明5月上旬(针叶树播种)后喷施1.25g/m2的果尔,除草效果最好、最明显,且对出苗没有影响.     

Influence of environmental conditions on germinant survival and diversity of Scots pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L.) in central Spain

The aim of the study was to investigate dynamics and pattern of natural regeneration and the influence of seedbed and light on germination and initial seedling survival of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) during three growing seasons. Four 5-m² plots in a natural Scots pine forest in central Spain were randomly established at the beginning of the regeneration process. Germination and seedling survival were recorded in 100 regeneration sampling subplots (0.25 m²) per plot, while seedbed type and the relative light intensity reaching the forest floor was characterised in 1-m² subplots. The spatial correlations between survival, light conditions and organic matter depth were analysed through cross-variograms. Germination and survival were highly variable both within and between plots (ranging from 0 to 89%) and affected by high summer temperatures (33–35°C) in 2003. The spatial pattern characterisation of survival by Ripley’s K function showed a dominant cluster distribution. Occurrence tended to be clumped when abundance was greater than 15 seedlings, whereas for lower densities, seedlings were randomly distributed. Seedlings and herbs occupied the same sites where environmental conditions were appropriate for them to live. Spatial association occurred frequently for light and organic matter depth. Results suggested that the Scots pine seedlings in our study in central Spain preferred moderate light conditions (Global Site Factor <0.40). Thus, if this forest is to be naturally regenerated with Scots pine, the shelterwood system (whereby some mother trees are left to provide shelter for at least 5 years), along with mechanical disturbance of the seedbeds, would promote seed germination, as long as a seed source is present. However, regeneration success is affected by year-to-year conditions.     

对水曲柳与落叶松混交林优势的初步探讨

通过对水曲柳与落叶松混交林的调查得出结论,科学营造水曲柳与落叶松混交林是有其优势和发展前途的。     

对长白落叶松与水曲柳二代林栽培技术的研究

多年来长白落叶松(Larix gmelini)人工林的二代林更新是林区营林工作面临的一个大问题,由于落叶松人工纯林的种种弊端,特别是林地酸化和肥力的减退,引起了人们关注。通过试验证明了对长白落叶松间伐第一次后,可以直接营造水曲柳二代林,通过第二次间伐可以保证二代林的正常生长发育。     

Effect of burnt wood removal on the natural regeneration of Pinus halepensis after fire in a pine forest in Tus valley (SE Spain)

To determine the effect of burnt tree removal on post-fire natural regeneration of Pinus halepensis, two 2 500 m² areas were selected six months after the fire in a totally destroyed mature (>70 years) pine forest. In one area, all the trees were cut down and removed 10 months after the fire and, in the other, all the trees were left standing (control). In each area, 20 permanent plots of 20 m² each were randomly placed, and all seedlings emerging within them labeled by individual numbered plastic tags. Emergence, mortality, density and growth (height) of 6649 P. halepensis seedlings were monitored during the first four post-fire years. Seedling emergence was concentrated in the first post-fire autumn–winter period. No positive effect on seedling emergence was detected as a consequence of burnt trunk dragging and subsequent turning over of soil. Wood removal produced an immediate average seedling mortality of 33%, and notably increased seedling mortality during the subsequent summer, probably due to increased exposure of seedlings to sunlight and the possible debilitation of many individuals by mechanical contact during burnt wood removal. A negative correlation of pine seedling mortality with height was detected, which increased significantly on wood removal in the third post-fire year. That is, short seedlings (<10 cm) in treated plots were the most likely to die during this period. In spite of the detrimental effect of wood removal on sapling survival, seedling density four years after fire in the cleared area was large (3.3 seedlings/m²). Wood removal treatment reduced seedling growth: seedling height was significantly higher in the control stand, and differences in seedling height growth rate became particularly noticeable in the fourth post-fire year. The results denote that traditional wood removal practices do not threaten natural post-fire P. halepensis re-establishment if initial seedling density is large enough. However, further studies focused on wood removal effects on the final tree development level and other ecological aspects are necessary to choose adequate post-fire forest management.     

中强度火烧对兴安落叶松林自然更新的影响

通过对中强度火烧迹地内兴安落叶松自自然更新情况的调查研究,结果表明:中度火烧后,由于地被覆盖率的降低,增加了落叶松种子和土壤接触的机会,促进了兴安落叶松的自然更新。火烧后3年,落叶松自然更新数量达到2 350株·hm~(-2);火烧后6年达到4 572株·hm~(-2);火烧后9年,落叶松自然更新数量达到5 650株·hm~(-2)。而对照样地中,落叶松自然更新数量分别为1 550株·hm~(-2)、1 760株·hm~(-2)、1 435株·hm~(-2),远小于火烧迹地自然更新数量。通过采取适当的计划烧除措施可以促进落叶松的自然更新,有利于林分稳定、生物多样性保护及生态系统恢复。