清河城红松种子园高产结实无性系选择的研究

通过对清河城红松无性系种子园优树收集区内550个无性系2 196株母树连续4年进行结实情况及生长性状观测调查,结果表明:清河城红松林木种子园各无性系间结实量差异极显著;采取显现概率法选育出179、332、380、589、578、328等43个高产结实无性系,平均结实量增产114%。     

樟子松,长白落叶松种子园开花结实规律研究

在本地区，樟子松种子园雄花出现在5月上、中旬，长白落叶松在4月中、下旬，雌花滞后于雄花3-5天，观察到在地理纬度相差多达6°情况下，樟子松各产地花期同步；樟子松种子园在10年生以前，需进行人工辅助授粉；雌、雄花在母树不同方位和不同层次上表现出光照强的东南和中、上层的部位开花结实多；优树产地问及其无性系间，在结实株率、雌雄花数量、比例、座果率及球果产量等方面均有极显著差异，这是影响种子园产量的内在因素；选择结实优良无性系，种子园提高种子产量34．3％-163％。     

促进油松种子园结实技术研究

去劣硫伐是提高种子园产量的主要措施之一，而无性质再选择能科学地确定疏伐对象。通过子代测定和对无性系结实量观测，采用综合指数法综合评定出优、中、劣无性系，从而确定疏伐对象、疏代强度、疏伐时间等。对已进入盛果期的种子园可对结实母树进行整形修剪，增加结实量。施肥能促进种子园母树生长和开发结实，提高种子产量。     

湿地松无性系种子园生长及结实性状初步分析

为提高湿地松种子园的产量,以荆门市彭场林场一代去劣湿地松无性系种子园为研究对象,对其生长状况和结实性状进行调查,分析不同无性系生长和结实性状的差异性,并筛选出高结实无性系。结果表明：不同无性系间胸径、冠幅、球果长度、球果直径、球果径高、单株球果总产量和单个鲜果重均存在极显著差异(sg＜0.01),而单果出种量的差异不显著(sg=0.366);选出排名前3位的高结实无性系,结实量较均值提高了2倍多;根据差异分析的结论,为现阶段优良无性系初步筛选提供方向。     

浅谈杉木初级种子园的疏伐改造

本文论述了杉木种子园的疏伐改造,应以子代测定结果为依据,保留优良种源区及与供种生态区相适应的优良无性系,充分利用种源效益,淘汰劣质的和结实能力低的无性系。疏伐后,种子园的产量将以提高单株结实量和结实率为关键。母树保留密度以300—375株/公顷为宜;种子园将改造成1.5代种子园。     

杉木无性系种子园母树的生长结实性状分析

对湖南省东安县杉木无性系种子园母树的生长结实性状进行定点观察和综合分析，结果表明，不同地理种源球果产量的差异，均未达到统计上的显著水平．但在不同无性系间，存在显著的差异：树高和胸经在种源和无性系间均存在显著差异，冠幅仅在无性系间有差异，枝下高差异不明显；树高、冠幅与球果呈极显著相关．胸经与球果呈显著相关，枝下高与球果相关不明显．偏北种源较偏南种源球果产量高．种源和无性系的球果重复力偏低．据此，对种子园的营建和经营管理，提出了有益的建议和讨论     

马尾松种子园无性系生长结实规律研究

利用马尾松初级种子园17龄以前母树生长结实有关材料，研究母树一般生长结实特点，年龄，密度与产量的关系，以及无性系结实差异规律等几个方面，结果如下：在文本南亚热带红壤区一般经营条件下，马尾松嫁接线树年平均高生长0．7－0．9m，直径生长1．5－1．9cm，冠幅生长0．68－0．70m，初植密度为4m*4m的种子园在7龄以后植株正常生长开始受到抑制，母树的结实量与主枝阳枝的断面总量程紧密的相关，种子园8－10龄平均产种4．1kg/hm2，11－15龄平均产种量10．5kg/hm2,16-17龄平均产种量13．5kg/hm2，同时，对密度与产量，无性系结实差异作了总结分析。     

柏木种子园无性系结实性状遗传变异研究

利用柏木一代无性系种子园中15个无性系75个分株材料，研究无性系结实性状的遗传变异规律。结果发现，不同无性系的结实能力差异巨大，其无性系重复力较高。柏木无性系母树结实主要集中在树冠中上部213的树冠层分枝上，其结实量占全株的86％左右。通过性状相关分析，得出理想的柏木种子园高产无性系母树的主要形态特征为：树高中上，树冠浓密适中，冠高长，结实分枝多，树冠上部分枝较长，但下部分枝相对较短，树体外形呈宝塔形。     

施肥对红松无性系种子园母树结实效应研究

通过在红松无性系幼龄种子园进行的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥3种肥料,每种肥料设置4个水平的施肥试验,研究分析了氮肥、磷肥和钾肥3种肥料,以及每种肥料的不同施用数量,对促进红松无性系种子园幼龄母树结实的效果,提出促进红松无性系幼龄植株结实的适宜施肥数量。     

榆林毛乌素沙地樟子松种子园提高结实量措施

为探讨樟子松种子园内无性系间结实量差异,为优良无性系的再选择提供依据,于2006年和2007年选取65株标准木进行结实情况调查.结果表明,无性系之间的结实数量具有明显的不平衡性,少数无性系在种子生产中占据主导地位.针对毛乌素沙地降水少而蒸散强烈以及土壤瘠薄的具体情况,采取浇水、施肥等措施促进母树结实.浇水能明显提高母树的结实产量,但无性系之间的反应具有一定差异;施肥不仅可以促进母树营养生长,同时也能提高母树的结实量.     

Parental participation in progeny and effective population sizes in experimental seed orchards of wild cherry Prunus avium L. (Batsch)

Parents and progenies genetic diversity, and male and female contributions to the seed crop were assessed in three experimental Prunus avium seed orchards. Collected data were used to compare different effective population sizes, based on phenological, seed crop and paternity analysis. Our results did not show any difference of genetic diversity between parents and progenies. A limited pollen pollution was detected. We showed that distance and coflowering among clones had a significant effect on effective pollination, and a significant effect of the production of flowers was revealed in one of the seed orchards. Our study also revealed a quite low number of effective size of fathers per mother, but high effective sizes of mothers, fathers and parents at the level of the seed orchard. Finally, the calculation of effective size of mothers, fathers and parents was not highly modified when having the complete information based on the paternity analysis.     

Magnitude and efficiency of genetic diversity captured from seed stands of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus nigra</Emphasis> (Arnold) subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">pallasiana</Emphasis> in established seed orchards and plantations

To test how efficiently plantations and seed orchards captured genetic diversity from natural Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subspecies pallasiana Holmboe) seed stands, seed sources were chosen from 3 different categories (seed stands (SS), seed orchards (SO) and plantations (P)) comprising 4 different breeding zones of the species in Turkey. Twenty-five trees (mother trees) were selected from each SS, SO and P seed sources and were screened with 11 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Estimated genetic diversity parameters were found to be generally high in all Anatolian black pine seed sources and the majority of genetic diversity is contained within seed sources (94%). No significant difference in genetic diversity parameters (numbers of effective alleles, % of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity) among seed source categories was found, except for a slight increase in observed heterozygosities in seed orchards. For all seed source categories, observed heterozygosity values were higher (H_o = 0.49 for SS, 0.55 for SO and 0.49 for P) than expected ones (H_e = 0.40 for SS, 0.39 for SO and 0.38 for P) indicating the excess of heterozygotes. In general, genetic diversity in seed stands has been transferred successfully into seed orchards and plantations. However, the use of seeds from seed orchards can increase the amount of genetic diversity in plantations further. The study also demonstrated that number of plus-tree clones (25–38) used in the establishment of seed orchards was adequate to capture the high level of diversity from natural stands.     

Pollen dispersal,mating patterns and pollen contamination in an insect-pollinated seed orchard of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Schima superba</Emphasis> Gardn. et Champ.

Pollen flow and mating patterns are the most important factors influencing the genetic structure of insect-pollinated forest trees and are essential parts of genetic management in seed orchards. We investigated pollen flow, the mating system and the level of pollen contamination in a clonal seed orchard of Schima superba Gardn. et Champ. In total, 328 open-pollination progenies coming from 11 mother trees were identified using 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci. A total of 203 full-sib families were identified and were nested among the 11 studied seed donors. The male reproductive success rate from 0.49 to 7.77% for most male parents, with an average of 2.44%. More than 80% of the crosses were found within a distance of 60 m, and the most frequent pollination distance between female parent and male parents was approximately 20 m. Mating system analysis showed that the outcrossing level was very high (t _m  = 1.000, outcrossing rate = 98.5%) in the seed orchard and that there was an average of 2.3 effective pollen donors (N _ep ) per female parent. In addition, the mating success of individual males within neighborhoods was moderately influenced by their fecundity and the direction of their location relative to mother trees. The pollen contamination from outside the seed orchard was high (7.01%). Our findings are valuable for the assessment of seed orchards, and it may be worthwhile to use pollen management strategies to decrease pollen contamination and increase the genetic quality of the seeds produced.     

木瓜榕的性表达和繁殖特点

木瓜榕雌雄异株,种群内一年四季均挂有果实,果量雌多雄少,其中雌树有2次显著的挂果高峰,占了全年挂果量的80％;雄树挂果多集中在10月至下一年的3月份。木瓜榕隐头花果发育进程中,在间花期雌雄果明显分异,雄果发育期长,74％的隐头果能正常成熟;雌果完成生活周期所需时间短,发育中落果率较高,仅22％的隐头果能成功生产种子。木瓜榕隐头果还受5种非传粉小蜂的作用,它们寄生于传粉小蜂或者与之竞争资源,进而影响到寄主木瓜榕的传粉授精和种子生产。     

Female fertility variation in mature Pinus sylvestris clonal seed orchards

Abstract

Female fertility is the basis for the output of seeds from clonal orchards and its variation is of major interest for the economics and biology of seed orchards, especially for the efficiency and diversity of seed orchard crops. Assessments of female fertility variation in 10 mature (>15 years old) seed orchards of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were evaluated and compared. Depending on the individual orchard, fertility variation for each clone was assessed in slightly different ways, e.g. number of strobili, cones, seeds or litre of cones per ramet. Assessments in five of the orchards were made over consecutive years. The main result was that the clonal variation in mean female fertility per surviving ramet was lower than expected from the literature; the Kang–Lindgren sibling coefficient (Ψ) within individual years averaged 1.35. The variation between ramets within clones and years was of similar magnitude as that between clones. Clone by year interactions were noticeable, but were slightly lower than the variation between as well as that within clones in individual years. There was considerable variation in the variance components between years. The limited variation in female fertility indicated that it should not be a selection criterion when selecting clones for a seed orchard. Furthermore, it will not result in large differences between clones in seed set or large reductions in gene diversity in productive Scots pine seed orchards.     

优良红松坚果型优树的选择方法(英文)

于1988-1998 年对长白山、小兴安岭和完达山地区天然红松林以及黑龙江省鹤岗地区人工红松林结实量进行了实地调查和测定。根据调查和测定数据，对红松结实特征，包括结实量、球果长度、球果数量、出种率，种子千粒重、种子产量、种子大小、种子空实率、球果虫害率、结实指数等，进行分析方差分析、多重比较和逐步回归，得出各项结实因子对结实量的贡献率，将球果长度、千粒重和出种率确定为优树选择的重要指标，然后采用加权系数法确定红松坚果型优树，并制订出天然红松林坚果型优树标准和红松人工林坚果优树标准。本项研究为建立红松坚果园选择优树提供了方法和标准。     

Success rate of supplemental mass pollination in a seed orchard of Pinus sylvestris L.

Two experiments (Expt 1, Expt 2) with supplemental mass pollination (SMP) were carried out in a seed orchard of Pinus sylvestris L. in order to assess the biological and operational prospects for SMP. The success of the SMP was studied by means of allozyme markers. In Expt 1 the pollen mix was applied very close to each female strobilus. The estimated success rates for treatments varied between 66% and 84%. When supplemental pollination was done at peak receptivity, one single pollination was enough to obtain high success rates. In Expt 2 the pollen mix was dusted over clusters of receptive strobili on whole‐trees. The estimated success rates for treatments varied between 10% and 23%. The success rates improved when the trees were pollinated on more than one occasion per day during the receptive period. The overall conclusion is that SMP is practical for P. sylvestris seed orchards.     

Variation in effective number of clones in seed orchards

The effective number of clones (N _c) wasestimated for 255 conifer clonal seed orchards in Finland, Korea, andSweden, based on the variation in the number of ramets among clones. Themean census number of clones (N) varied from 70, in 13 KoreanPinus koraiensis seed orchards, to 139 in 176 Finnish Pinussylvestris seed orchards. The mean effective number of clones(N _c) was 66, with a range from 10 to 421. One fifthof the orchards had N _c between 10 and 40, and twothirds between 41 and 160. On average, the relative effective number ofclones (N _r =N _c/N) was 0.74, with a range from 0.2to almost 1.0. Thus, the census number of clones in a seed orchard isgenerally rather informative, but the effective number of clones is moreinformative. Many of these first-generation seed orchards wereestablished with an intention to have near-equal numbers of ramets foreach clone. The use of effective number of clones may be more importantin future seed orchards and genetically thinned seed orchards.     

Differences in growth and mineral nutrition of seedlings produced from ten white spruce seed orchards

To meet the needs for improved spruce seeds in the province of Quebec, Canada, 17 first-generation white spruce seed orchards (SO) were established. These SOs are located in different bioclimatic domains and contain seed trees originating from geographically and genetically distinct sources. To evaluate the influence of SO on seedling growth and morphology, seedlings produced with seeds originating from the ten most commonly used first-generation white spruce SO in Quebec were raised under similar nursery conditions. Tissue nutrient concentrations of seedlings evolved similarly among seed orchards during the second growing season. At the end of the growing season, only shoot phosphorus concentrations were significantly different. When modeled with a logistic function, there was a significant difference between height and diameter growth curve parameters of seedlings from distinct SO during the second growing season. These differences led to significant differences in the height and shoot dry mass of the seedlings at the end of their second growing season, but not in their diameter or root dry mass. The ten SOs were clustered in two groups according to the above-ground characteristics of their progeny. This limited amount of morphological diversity suggests that expanding the size of the present seed zones may be an appropriate course of action for white spruce seed production in Quebec.     

华北落叶松不同修剪方式对新生枝条生长及雌花量影响

为了明确不同修枝方式对促进新生枝条生长及雌花量影响,我们对华北落叶松种子园的9个家系的母树进行不同修剪方式的树体管理试验。结果表明,疏剪、短剪及中剪形式的的侧枝修剪对新生枝条生长具有促进作用,且疏剪可促进结实。