不同类型玉米品种果穗维管束的比较研究

选用不同株型和穗型的3个玉米高产杂交种掖单4号、掖单13和沈单7号,利用植物显微技术与生理生化相结合的方法,比较了不同品种间果穗维管束发育的差异及对种植密度的响应,激素对维管束发育的调控。结果表明,在穗柄（轴）大维管束数、总维管束数、单个大维管束的平均面积、大维管束总面积、维管束总面积上,大穗型品种掖单13和沈单7号显著优于小穗型品种掖单4号;在维管束密度及维管束相对面积上,则紧凑型品种掖单4号和掖单13大于平展型品种沈单7号;密度对果穗维管束的数目、面积及穗粒库容影响显著,不同类型品种间对密度的反应有差异;促进类生长调节剂GA3和6-BA处理能显著增加穗柄内大维管束的数目和面积,显著增加籽粒体积,提高单粒胚乳细胞数和千粒重。     

基因型和供水对小麦维管系统发育的效应

在不同灌水条件下对不同冬小麦基因型的旗叶至倒四叶、主茎基部第 2节间及穗下节间维管束结构进行了观察分析。结果发现 ,叶片维管束数目随叶位下降而依次递减 ,存在明显基因型差异且集中表现于顶部三叶片。冬前水对小麦叶片维管束数目发育有明显促进 ,春季返青后供水对其促进作用很小 ,但对叶片大小促进作用明显。水分和养分输导组织在茎秆结构中体现出基因型差异。完全控水条件下水分及养分输导组织发育均受到抑制 ,不同供水对叶片形态及维管束结构的发育均有明显效应 ,供水对前者效应大于后者。拔节水对茎秆维管系统发育起决定性作用     

水稻穗颈维管束性状的类型间差异及其遗传的研究

１９８７￣１９９０年以包括典型粳型、典型籼型、通过籼粳稻杂交育成的偏梗型和偏籼型４种类型共６８个品种为试材，研究了穗颈维管束性状的类型间差异及其遗传。结果表明：无论亚种间还是不同亚种的类型间，穗颈大维管束数均存在显著差异，而亚种内类型间的差异则未达到显著水平；穗颈小维管束数亚种间差异不显著，但亚种内类型间有一定差异；第２节间与穗颈大维管束数之比和穗颈大小维管束数之比的变异趋势与穗颈大维管束数相似，     

减氮对辽粳5号/秋田小町RIL群体茎秆维管束、穗部和产量性状的影响及其相互关系

以辽宁稻区典型的直立穗型品种辽粳5号与日本典型的优质米品种秋田小町杂交构建的重组自交系群体(recombination inbred lines, RIL)为试材,在高氮和低氮2种施肥模式下种植,调查RIL群体茎秆维管束、穗部和产量性状,分析减氮对三者的影响及其相互关系,探讨在减少氮肥施用量的同时维持产量稳定的可能途径。研究结果表明,不同施氮模式下,RIL群体的茎秆维管束性状、穗部及产量性状均呈现连续变异,符合多基因控制的数量性状遗传特点。氮肥减施后, RIL群体水稻的单茎穗颈和倒二节间维管束数目、单株穗颈和倒二节间维管束面积减少,一次枝梗数减少,一次和二次枝梗结实率、总体结实率和千粒重增加,单穗重增加,穗数减少,产量降低。茎秆维管束性状与穗部和产量性状关系密切,单茎维管束性状与穗颈粗、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、穗粒数、着粒密度、千粒重和单穗重大多呈显著至极显著的正相关,单株维管束面积与穗数和产量呈极显著正相关。氮肥减施后,RIL群体中不减产类型株系的主要特征是:低氮条件下仍能维持稳定的分蘖和茎秆维管束的分化,保证穗数和穗颈粗稳定,单茎穗颈和倒二节大、小维管束数目、单茎倒二节大维管束面积和单株倒二节大维管束面积无显著变化,一次枝梗数变化不显著。在减施氮肥的条件下,选用茎秆维管束发达,穗数和穗颈粗稳定的水稻品种,有可能实现减氮不减产的目标。     

超级杂交稻持续增产的茎秆维管束结构基础研究

为探究不同产量潜力超级杂交稻持续增产的茎秆维管束结构基础,以具有不同产量潜力的4期超级杂交稻代表性品种两优培九、Y两优1号、Y两优2号和Y两优900为材料,在大田栽培条件下,研究了4期超级杂交稻茎秆维管束结构的差异及其与产量和产量构成因素间的关系。结果表明:随产量潜力的提高,4期超级杂交稻各节间大、小维管束数目均表现出不断增加的变化趋势,除倒5节小维管束面积和总面积表现为先升高后降低、倒2节和倒3节大维管束面积和总面积表现为先降低后升高外,其他节间大、小维管束面积和总面积均表现为不断增加的变化趋势。随着产量潜力的增加,4期超级杂交稻的实际产量、穗粒数均表现出不断增加的趋势,第4期超级杂交稻(Y两优900)较第1期超级杂交稻(两优培九)增产68. 83%,穗粒数增加87. 42%,而有效穗数呈逐渐减少的变化趋势,千粒质量和结实率则表现为先升高后降低的趋势。相关分析表明,茎秆维管束结构特征与穗粒数、结实率以及产量存在正相关,而与千粒质量存在负相关,特别是上部茎节间小维管束和基部茎节间大维管束结构特征显著影响超级杂交稻产量及产量构成要素。因此,4期超级杂交稻上部茎节间小维管束结构特征以及基部节间大维管束结构特征的改善是保证超级杂交稻产量潜力不断提高、穗大粒多和结实率正常的前提。     

水稻穗颈节间组织与颖花数的关系

用２０个早稻品种,８个晚稻品种测定维管束面积,韧皮部面积,木质部面积,维管束数目,髓腔面积,茎壁面积,茎壁面积／节间横切面面积,韧皮部面积／维管束面积等１２个穗颈节间性状与每穗颖花数的相关程度,结果表明：２０个早稻品种,８个晚稻品种及２８个早稻,晚稻品种韧皮部总面积与与穗颖花数的相关系数分别为０．７３７０,０．７５２４,０．８３７６,显著性测验分达达到０．００１,０．０５,０．００１水平,维管束数     

水稻不同穗型品种穗颈节间组织与籽粒充实特性的研究

本文用7个不同穗型的中稻品种,研究了重穗型、中穗型、轻穗型品种的穗颈节间组织特性及其与籽粒充实的关系.结果表明:穗颈节间维管束数目,维管束、韧皮部面积,茎横切面、茎壁、髓腔面积,均是重穗型>中穗型>轻穗型品种.穗颈节间输导组织特征与空壳率的大小无关,但它是籽粒充实的重要前提和解剖学基础.穗颈节间茎的粗度、茎壁的     

冬小麦不同粒型品种茎叶组织结构与籽粒形成关系的研究

本研究观察了冬小麦不同粒型４个品种茎秆，旗叶结构以及籽粒的形成过程。结果发现：穗下节的机械组织，输和同化组织随粒型不同而有显著差异，其中以大粒型兰考８６－７９维管组织最发达，而中大粒型豫麦２５茎壁及其内同化组织最大；旗叶则随粒型增大其，叶催厚度增加，维管束数目增多及主脉结构发达。不同粒型品种灌浆强度的差异在籽粒进入灌浆盛期最为     

小麦穗轴和小穗轴维管束系统及与穗部生产力关系的研究

研究了安徽省小麦主栽品种扬麦5号和博爱7422穗轴节片的大维管束和小维管束数目及横截面积,并分析其发达程度与穗部生产力的关系。结果表明:穗轴大、小维管束数目沿穗轴自下而上 逐减,但下降幅度随穗轴节位而异。大维管束数目,在基部1-4节片平均每节减少不到1个,5-11节片平均每节减少1-2个,12节片以上的下降速率随穗     

种植密度对夏玉米茎秆维管束结构及茎流特性的影响

选用不同耐密型品种农大108和郑单958,设置3个种植密度,研究了种植密度对夏玉米基部第3茎节维管束显微结构和茎流速率的影响。结果表明,随种植密度增大,两品种基部茎节的横截面积、大小维管束数目和面积均显著减小,并导致总维管束数目和面积减小。两品种对种植密度的敏感度存在显著差异,农大108比郑单958受高密度影响更大。种植密度增加后,两品种茎流速率及8:00至17:00的总茎流量均显著减小,其中郑单958的降幅小于农大108;茎秆维管束的运输效率均有所提高,郑单958的升高幅度大于农大108。相关分析表明,两品种8:00至17:00的总茎流量与基部茎节的大维管束总面积呈显著正相关。郑单958具有在较高密度下较大幅度提高维管束运输效率的能力,表现出在维管束结构、茎流速率、总茎流量及运输效率上的优势,这可能是其具有较强耐密性,密植后仍能获得高产的原因之一。     

不同播期和品种小麦小花结实的粒位差异

确定小麦不同小穗位和小花位发育与结实特性是实现大穗多粒的重要前提，本文通过对冬，春性小麦品种分期播种试验得出，较高的小穗结实力是增加穗粒数的重要因素，不同播期，品种之间，小穗粒重和粒数呈现相同的变化趋势，中部以及基部小穗粒重与穗粒重之间呈高度正相关，体现环境差异的播期效应以对中部小穗发育的影响为主，而冬，春性品种的基因型差异可反映在各个小穗位上，第2小花粒的子粒发育状况反映整个小穗的生产能力，结果表明，促进中部优势小穗（第5－15小穗）结实和第1－3小花位子粒发育是提高小花结实率和穗粒重的关键。     

冬小麦穗—茎维管联络结构及其形成过程对幼穗生长发育的影响

本文系统研究了冬小麦穗－茎维管系统的联络特点及其形成过程，分析了其在小麦幼穗发育中所起的作用。结果表明，小麦穗部维管束主要在旗叶节与茎内维管系统联络，其次是倒二节。其联系是逐步完善的。在幼穗的护颖分化－小花分花以前，穗、茎之间缺少维管联络；到雌雄蕊分化期，穗、茎维管系统依靠原形成层束达到初步联络；药隔形成期时，这种联络已比较完善，达到筛管联结；直到四分体形成期时，穗－茎维管系统的联络才发育完善，同     

小麦小穗不同粒位粒重形成的生理特性差异

为探明小麦小穗上不同粒位籽粒粒重形成的生理机制,明确限制小穗上位弱势粒充实的主要原因,本试验选用大穗型小麦品种泰农18(TN18)和多穗型小麦品种山农20(SN20)为材料,调查检测了灌浆过程中小穗上不同粒位籽粒内源激素、可溶性糖、全氮含量的动态变化以及籽粒与籽粒柄连接处横面的组织结构与不同粒位籽粒粒重的关系。花后籽粒灌浆过程中灌浆速率与籽粒内GA和IAA含量呈极显著或显著相关,小穗基部籽粒中较高的GA和IAA含量可使蔗糖向淀粉转化开始早,籽粒分化快,灌浆速率高,是小穗基部籽粒粒重高的生理机制;扫描电镜图显示小麦籽粒灌浆初期小穗基部籽粒柄维管束横面面积明显大于上位籽粒,微观空隙小且排列较整齐,有利于同化物和生理活性物质的运输,是小穗基部籽粒粒重增长快、灌浆速率高的解剖学基础。     

Grain Weight Reductions in Wheat Associated with Semidwarfism: an Analysis of Grain Weight at Different Positions Within the Spike of Near-isogenic Lines

Semidwarf genes have made a major contribution to grain yield gains in wheat during this century. These genes have frequently been reported to increase grain number but decrease grain size. To analyse possible causes of this negative association between number of grains per head and mean grain weight, grains from different positions within the spikes were individually weighed in three isolines (standard-height, SH; semidwarf, SD; and dwarf, DD) of the spring wheat cultivar Maringa grown under field conditions. Dwarfing genes affected both grain number and grain weight. Increasing doses of Rht genes resulted in a decreased average grain weight (ca. 22 %) but in a greater increase in number of grains per m² (ca. 40%). Since the isogenic lines did not differ in either the number of spikes per m² or number of spikelets per spike, the frequencies of appearance of grains in the distal positions (florets 3 and 4) of the central spikelets and in the top spikelets of the spike was much higher for the SD and DD lines than for the SH line. Averaging across spikelets, basal grains (grains 1 and 2) of SH, SD and DD lines represented ca. 82, 73, and 69 %, respectively, of the total number of grains. On the other hand, grain 4 was almost absent in the SH line but represented around 10 % of the grains in the DD line. Averaging across lines and spikelets, basal grains weighed ca. 30 mg, which is approximately 20 % heavier than grain 3 (ca. 25 mg) and 85 % heavier than grain 4 (ca. 16 mg). Although there was a clear trend for a greater grain weight in the SH line (with no major differences between the SD and DD line) when basal grains were considered, grains 3 and 4 did not show any clear difference between lines. The fact that genotypes with Rht alleles had grains in the distal positions with a much higher frequency of appearance than in the SH line could be the main reason for their lower average grain weight. Therefore, the negative relationship between grain number and average grain weight might be not reflecting that competition for assimilates among grains of the DD and SD lines is stronger than that in the SH line.     

Use of AFRCWHEAT2 to predict the development of main stem and tillers in winter triticale and winter wheat in North East Germany

Winter triticale (cv. Grado) and winter wheat (cv. Taras) were grown in Rostock, Germany (54.2°N) for 5 years (1985–91) each with up to four sowing dates. Shoot apex development of the main stem and the two most developed tillers was observed by sampling eight plants every 3–10 days. The developmental submodel of the AFRCWHEAT2 simulation model was tested to predict the developmental events: emergence, start of floral initiation, double ridge, start of floret initiation, end of spikelet initiation and anthesis.Anthesis of main shoots was observed 8 days earlier for triticale than for wheat which was explained by an earlier start of reproductive development in triticale than in wheat. Variation in the dates of phenological events was greater for floral initiation and double ridges than for floret initiation and anthesis in both cereals. Dates of the early stages of development varied more in triticale than in wheat and more for main shoots than for tillers. For both species, standard deviations of the differences between observed and model predicted dates of phenological events were larger among developmental stages than between cultivars. Prediction of the early stages of development (floral initiation and double ridge) was poor for both species. The beginning of floret initiation and anthesis were simulated more accurately. We suggest that progress in simulating the development of cereals is more limited by lack of knowledge about plant physiology, rather than by the process of modelling. Better quantification of the vernalization requirements of different species is identified as an important topic for future work. Developmental parameters calculated for main shoots could also be used to closely predict the development rates of tillers. Differences between the development rates of main shoots and tillers were explained by the weather conditions each tiller group experienced and not by differences in their physiological responses to climatic factors. More research is needed to describe differences in development and vernalization requirements of a tiller when compared with that of a main shoot.     

The impact of variation in grain number and individual grain weight on winter wheat yield in the high yield potential environment of Ireland

Previous studies from regions that produce high proportions of global winter wheat have highlighted that difference in sink size influences the majority of variations in winter wheat yield. However, the potential for source limitation due to environmental differences in regions that consistently produce a large sink capacity (i.e. >20,000 grains/m²), such as Ireland, have not been widely studied. The aim of this study was to characterise the variation in growth pattern and yield components that contribute to variations in grain yield in regions of high yield potential, and to identify the periods of development that are most likely to influence yield in these regions. Monitor crops of winter wheat were grown at three sites with contrasting latitudes on the island of Ireland, during three growing seasons (2013–2015). Crops were assessed regularly for measurements of crop growth and development, including biomass accumulation, canopy development and light interception. Grain yield ranged between 10.7–15.8 t/ha at 15% moisture content, with a grand mean of 12.7 t/ha. Results indicated that variations in grains/m² had a larger effect on winter wheat yield than variations in individual grain weight. Variability in grains/m² was influenced by changes in spikes/m² more than the number of grains/spike. While spikes/m² at harvest was significantly related to the number of shoots/m² at GS59, no significant relationship was observed between the shoots/m² at the time of maximum tillers/plant and spikes/m² at harvest. Furthermore, a significantly negative linear relationship was observed between shoots/m² at the time of maximum tillers/plant and grains/spike. Therefore, high rates of tillering were not beneficial to yield formation in the majority of crops monitored. A strong effect of individual grain weight was observed at one site of the nine evaluated in the study, indicating that a partial source limitation of yield is possible in certain Irish environmental conditions. However, variations in grain yield of crops of winter wheat grown at different locations in Ireland in different seasons were primarily driven by variations in grain number, and therefore were generally sink-limited.     

冬小麦一些数量性状的加性相关和显性相关分析

用不完全双列杂产方法和加显性遗传模型，对冬小麦一些数量性状进行了多种相关分析。结果表明，所研究的株高有关性状间的多种相关几乎均达极显著水平，且加性相关更为重要；单株穗数、主茎穗长、结实小穗数、主穗粒重间的加性相关达显著或极显著水平（单株穗数与主穗粒重除外）；单株粒重与其它性状间的加性相关均不显著，而显性相关大多达显著或极显著水平。     

麦秸还田和氮肥运筹对超级杂交稻茎鞘物质运转与籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为探究不同栽培条件和耕作方式对大穗型超级稻籽粒灌浆结实的影响及不同粒位籽粒间差异,寻求超级稻高产优质栽培调控途径。以超级杂交籼稻扬两优6号和II优084为材料,设置麦秸还田和氮肥运筹两因素试验,研究其对茎鞘光合同化物生产、运转及强、弱势粒灌浆特性影响。结果表明,抽穗前麦秸不还田处理(A1)的叶片SPAD值和茎鞘干物质积累量大于麦秸还田处理(A2),抽穗期以后则相反;抽穗前,基蘖肥∶穗肥=7∶3 (B2)的处理叶片SPAD值高于基蘖肥∶穗肥=5∶5 (B1)处理,生育各期茎鞘物质积累量与运转率均为B2大于B1,但干物质积累量抽穗期前差异不大,抽穗与成熟期呈显著与极显著差异;A2与B2互作显著提高生育中后期茎鞘干物质积累量、茎鞘物质输出率与运转率及非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)运转率;强、弱势粒粒重与抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量、抽穗期茎鞘NSC积累量、成熟期干物质量均呈显著正相关,与成熟期NSC积累量呈显著负相关;强、弱势粒的起始灌浆势与抽穗期NSC含量均呈极显著正相关,平均灌浆速率与抽穗期NSC含量及运转率呈显著正相关,强势粒的最大灌浆速率与抽穗期NSC含量及NSC运转率呈显著正相关,弱势粒的最大灌浆速率与NSC运转率呈显著正相关。     

烯效唑干拌种对小麦分蘖期间内源激素及糖氮比的影响

为了探明烯效唑干拌种对小麦分蘖期间内源激素及糖氮比的影响,本试验以小麦品种绵阳26为材料,采用间接酶联免疫吸附法和作物生理研究方法对其进行了研究。结果表明：烯效唑处理提高了分蘖节内ZT含量和ZT/IAA、ZT/ABA、IAA/ABA、GA/ABA比值,降低了ABA含量;在分蘖前期降低了IAA和GA含量,分蘖进入两极分化阶段IAA和GA含量升     

播种密度对冬小麦不同穗位与粒位结实粒数和粒重的影响

利用重穗型小麦品种兰考矮早八和中间型品种周麦18,研究了不同播种密度对结实粒数与粒重的小穗位和粒位效应的影响。结果表明,不同穗型冬小麦品种小穗位结实粒数、小穗重及不同粒位粒重均随着小穗位自基部至顶部呈先增后降的二次曲线变化;不同穗型冬小麦品种穗部籽粒的分布差异显著,主茎穗的结实特性及粒重均优于分蘖穗;随着播种密度的下降,穗部结实特性和粒重有优化的趋势,重穗型品种兰考矮早八对密度的反应更为敏感,中间型品种周麦18小穗位和粒位对播种密度的调节效应较强;不同部位小穗粒重因结实粒数的差异表现出不同的粒位效应,下部和中部小穗位的第2粒位粒重较大,而位于上部和顶部小穗位第1粒位粒重较大,第3粒位粒重次于第1和第2粒位,第4粒位粒重最小。在小麦栽培中,应在保证主茎穗的基础上适当增加分蘖穗的比例。并在保证结实粒数的基础上提高粒重,尤其是下部小穗的结实粒数和粒重。同时,在保证第1、2粒位粒重的前提下最大限度地发挥第3、4粒位的粒重潜力,可以使小麦实现高产稳产。