甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌条件下春玉米田水盐特征分析

通过对甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌春玉米种植条件下土壤水分、盐分的观测,分析了膜下滴灌春玉米生育期土壤水分、盐分动态变化及其产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:不同生育期,同一土层深度,土壤水分含量高低分布与土壤盐分含量高低分布相反,均表现出土壤不同深度盐分含量高的区域相应水分含量低,滴灌带之间土壤盐分积累较滴头之间显著;灌水定额480 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水分在土层纵向运移显著,深层渗漏明显,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水在土壤不同深度横向层面运移显著,有利于作物吸收利用;膜下滴灌能够在滴水过程中明显降低土壤表层0~40 cm盐分含量,土壤下层40~100 cm为盐分聚集区域;灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,春玉米产量构成和水分利用效率较高。从作物生长水盐环境及高效节水的角度出发,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理的效益最优。     

垄作沟灌条件下灌溉定额对土壤水盐分布和制种玉米耗水的影响

通过田间试验对垄膜沟灌条件下,不同灌溉定额对土壤水盐分布及制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响进行了研究。结果表明:灌溉定额对垄顶和沟底0~100 cm土层水盐分布具有不同的影响,随着灌水定额的增加,垄顶土层盐分累积效应明显高于沟底土层,深层土壤水分含量高于浅层土壤水分含量;灌水阶段,表层土壤脱盐量随着灌水定额的增加而增大,土壤蒸发阶段,灌水定额大的处理表层土壤盐分累积效应明显;作物耗水量及土壤的储水能力受灌溉定额影响显著,当灌水定额大于400 m~3·hm~(~(-2))时能显著增加沟底土壤水分的垂直运动,促进水分在深层土壤中储存;随着灌溉定额的增加,制种玉米的穗长、穗行数、行粒数呈增加的趋势。从节水增产角度考虑,制种玉米全生育期灌水5次(播后、拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽穗期、灌浆期),灌水定额为500 m3·hm~(~(-2)),灌溉定额为2 500 m~3·hm~(~(-2)),土壤盐分累积效应最低且作物水分利用效率(0.825 kg·m~(~(-3)))和产量效应(4 219.91 kg·hm~(~(-2)))最优。     

基于HYDRUS-2D的滨海地区膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移模拟研究

以春玉米“郑单958”为供试作物,采用膜下滴灌灌水方式,设定2种不同灌水定额,分别是单次灌水定额20 mm和10 mm,测定试验区土壤水分、盐分含量,利用HYDRUS-2D模型对土壤水盐运移进行模拟,将模拟值与实测值进行对比分析,探究滨海地区盐碱化土壤水盐运移规律。结果表明：滴灌过程中,水平方向土壤盐分由膜下向膜边运移,膜下土壤淋洗效果好于膜边;竖直方向0~20 cm土壤水分、盐分变化幅度最大,土壤含盐量降低16.1%,淋洗效果明显;下层土壤盐分淋洗效果一般,土壤含盐量降低值仅为9.6%。土壤水分重分布过程中,0~20 cm土层土壤含水率和含盐量变化幅度比20~60 cm土层大。0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层高灌水定额（20 mm）处理对土壤盐分的抑制作用分别比低灌水定额（10 mm）处理高26%、11%、19%,并且高灌水定额滴灌将土壤盐分淋洗到60 cm土层以下,而低灌水定额滴灌未能将土壤盐分淋洗到60cm土层以下。HYDRUS-2D模拟得到的土壤含水率与含盐量和实测值基本吻合,模型可靠。     

基于HYDRUS模型的暗管排水水盐运移模拟

为了探索暗管排水条件下膜下滴灌农田的水盐运移规律,本文设计了埋深1 m,间距4 m的暗管排水模型试验,研究分析灌水淋洗过程中土壤水分和盐分的动态变化规律,并利用HYDRUS模型对暗管排水条件下的水盐运移规律进行数值模拟分析与验证。结果表明：经过3次灌水淋洗后,表层0~20 cm土层内盐分含量下降至2 g·kg^-1,达到了非盐化土水平,20~60 cm土体内上层土壤脱盐效果高于下层,总盐分含量下降至8 g·kg^-1以下;经过实测值与模拟值的验证,土壤盐分和水分的均方根误差RMSE最大分别为0.632和1.324,决定系数R²最小分别为0.992和0.906,说明模拟结果与实测结果吻合度较好,HYDRUS模型能够较好地模拟暗管排水过程中水盐运移规律。通过模型模拟6次灌水（共90 d）后暗管排水条件下不同土层深度的水盐动态变化特征,模拟结果表明,0~40 cm土层内盐分含量下降至2 g·kg^-1,40~80 cm土层内盐分含量下降至4 g·kg^-1左右,基本达到轻度盐化水平;距离暗管不同间距处的土壤剖面盐分含量呈波动变化,距离暗管越远,土壤剖面含盐量越大,盐分含量在0~8 g·kg^-1范围内变化。     

长期施用有机肥对松嫩平原西部盐碱土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响

依据施用有机肥（腐熟牛粪）年限的不同,共设置4个不同处理,分别为：施用有机肥13 a（13A）、19 a（19A）和24 a（24A）,以未施用有机肥的盐碱土作为对照（CK）,采集各处理0～20 cm和20～40 cm的土壤样品,测定土壤养分、物理性状和盐碱性质,旨在探明长期施用有机肥措施下苏打盐碱土壤的肥力状况及其促进玉米产量提升的机制。结果表明：与CK相比,施用有机肥显著提高了0～20、20～40 cm土层的土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分含量和土壤田间持水量（P<0.05）,显著降低了土壤容重和土壤密度（P<0.05）,显著增加了0～20 cm土层的土壤孔隙度（P<0.05）。0～20 cm土层中,土壤有机质、全氮以19A处理最高,分别达39.31 g·kg^-1和1.30 g·kg^-1;土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾均以24A含量最高,较CK分别提高了89.31%、81.07%和107.64%,土壤孔隙度以24A含量最高,较CK提高了54.56%,各处理土壤容重和土壤密度平均较CK下降率达31.91%和6.29%,处理间不显著。...     

青铜峡灌区土壤中三氮及盐分变化特征分析

以宁夏青铜峡灌区田间土壤中非点源污染物（总氮、硝氮、氨氮和盐分）作为研究对象,对土壤剖面进行分析。结果表明：表层土壤中各类污染物含量变化较大,基本上以60 cm深度为分界线,下层变化较小,而且作物生长期前后土壤中不同深度各类污染物含量变化与灌溉过程、施肥强度等关系密切;土壤中三氮含量变化幅度呈硝氮〉氨氮〉全氮的趋势,总...     

莠去津在土壤中的残留动态和淋溶动态

利用HPLC法对土壤中莠去津的残留动态、淋溶动态进行了研究。结果显示,莠去津以有效成分2.25 kg/hm2和4.50 kg/hm2的剂量施用时,在土壤中的半衰期分别为19.1 d和18.1 d,即其半衰期与莠去津的施用浓度无关,属于典型的一级动力学反应。在120 d的玉米生长期中,土壤中莠去津在不断降解代谢的同时,逐渐向深层土壤中淋溶,多数莠去津持留在表层土壤中。施用莠去津27 d后,高浓度处理小区莠去津的淋溶深度超过30 cm,深度为10~15 cm处的土壤在施用后27 d莠去津的浓度最大。同一土壤深度,莠去津在高浓度处理小区的残留量要远高于低浓度处理小区。这些结果显示,减小莠去津的用量可以减少莠去津在土壤中的移动,表明低剂量施用莠去津是保护地下水免受污染的一种有效措施。影响莠去津的淋溶作用的主要因素包括使用量和土壤的理化特性。     

新疆葡萄滴灌技术参数对土壤水盐分布特征的影响

新疆水资源短缺和土壤盐碱化是制约农业生产的主要因素,通过对新疆葡萄滴灌的试验研究,分析了主要滴灌技术参数对葡萄根区水盐分布的影响.结果显示:葡萄生育期灌水结束后,所有处理土壤盐分随着距滴头距离的增加而增加,对土壤盐分的淋洗作用均与灌水周期的大小成反比.膜下滴灌在水平方向距滴头60 cm以内均无盐分累积的情况;灌水周期为3 d的不覆膜处理,高频的灌水也起到了很好的淋洗作用,生育期内灌水没有造成土壤积盐;通过对主根区土壤盐分的量化分析,得出最优的洗盐模式和灌水定额.     

长期滴灌棉田非灌溉季节土壤盐分累积特征

非灌溉季节冻融过程中土壤水盐的运动变化特征,直接影响春季作物灌水决策.本文对新疆绿洲灌区6块不同滴灌年限的棉田地块进行田间采样监测,探究冻融过程中土壤水盐运移规律以及不同滴灌年限棉田土壤盐分累积特征.结果表明:(1)随滴灌年限的增加,棉田盐分分布特征由表层聚集转变为向深层累积.(2)在冻融过程中,棉田土壤盐分运动特征存...     

咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄产量和品质的影响

为探明咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄植株生长、产量和品质的影响,本试验以南疆地区设施番茄为研究对象,设置4个灌溉水矿化度,分别为2 g·L^-1（T1）、4 g·L^-1（T2）、6 g·L^-1（T3）和8 g·L^-1（T4）,并以淡水灌溉为对照（CK）,开展同一灌水定额条件下设施番茄适宜灌水矿化度的研究。结果表明：不同生育期阶段土壤含水率基本表现为20～60 cm土层较高,表层及深层土壤含水率相对较低,土壤含水率随着灌水矿化度的增大逐渐增加;0～80 cm土层平均土壤含水率在生育期内逐渐降低,且深层土壤降幅显著;生育期初始阶段土壤含盐量主要积聚在0～40 cm土层,随着生育期的推进土壤盐分呈累积趋势且向深层土壤运移,生育期末主要积聚在0～60 cm土层;灌水矿化度小于4 g·L^-1时0～20 cm土层整体呈脱盐状态,其中CK处理平均脱盐率达27.79%,T1处理平均脱盐率达17.07%;灌水矿化度2～4 g·L^-1促进了番茄植株生长,株高和茎粗相较CK分别...     

Effects of cotton field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in an arid region of Northwest China

Changes in both soil organic C storage and soil respiration in farmland ecosystems may affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C cycle. The objective of this field experiment was to study the effects of three crop field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in a cotton field in an arid region of Northwest China. The three management practices were irrigation methods（drip and flood）, stubble managements（stubble-incorporated and stubble-removed） and fertilizer amendments（no fertilizer（CK）, chicken manure（OM）, inorganic N, P and K fertilizer（NPK）, and inorganic fertilizer plus chicken manure（NPK＋OM））. The results showed that within the C pool range, soil CO2 emission during the whole growing season was higher in the drip irrigation treatment than in the corresponding flood irrigation treatment, while soil organic C concentration was larger in the flood irrigation treatment than in the corresponding drip irrigation treatment. Furthermore, soil CO2 emission and organic C concentration were all higher in the stubble-incorporated treatment than in the corresponding stubble-removed treatment, and larger in the NPK＋OM treatment than in the other three fertilizer amendments within the C pool range. The combination of flood irrigation, stubble incorporation and application of either NPK＋OM or OM increased soil organic C concentration in the 0-60 cm soil depth. Calculation of net ecosystem productivity（NEP） under different management practices indicated that the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK＋OM increased the size of the C pool most, followed by the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK. In conclusion, management practices have significant impacts on soil CO2 emission, organic C concentration and C balance in cotton fields. Consequently, appropriate management practices, such as the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation, and either NPK＋OM or NPK could increase soil C storage in cotton fie     

不同矿化度滴灌水对沙漠公路防护林土壤微生物的效应分析

在塔里木沙漠公路防护林区,选取四种滴灌用水矿化度值2.58/g.L-1、5.75/g.L-1、8.90/g.L-1和13.99/g.L-1的防护林地,采集0-5cm、5-15cm、15-30cm和30-50cm土层的土壤,分析了土壤微生物在不同矿化度滴灌水作用下的变异规律,结果表明:滴灌用水矿化度值不同的防护林地土壤微生物数量差异明显,微生物数量随矿化度值增大而减少;不同土层间土壤微生物数量亦出现差异,中层土壤最大;当滴灌用水矿化度值增大时,土壤盐分含量会升高;由于高矿化度滴灌水的作用,土壤物理结构变差,从而影响速效养分的积累。由此可见,高矿化度滴灌水会使土壤积盐、板结硬化,不利于土壤团粒结构形成和养分活化积累,土壤质量下降,从而抑制土壤微生物生长和发育。     

基于HYDRUS模型的盐碱地土壤水盐运移模拟

为了解陕西卤泊滩盐碱地的水盐运移情况,基于当地2009—2013年田间水盐监测资料,应用饱和-非饱和土壤水分及溶质运移理论,利用HYDRUS-1D数值模型对当地土壤水分、盐分运移规律进行数值模拟,分析了盐碱地的水盐变化状况,确定合理的田间灌水定额。结果表明:在玉米整个生育期内,不同灌溉处理的土壤含水量变化趋势基本一致,从节水控盐的综合标准衡量,农田灌水定额为500 m3·hm-2时有利于控制土壤盐分的累积。采用HYDRUS-1D模型对盐碱地农田土壤水盐运移的模拟结果与田间试验实测结果基本吻合,该研究结果可为类似盐碱化地区农田水盐管理提供科学依据。     

Soil salt leaching under different irrigation regimes: HYDRUS-1D modelling and analysis

Field irrigation experiments were conducted in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia,China,to study the effects of irrigation regimes on salt leaching in the soil profile.The data were used to calibrate and validate the HYDRUS-1D model.The results demonstrated that the model can accurately simulate the water and salt dynamics in the soil profile.The HYDRUS-1D model was then used to simulate 15 distinct irrigation scenarios.The results of the simulation indicated that irrigation amount did not have a significant effect on soil water storage but that increases in irrigation amount could accelerate salt leaching.However,when the irrigation amount was larger than 20 cm,the acceleration was not obvious.Compared with irrigating only once,intermittent irrigation had a better effect on increasing soil water storage and salt leaching,but excessive irrigation times and intervals did not improve salt leaching.In addition,we found that the irrigation regime of 20 cm,irrigated twice at 1-d intervals,might significantly increase salt leaching in the plough layer and decrease the risks of deep seepage and groundwater contamination.     

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen after 26 years of farmland management on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) play a crucial role in determining the soil and environmental quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of 26 years(from 1984 to 2010) of farmland management on soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil N in abandoned, wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) non-fertilized, wheat fertilized(mineral fertilizer and organic manure) and alfalfa(Medicago Sativa L.) non-fertilized treatments in a semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau, China. Our results showed that SOC and soil total N contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased by 4.29(24.4%) and 1.39 Mg/hm2(100%), respectively, after the conversion of farmland to alfalfa land. Compared to the wheat non-fertilized treatment, SOC and soil total N contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased by 4.64(26.4%) and 1.18 Mg/hm2(85.5%), respectively, in the wheat fertilized treatment. In addition, we found that the extents of changes in SOC, soil total N and mineral N depended on soil depth were greater in the upper soil layer(0–30 cm) than in the deeper soil layer(30–100 cm) in the alfalfa land or fertilizer-applied wheat land. Fertilizer applied to winter wheat could increase the accumulation rates of SOC and soil total N. SOC concentration had a significant positive correlation with soil total N concentration. Therefore, this study suggested that farmland management, e.g. the conversion of farmland to alfalfa forage land and fertilizer application, could promote the sequestrations of C and N in soils in semi-arid regions.     

Effect of soil management on soil erosion on sloping farmland during crop growth stages under a large-scale rainfall simulation experiment

Soil erosion on farmland is a critical environmental issue and the main source of sediment in the Yellow River, China. Thus, great efforts have been made to reduce runoff and soil loss by restoring vegetation on abandoned farmland. However, few studies have investigated runoff and soil loss from sloping farmland during crop growth season. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soil management on runoff and soil loss on sloping farmland during crop growth season. We tested different soybean growth stages (i.e., seedling stage (R1), initial blossoming stage (R2), full flowering stage (R3), pod bearing stage (R4), and initial filling stage (R5)) and soil management practice (one plot applied hoeing tillage (HT) before each rainfall event, whereas the other received no treatment (NH)) by applying simulated rainfall at an intensity of 80 mm/h. Results showed that runoff and soil loss both decreased and infiltration amount increased in successive soybean growth stages under both treatments. Compared with NH plot, there was less runoff and higher infiltration amount from HT plot. However, soil loss from HT plot was larger than that from NH plot in R1-R3, but lower in R4 and R5. In the early growth stages, hoeing tillage was effective for reducing runoff and enhancing rainfall infiltration. By contrast, hoeing tillage enhanced soil and water conservation during the late growth stages. The total soil loss from HT plot (509.0 g/m²) was 11.1% higher than that from NH plot (457.9 g/m²) in R1-R5. However, the infiltration amount from HT plot (313.9 mm) was 18.4% higher than that from NH plot (265.0 mm) and the total runoff volume from HT plot was 49.7% less than that from NH plot. These results indicated that crop vegetation can also act as a type of vegetation cover and play an important role on sloping farmland. Thus, adopting rational soil management in crop planting on sloping farmland can effectively reduce runoff and soil loss, as well as maximize rainwater infiltration during crop growth period.     

干旱区膜下滴灌配合暗管与竖井排水对棉田土壤盐分的影响

为研究干旱区棉田在滴灌淋洗配合协同排水下的土壤盐平衡变化规律及微生物群落丰度特征,在新疆典型干旱盐碱区（141团）进行野外排水试验,试验设置暗管与竖井双因素协同排水,X轴方向五水平（距离竖井0、15、30、45 m和60 m,记为T1、T2、T3、T4和T5）,Y轴方向三水平（距离暗管0、5 m和7.5 m,记为P1、P2和P3）,分析土壤电导率与地下水位、土壤微生物之间的关系。结果表明,进行淋洗试验后,0~700 cm土层土壤电导率整体降低,200~400 cm土层脱盐最明显,最低达到0.9254 dS·m^-1,全生育期平均脱盐率为70%,在距离暗管5 m、距离竖井45 m处的土壤脱盐效果最佳。此外,全生育期地下水埋深呈现先减小后增大的趋势,下降最大幅度达到2 m,且地下水位对土壤盐分的影响具有滞后性,土壤中微生物Chao1指数、多样性指数和丰富度指数均随土壤电导率降低而上升。研究表明,滴灌淋洗配合暗管与竖井排水有利于降低土壤深层盐分、控制地下水位、提升土壤微生物群落多样性,有利于推进干旱区盐渍化农田改良及恢复废弃耕地。     

甘肃河西地区不同储水灌溉和生育期灌溉农田水分特征分析

对甘肃河西地区不同储水灌溉和生育期灌溉农田水分特征进行了试验研究.结果表明:在河西地区,冬季储水灌溉定额为180 mm的处理,其生育期剖面的土壤水分较多地分布在140～160 cm,且土壤含水量达到30%以上,容易发生深层渗漏;较小的储水灌溉定额,土壤水分主要分布在0～100 cm范围内,不会引起土壤剖面水分的深层渗漏.冬季储水灌溉定额愈大,春播前农田无效土壤蒸发也愈大.冬季储水灌溉定额相同,生育期灌溉定额大的处理其剖面含水量高,且分布愈深,深层土壤的水分渗漏也愈大.总的灌水定额相同,冬季储水灌溉和生育期灌溉比较,生育期灌溉定额较大的处理,剖面水分的分布主要集中在0～100 cm的土层内,没有出现易发生深层渗漏较高的水分分布.在小麦生育期,总的灌溉定额相同的条件下,冬季储水灌溉定额大的处理,0～200 cm土壤水分有亏缺,冬季储水灌溉定额大或生育期灌溉定额大,农田腾发量也愈大.适中的储水灌溉定额,不仅有利于作物的生长,还有利于灌溉水分利用效率的提高.