小麦棉花套种对棉花害虫的生态效应

1988-1990年在四个县进行了小麦棉花套种对棉花害虫的生态效应调查。结果是棉花主要害虫苗蚜基本得到了控制,二代棉铃虫卵量减少37.8%,伏蚜发生期晚4天,卷叶历期短2.5天。次要害虫棉红蜘蛛、四代棉铃虫、一代小地老虎、一代玉米螟重于单作棉田。主要生态原因是麦套棉田天敌多69.6%,控害效果好,套作棉行气温低1.3-1.6℃,相对湿度高20%-23%,再加麦行的其他作用,抑制了主要害虫,有利于次要害虫。     

棉花黄萎病菌提取物对棉花的抗病效果

近年来棉花黄萎病发生严重 ,重病田病株率高达 95 %以上。目前生产上缺少抗病品种 ,防治方法不健全 ,田间防治效果不理想 ,生产上急需新的防治措施。随着环境和生态问题的日益突出 ,诱导抗病性研究日益被人们重视。本研究从诱导抗病性原理出发 ,旨在探索能够有效激发、诱导棉花抗黄萎病的因子 ,并取得一些结果 ,现报道如下。1　材料与方法1 .1　供试材料　棉种为中棉 1 6 ;棉花黄萎病菌 (Verticillium dahliae Kleb)由本室分离鉴定。1 .2　激发子的制备　将棉花黄萎病菌在马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基中 ,5℃下恒温振荡培养两周后 ,滤纸过滤 ,滤…     

棉花曲叶病毒对棉花造成的经济损失评估

棉花曲叶病毒(Cotton leafcurl virus)是我国进境检疫性病毒,严重危害棉花的生长,给棉花生产带来巨大经济损失。文中分析此病毒可能给棉花生产所造成的损失,包括直接经济损失、间接经济损失和防治费用。估算了棉花曲叶病毒对棉花造成的经济损失值为77.27亿元~498.61亿元。     

新疆棉花主产区土地流入对棉花生产的影响

科学测定土地流入对棉花生产的影响,识别棉花适度经营规模范围,对推进土地流转和确保棉花产业安全具有重要意义。文中基于新疆棉花主产区591份棉花种植户的微观数据,利用倾向值匹配法测算了土地流入对棉花生产的影响。结果表明:考虑样本农户自选择和内生性问题后,土地流入使籽棉亩产量平均提升29.20kg;在现有的技术水平下,棉花种植规模与棉花单产水平之间呈“倒U型”关系,盲目扩大生产规模会降低土地流入对于棉花增产效果。因此,文中研究认为政府应营造良好的土地流转环境,规范土地流转市场,促进土地流转,但要合理控制经营规模,以实现棉花种植的适度规模经营。     

地膜覆盖对棉花枯、黄萎病及棉花产量的影响

为明确地膜覆盖对棉花枯、黄萎病田间发病的影响,进行了地膜覆盖和露地直播田间对比试验。结果显示,在多雨、气候适宜发病年份,地膜覆盖栽培棉田的枯、黄萎病发病程度明显重于露地直播田。提出了老棉区实行露地直播以控制、减轻棉枯、黄萎病发生的技术措施。     

棉花黄萎病菌毒素对棉花作用机制的初步探讨

 用棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae Kled.) T-9、SS4、VD-8、VD-5等4个菌株的毒素(VD-toxins)处理棉苗,发现各菌株的毒素都能使棉苗体内脱落酸(ABA)的含量增加,其中以T-9菌株毒素的影响最明显。各菌株毒素均可增加棉苗叶片的气孔抗性和提高叶片细胞的离子渗透率3-4倍。毒素对棉苗叶片的游离原生质体具有30-50%的损伤率。     

美国棉花产量及棉花品种对烟青虫抗性的变化

本文综述了美国棉花产量的变化及其原因.通过对现时品种的比较分析,指出现时改良品种衣分和铃数增加是美国皮棉产量提高的主要原因,现时品种抗逆性较强也有一定作用.烟青虫是美国棉花生产中的主要害虫.根据对1890～1986年选育、发现的18个棉花品种的试验和分析,表现它们在产量、衣分、铃数和铃重等性状上均有显著差异,但对于烟青虫抗性选择上还嫌不够.     

棉花凝集素的分离和对棉花枯萎病菌生长的影响

 凝集素是一种广泛存在于生物体内的能和糖结合,并凝集细胞的蛋白质。     

棉花黄、枯萎病的症状类型及其对棉花的影响

中国农业科学院江苏分院植物保护系曾在江苏省徐州、盐城、大丰、常熟等八个棉区调查,发现各个棉区由于防治工作结束早迟不同,红鈐虫为害程度大不一样(详见下表),防治时间结束越迟,青鈐被害越轻,9月20日结束的,比8月中旬的降低80％,比9月上旬的降低75％;比9月中旬降低50％。     

辣椒、番茄细菌性疮痂病及生理小种鉴定

 近3年,从北京、山西、内蒙、新疆和云南等地的辣椒和番茄病株上分离到19个菌株,经致病性测定和细菌学鉴定,确定这19个菌株为甘蓝黑腐黄单胞菌疮痂致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.vesicatoria(Doidge) Dye,1978)。供试19个菌株在国内首次采用国际标准鉴别寄主进行了生理小种鉴定。其中,3个菌株为番茄小种1(XcvT race1),仅存在于北京地区,其它16个菌株均属于辣椒-番茄小种3(XcvPT race3),分布广,为我国优势小种。     

雨量和田间湿度对水稻纹枯病发生和流行影响的初步观察

 1981年以来,我们对不同生育期中稻的水稻纹枯病的发生与流行的条件进行了系统观察,本文报道的就是对该病流行条件观察的结果。     

对细交链孢菌在培养基上抗多氧霉素B与异菌脲变异体的分离及其特性鉴定

 将多氧霉素B感性细交链孢菌置于含100μg/ml多氧霉素B的PDA平板上培养时,从长出的菌落边缘菌丝体中可分离到抗多氧霉素B的变异体,而将其异菌脲感性菌株接种在含100 μg/ml异菌脲的PDA平板上培养时,只有约半数供试菌株能稳定地分离出抗异菌脲变异体。在多氧霉素B存在下分离的抗多氧霉素B变异体对异菌脲的敏感性通常大于其母本菌株。相比之下,在异菌脲存在下分离的抗异菌脲变异体对多氧霉素B的敏感性没有发生明显变化。对多氧霉素B与异菌脲均为感性的野生型菌株不能在这2种药剂共存的PDA平板上生长,且其分生孢子对多氧霉素B与异菌脲分别呈感性集中型及抗感分散型分布。     

多菌灵、三环唑对大丽轮枝菌微菌核、黑色素形成及致病力的影响

 在离体和活体条件下测定了多菌灵、三环唑对大丽轮枝菌的微菌核黑色素形成的影响,以及经2种杀菌剂处理产生的形态变异菌株对棉苗的致病力。结果表明:多菌灵在培养基内含量超过0.1μg/ml时,即可抑制大丽轮枝菌微菌核的形成,随着培养基内多菌灵浓度的增加,微菌核形成时间逐渐延长,形成量逐渐减少;三环唑浓度为0.5μg/ml时,可抑制微菌核的黑色素形成,微菌核从黑色变为浅红至红褐色。三环唑对微菌核黑色素形成呈可逆抑制,变色的微菌核菌落移入不含药的培养基后,大多可恢复形成黑色素。培养基内三环唑浓度的提高,也可抑制大丽轮枝菌微菌核的形成;因2种杀菌剂的抑制而丧失形成微菌核的白色菌丝体移入不含药的培养基,微菌核形成能力也不能恢复。多菌灵和三环唑经棉株吸收后均能抑制植株内大丽轮枝菌微菌核的形成,但对微菌核色素的形成未见有明显影响。2种杀菌剂处理产生的形态变异菌株的致病力与野生型菌株致病力差异不显著。     

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ACTIVITY AND PERSISTENCE OF AMITROLE AND 2,4-D

Summary. One leaf of each of several tomato plants 5–6 weeks old maintained at 55, 70 or 85° F was dipped in 0.05 M amitrole or 0.005 M 2,4-D solution. The treated leaf was removed 1 week later. Scions taken from untreated plants were grafted to the treated plants at intervals up to 4 months after treatment.
Amitrole-treated plants maintained at 55° F were killed within 1 month but those at 70 and 85° F recovered.
Plants treated with 2,4-D showed typical symptoms when maintained at 70 and 85° F but no symptoms at 55° F. Scions grafted on plants maintained at 55, 70 and 85° F for 60 days after 2,4-D treatments exhibited typical symptoms. Grafts made more than 60 days following the 2,4-D application did not exhibit symptoms except a slight malformation on the plants held at 55° F.
New growth on the scions grafted up to 103 days after amitrole treatment on plants which had been maintained at 70 and 85° F exhibited typical amitrole symptoms (i.e. white foliage) but scions grafted after this lime did not. New shoots developing from buds on the treated plants also produced green growth 115 days after treatment but produced white foliage prior to that time.
Effet de la température sur l'activi'ité et la persistance de l'aminotriazole et du 2,4-D     

THE INFLUENCE OF SIMAZINE ON SHOOT AND ROOT GROWTH OF APPLES AND PLUMS

Summary. In loamy soil with a low humus content (0·8% organic carbon) simazine at a concentration of 2'5 ppm reduced growth of shoots, roots and trunk diameter in 1-year-old scions of five apple varieties on M IX rootstock. The most susceptible was Cox's Orange Pippin; 5 ppm was lethal for this variety only. In experiments with vertically divided pots, where one part of the root system developed in soil with simazine (2–5 ppm and 5–0 ppm for apple and 5·0 ppm for plum) and the other part in simazine-free soil, there was less effect on shoot growth and less leaf damage than where all the soil contained simazine. Growth of that part of the root system in soil containing simazine was stimulated.     

THE EFFECT OF DEPTH OF BURYING AND FREQUENCY OF CULTIVATION ON SURVIVAL AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF WILD OATS (AVENA FATUA L. AND AVENA LUDOVICIANA DUR.)

Summary. Seeds of Avena fatua and A. ludoviciana were sown at a depth of 15 cm or mixed into the top 5 cm of soil in small field-plots at Rothamsted and subjected to 5 different regimes of depth and frequency of cultivation for 3 years, after which all plots were dug to 15 cm in spring and autumn for a further 4 years. Seedlings were counted and no plants were allowed to produce seeds. After 7 years, soil-samples showed that very few intact seeds of A. fatua and none of A. ludoviciana remained, although less than 20% of the seeds sown had produced seedlings. Laboratory tests after 4 to 8 years'dry slorage showed seeds of both species to be viable. The maximum survival of viable seeds, estimated by seedling-emergence, was 61 months for A. fatua and 33 months for A. Indoviciana . Seeds of A. fatua survived slightly longer at 15 cm than in the top 5 cm of soil. Survival of A. ludoviciana was less affected by depth and cultivation, except that birds ate some shallow-sown spikelets in the first fortnight after sowing. A. fatua germinated in spring and autumn, and A. tudoviciana in winter, irrespective of age of seed and cultivation of soil. Frozen soil delayed emergence of A. ludoviciana seedlings lor varying periods between December and March. Seedlings of A. ludoviciana were slightly more winter-hardy than A. fatua . More seedlings of A. fatua appeared in the second spring than at any other time, but 80% of the seedlings of A. ludoviciana appeared in the first autumn and winter.
Effets de la profondeur d'enfouissement des graines et de la fréquence des façons culturalles sur la longévité et la germination des semences de Folle-Avoine (Avena fatua L. et A. ludoviciana Dur .)     

杆状病毒非必需基因的结构与功能

本文主要以苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（ＡｃＭＮＰＶ）为例,概述了迄今展报道的杆状病毒非必需基因的结构与功能,为杆状病毒的基因工程研究提供参考。     

新疆叶尔羌河和喀什噶尔河流域的生态环境评价及治理对策研究

叶尔羌河和喀什噶尔河流域农业气候资源丰富,但气象灾害也较多;土地面积大,但土壤有机质含量低,次生盐渍化严重;河流径流量大,年际变化小,季节分配不平衡;天然草场面积大,等级低,天然林面积减少,个别地区有沙化倾向;人口多而素质差。对此应处理好维护生态平衡与发展生产的关系;依靠科学技术,以提高单产为主;制止继续破坏生态环境行为;营造人工林;扩大绿肥种植面积,提高地力;对少数民族也实行计划生育,以控制人口数量,提高人口素质。