五脉山黧豆开花动态及有性繁育系统的研究

观测了五脉山黧豆的开花动态,并用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉-胚珠比(P/O)方法测定了其有性繁育系统类型。结果表明,五脉山黧豆的花期持续45 d左右,盛花期为6月下旬左右。开花的日动态呈明显的双峰现象,2峰分别在8:00-11:00和14:00-15:00时出现。五脉山黧豆的杂交指数(OCI)=3,繁育系统为自交亲和,有时需要传粉者;花粉-胚珠比(P/O)=2 286.21,为兼性异交。得出其繁育类型为混交繁育系统,即自交和异交并存。五脉山黧豆的传粉系统不完善和虫害是结实率低的主要原因。     

耐热型西番莲品种‘钦蜜9号’花器官发育特征与繁育系统研究

为明确耐热型西番莲品种‘钦蜜9号’花器官发育进程特性和繁育系统类型,测定其花器官表型性状、花粉活性、柱头可授性、杂交指数和花粉/胚珠比。结果发现,‘钦蜜9号’花器官发育进程可分为：现蕾期-花冠发育期-雌雄蕊发育期-裂蕾期-开花授粉期-谢花期,时间持续25-27d,开花时间为下午13︰00-15︰00,单花开放时长约24 h,开花前3 d左右（花药即将开裂时）至裂蕾时柱头可授性最强;花粉数量为7.94x105个/花药,活性为90.11%,繁育系统类型为异交型,自交亲和,异交需要传粉者。这些特征为‘钦蜜9号’在35℃以上高温还能正常开花并结实提供了重要的基础条件。     

达乌里胡枝子的繁育系统及传粉生物学

为揭示达乌里胡枝子的传粉生物学特性,本文以山西省八个地区的野生达乌里胡枝子为供试材料,针对其繁育系统、传粉媒介等方面进行研究。结果表明：和顺居群的单花花粉量最多达到（8 750±1 946）粒·花^-1,而中阳的花粉量最少仅有（5 370±879）粒·花^-1。依照P/O值所测得的达乌里胡枝子繁育系统类型为专性异交。达乌里胡枝子的杂交指数为4,其繁育类型为存在自交和异交,需要传粉媒介传播花粉。昆虫访花行为会在10：00~11：00之间出现第一次访花高峰,在午后15：00~16：00出现第二次高峰,第一次高峰小于第二次。膜翅目昆虫如蜜蜂等传粉效果最为明显。国内外对达乌里胡枝子开花特性的研究较少,其繁育体系和授粉生物学尚未见报道。本研究结果不仅可为达乌里胡枝子的育种特性提供参考,也可为达乌里胡枝子的杂交育种和新品种培育提供理论和实践依据。     

唐古特瑞香开花物候及繁育系统研究

针对药用植物唐古特瑞香(Daphne tangutica Maxim)野生植株花多果少、坐果率低的问题,以唐古特瑞香野生种群为试验对象,观察其开花物候、花器官形态变化、花粉活力、柱头可授性等特征,并结合花粉-胚珠比(P/O)、杂交指数(OCI)的测定,访花者行为观察,揭示其繁育系统类型及坐果率低的限制因素。结果表明：唐古特瑞香为两性花,顶生或腋生头状花序,花期5—6月,群体开花持续17～22 d,单花序花期8～11 d,单花花期7～9 d;雌蕊先于雄蕊成熟,单花待开时柱头可授性最强,盛开时花粉活力最强;P/O和OCI的判定以及访花者观察显示其以异交为主,部分自交亲和,多数需要如中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)、三条熊蜂(Bombus trifasciatus)、灰熊蜂(Bombus grahami)等有效传粉者。柱头可授性与花粉活力的最强时期不遇,细长的花冠管需要有效传粉者授粉,盛花期散粉量不高,异交竞争力弱和自交亲和度低,以及有效访花昆虫的数量和种类少等因素可能是造成唐古特瑞香开花量大坐果率低的主要原因。本研究结果为今后规模化、优质化人工繁育唐古特瑞香及祖师麻药材产量提升提供理论依...     

侧金盏花的花部特征与繁育系统观察

侧金盏花(Adonis amurensis)是东北地区常见的一种早春类短命植物,也是一种观赏性状优秀的园林草本种质资源。本研究针对黑龙江省哈尔滨市帽儿山老山人工林试验站的野生侧金盏花,对其花部综合特征、开花动态、授粉特性进行了研究。结果表明,侧金盏花花期为3-4月,花型大,单花花期持续6~10 d,花部具有吸引传粉者的特征。侧金盏花雌蕊先熟,开花过程中花药与柱头无空间间隔,杂交指数结果为3,花粉胚珠比为2 280,结合套袋试验结果,判定侧金盏花繁育系统为兼性异交,自交可孕,需要传粉者进行传粉。     

大花萱草‘金娃娃’的花器结构和繁育系统观察

通过观察,运用杂交指数、花粉/胚珠、花粉及柱头活力、坐果率等指标对大花萱草‘金娃娃’(Hemerocallis hybridus cv.‘Stella de oro’)的花部特征、开花动态及授粉特性等进行研究。在人工栽培条件下,金娃娃萱草5-9月开花,花苔分3～4次抽生,首次开花群体花期32 d,单苔花期9～16 d,单花花期1 d。雄蕊短于花柱,花药与柱头相差2.71 cm,在花朵开放的整个过程中雌、雄蕊的相对位置始终不变。开花前1 d的花粉活力最强,开花前1 d和开花当天的柱头具有较强的可授性。杂交指数为4,花粉/胚珠值为1 164,结合坐果率,可以判断其繁育系统属于兼性异交,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。特殊的花部结构、缺少传粉者和花期短可能是金娃娃萱草结实率较低的原因。     

暗紫贝母花器官特征及有性繁育系统研究

采用田间试验与显微镜检相结合的方法,对漳县人工栽培的暗紫贝母花器构造和传粉生物学进行研究,旨在揭示其花器官特征和有性繁育系统,为暗紫贝母的育种提供科学依据。结果表明,经鳞茎播种栽培3年的暗紫贝母植株单花顶生,偶见2花,花两性,初现花蕾绿色,花暗紫色,有淡黄色格纹,开花期5-6月,单花寿命6~8 d,花钟形,同被花,花被6,2轮,离生雄蕊6枚,5枚紧围雌蕊,1枚外围,子房上位,柱头3裂,短裂片外露,毛状有分泌物。开花前柱头高于雄蕊,开放后雄蕊高出柱头,开花当天花粉量最大,活力最高并维持3 d时间。花被长1.5 cm的绿蕾柱头已具较强可受性。花药开裂与强柱头可受性同步,但后者持续期更长(6 d以上)。单花花粉数约6000粒、胚珠数在160颗以上,花粉胚珠比(P/O)37.5,杂交指数(OCI)为4。传粉媒介为风媒和虫媒,访花者为蜂类、蝇类和蜘蛛,但数量极少,有性繁育系统应属于部分自交亲和,异交,需要传粉者。     

黄菖蒲花部特征及繁育习性研究

该研究旨在通过定点观察与人工授粉等方法,为黄菖蒲生殖生物学与杂交育种提供理论依据。对引种多年的黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus L.)的花器官特征、开花动态、花粉形态及活力、柱头可授性、繁育习性与访花昆虫进行了观察与研究,结果表明,黄菖蒲在南京地区为4月下—5月上开花,雌雄异熟;花粉活力与柱头可授性均为开花当天最强,随后下降;雌雄异位,开花过程中柱头向下弯曲,雄蕊始终短于柱头;花粉/胚珠比380.4,杂交指数为5。黄菖蒲的繁育习性为异交为主,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者,自然状态下存在花粉限制,不存在无融合生殖现象,黑纹食蚜蝇为潜在传粉者。     

海拔对钝裂银莲花不同花色居群间繁殖特征及繁殖分配的影响

通过野外采样对青藏高原东部高寒草甸4个海拔梯度间3种花色钝裂银莲花的繁殖性状和繁殖分配进行了研究。结果发现: 1) 3种花色钝裂银莲花对花和茎的投入比例均随着海拔的升高而增大,叶的投入比例均随着海拔的升高而减少。2) 3种花色钝裂银莲花的花数目均随着海拔升高而减少;单花面积和单花重均随着海拔升高极显著增大;花展示面积、繁殖投入和繁殖分配随着海拔升高而增大。3) 不同海拔梯度下,同花色钝裂银莲花其个体大小与花数目、单花重、花展示面积及繁殖投入均呈极显著正相关,与单花面积均呈显著正相关,且海拔直接对这些繁殖特征产生了影响;同一花色钝裂银莲花的个体大小与繁殖分配间均无固定模式。研究表明,海拔对不同花色钝裂银莲花的繁殖特征和繁殖分配有着重要的影响,且不同花色钝裂银莲花繁殖特征和繁殖分配对海拔的升高均做出了提高繁殖适合度的适应性调整,但海拔并不是影响钝裂银莲花繁殖策略的唯一因子。     

紫花地丁花形态的季节转化对繁育系统及结实的影响

紫花地丁是一种观赏性状优良的园林草本种质资源。本研究以紫花地丁为研究对象，观测并分析不同花形态对花期物候、花部特征和繁育系统的影响。结果表明：1）紫花地丁具有两种不同形态的花，春季花为开放花，有彩色花冠且花瓣5枚，花萼5枚；花期在4月中到下旬，花期较短，表现为集中开花模式。生于夏秋季的花无花瓣，花萼包裹雌雄蕊，为闭锁花；花期在5月初到9月初，表现为持续开花模式。2）开放花每单花平均有花粉粒7053个，P/O值为173.32~204.49。闭锁花每单花平均花粉粒179.2个，P/O值为4.46~5.95。结合杂交指数表明开放花的繁育系统为异交，部分亲和，需传粉者，而闭锁花为严格的闭花受精。3）开放花花柱具膝曲结构，下方2枚雄蕊背基部有明显的蜜腺体并伸入花瓣形成的距。蜂类传粉者通过碰撞花柱挤压柱头，推动雄蕊距状下臂做杠杆运动进行传粉，从而促进药隔附属物裂开。闭锁花属于严格的闭花受精，不需要传粉媒介。4）闭锁花的单株结实率及结籽率显著高于开放花。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.