Nanometer Scale Surface Roughness Measurement Based on AFM

The datum line and mainly three profile height parameters of surface roughness are briefly introduced and the operation principle and system structure of AFM. IPC - 208B with high-resolution, which was successfully developed by Chongqing University, are described in detail, and the emphasis is laid on its application on the nanometer scale surface roughness. Taking stainless steel for example, its micro-structure was observed, and the surface data were analyzed and transacted by special evaluator and the values of three profile height parameters were obtained. Finally the experimental results are briefly analyzed.     

Method of Measuring the Thickness of Nano-scale Thin Film

A method is proposed to measure the thickness of nano-scale thin film. Based on the differences about mechanical property between the film and the base, a required scratching will be obtained with the proper tool scratching the film directly, which is through the film touching the base and without any effects to the surface of the base. Scanning the scratching area by using atomic force microscope, some data will be obtained and the average thickness of nano-scale thin film can be calculated in the scratching area. The thickness of the TiO2 nano-scale thin film was measured by this method, the experiment result showed that the average thickness of the film is 71.6 nm, which is consistent with the reported result of the reference. This method has high measuring precision, wider application area, more intuitive images, simpler calculation and operation.     

Microcosmic Observation and Conductive Mechanism Discuss of Nano-meter Diamond by Scanning Tunneling Microscope

The STM three dimensions surface shape appearance figure and scanning tunneling spectrum(STS) of nano-meter diamond are obtained by STM.IPC-205B developed by the authors.Insulator diamond films being transacted into nano-meter diamond particles,the STM three dimensions surface shape appearance figure of nano-meter diamond is gotten under a certain bias voltage.Then nano-meter diamond microstructure is observed.And the STS of nano-meter diamond is gained.Also it exhibits the energy gap breadth of nano-meter diamond.At the same time,the STS and conductive mechanism are analyzed.STM/STS studies can not only explain the spectrum study mechanism of conductive capability of nano-meter diamond and expand application field of STM,but also they may act as the important study means for nanometer crystal particles structure and energy spectrun character analyse after insulated material turns into nanometer crystal particles.     

Surface Treatment and Coating Technologies on Gears

TiN and C:N coatings are made on 20CrMo gears by PVD(Physical Vapour Deposition) technology and DFAD(Direct current Filtered Arc Deposition) technology. Then the authors puts forward the test rig, working under the conditions of 1 800 rpm,12 N.m for 50 h, and the observations by body-microscope show that reducing wear and anti-wearing performance greatly enhanced when C:N film is used, TiN coatings can however, because the hardness of gears is evidently decreased when coating was processing. Direct current Filtered Arc Deposition(DFAD) technology are used on gears to improve the performance of reducing wear and anti-wearing.     

A New Type of Solar Cell-CdS/CdTe for Applications in Refrigeration

CdS/CdTe polycrystalline thin film is a new type of high efficiency and low-cost solar cells, which is most promising for application in refrigeration, because it has many advantages such as few crystalline defects, large gap of energy, high stability, inexpensive and convenient for large area deposition. On the other hand, it is useful for environmental protection. The properties of CdS/CdTe thin film solar cell are revieweol and the development of the cell is presented. We have also described some large-area processing with low fabrication cost.     

杏鲍菇冷链综合保鲜技术应用

介绍了我国杏鲍菇工厂化栽培现状、销售方式及存在的问题,综述了真空预冷、防雾薄膜、纳米保鲜薄膜、减压贮藏等技术在杏鲍菇保鲜上的应用,构建了杏鲍菇综合协同保鲜成套技术,以期为杏鲍菇贮藏保鲜提供一定的技术支持。     

TNE EXPERIMBNT RESEARCH OF PT THIN FILM USED IN INFRARED DETECTOR

The preparation technology and thermal treatment PT thin film used in infrareddetector and photo-electron devices are studied. The er thin film prepared by multi-ion-beam reac-tive co-sputtering apparams are analysised by x-ray , XPS and EPMA. The impurity of PbO,Pb2Ti2O6 in PT thin film is eleminated and PbTiO3 (001)preferred orientation is improved. The rea-sonable teperature of substrates is given in this paper.     

Present Status and Development of Synthesis Technologies for TiC,TiN,Ti(C, N) Powders

The preparation technologies of TiC?TiN?Ti(C, N) powders used home and abroad in recent years are reviewed, and the technical processes and characteristics are analysed. The existing problems and development trends of these technologies are also discussed. By seeking cheaper raw materials and achieving new high temperature technologies by plasma, microwave, laser, and electric arc and combining SHS and MA the low-cast and large-scale preparation of high quality TiC, TiN, Ti(C, N) powders are becoming one of the hot research topics. With the development of research and the improvement of preparation techniques, more convenient, more economic and more efficient preparation techniques will provide TiC, TiN, Ti(C,N) powder a broader prospective application.     

烟草野火病菌在不同衬底上吸附的原子力显微镜研究

为了筛选植物病原细菌原子力显微镜（AFM）制样方法,对烟草野火病菌（Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci）在云母、硅、玻璃和硅烷化玻璃等衬底上的粘附情况进行了系统观察,结果表明硅烷化玻璃衬底能够较好地固定烟草野火病菌     

液体地膜覆盖对棉花生理特性的影响

研究结果表明，液体地膜覆盖棉花根系伤流中游离氨基酸总量和无机磷含量明显增加，根系活力增强；叶片光化学特性得以改善，光合效率提高；发育的棉铃中转化酶活性增强，加速了光合产物向棉铃中运输的速度。     

Sliding friction test analysis of TiAlN/TiN coatings on 40Cr steel

TiAlN/TiN duplex coating is made on the surface of 40Cr steel by means of multi-arc ion plating technology. Carrying capacity and tribological properties of TiAlN/TiN duplex coating are investigated with a UMT-2 wear tester without lubrication. The surface morphology of wear specimens are observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM). Elements of wear scar center and their content are analyzed by EDS. Tribological properties of TiAlN/TiN coating are evaluated through comparing with 40Cr in friction coefficient and wear volume. The results show that tribological properties of TiAlN/TiN duplex coating is better than 40Cr. The TiAlN/TiN films is superior in reducing friction and wear resistance, and can successfully resist abrasive wear and adhesive wear.     

全膜双垄沟播玉米不同覆膜时期水分生产效率研究

为了进一步探索全膜玉米不同时期覆膜对水分生产效率的影响,笔者选择四种不同覆膜时期,在玉米关键生育期测定0-100cm土层含水量,研究生育期耗水、生育期降水、年降水的生产效率。结果表明：冬季土壤封冻到春季土壤解冻采取秋覆膜可减少27.6%的土壤水分损耗;土壤解冻到玉米播种采取顶凌覆膜的可减少16.0%的土壤水分损耗。全膜秋覆膜较顶凌覆膜生产能力提高9.27%、生育期降雨生产效率提高0.16 kg/mm,顶凌覆膜较播前覆膜生产能力提高7.44%、生育期降雨生产效率提高0.13 kg/mm。     

地膜覆盖栽培番茄后期早衰的研究

该试验结果表明,地膜覆盖栽培番茄的后期早衰和施肥有关。施肥量多,土壤有效养分和植株的营养状况较好,植株生长发育也较好,小区平均产量最高,达75.2kg,每公倾合4.512万kg,比对照增产16.89％。施肥量低的处理,比对照减产3.76％。     

施氮量与地膜覆盖对长江中游春玉米产量性能及氮肥利用效率的影响

以宜单629为试验材料,于2012-2013年在湖北武穴通过大田试验,研究施氮量和地膜覆盖对长江中游春玉米产量及其性能参数的调节效应以及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥促进春玉米生长发育,抽雄期和吐丝期提前8~12 d,延长籽粒灌浆期2~6 d,全生育期减少2~7 d;地膜覆盖促进种子萌发和玉米植株发育,种子出苗提前7~8 d,抽雄期和吐丝期提前6~11 d,生理成熟期提前3~6 d。增施氮肥和地膜覆盖优化长江中游春玉米产量性能参数,增施氮肥使平均叶面积指数(MLAI)提高81.18%~112.38%,平均净同化率(MNAR)提高19.20%~25.82%,穗粒数(GN)和千粒重(GW)增加72.61%~95.30%和13.09%~21.26%;同等施氮条件下,地膜覆盖提高MLAI (11.12%~17.12%)、MNAR (0.80%~10.66%)、HI (0.44%~6.50%)、GN (7.02%~16.07%)和GW (5.64%~7.93%);由于产量性能参数间的超补偿作用,增施氮肥和地膜覆盖使春玉米籽粒产量提高6.80%~24.66%和7.16%~22.19%。施氮量增加显著降低春玉米氮肥利用效率,氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)和氮肥农学利用效率(ANUE)分别降低31.34%~51.20%和30.39%~42.12%;地膜覆盖促进春玉米的氮素吸收能力,显著提高春玉米氮肥利用效率,PFPN和ANUE分别提高18.30%~31.67%和25.83%~56.80%。统筹考虑长江中游春玉米产量性能优化补偿增产机制和氮肥利用效率特征,可选用优化施氮量202.5 ~270.0 kg hm^-2和覆膜增温降渍,其产量可达8995~9220 kg hm^-2。     

秸秆带状覆盖对西北雨养区马铃薯农田土壤温度及产量的影响

为探明秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖对马铃薯农田土壤热量传递和产量的影响,试验于2018-2019年进行,设置不同覆盖材料（地膜、秸秆）、覆盖时期（秋、春）、露地（CK）5个处理,研究不同覆盖对马铃薯农田土壤热量传递特性及产量的影响。结果表明,各处理在不同生育期和不同土层温度存在显著差异。与CK相比,2个生长季秸秆带状覆盖显著降低0~25cm土层土壤温度0.6℃~0.9℃,降温幅度为秋覆盖大于春覆盖,地膜覆盖提高土壤温度0.3℃~0.7℃。不同时期相比,地表覆盖存在增温和降温的双重效应,降温效应秸秆带状覆盖大于地膜覆盖,而增温效应地膜覆盖大于秸秆带状覆盖。地温日变化随气温的变化存在明显的滞后效应,覆盖显著抑制地温波动。覆盖具有“双抑制效应”,在低温时段抑制了土壤热量向大气的散失,高温时段抑制了地表对太阳辐射热量的吸收,且秸秆覆盖优于地膜覆盖,秋覆盖优于春覆盖,与CK相比,2个生长季秸秆覆盖温度梯度降低7.3~7.8℃/m,地膜覆盖降低3.4~6.3℃/m。秸秆带状覆盖增产14.7%,地膜覆盖增产25.3%,处理间单薯重的差异是引起产量差异的主要因素。因此,秸秆带状覆盖在西北雨养区马铃薯生产中具有应用推广价值。     

Development of photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive male sterility rice expressing transgene Bacillus thuringiensis

Stem borers and leaffolders are the main pests that cause severe damage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production worldwide. We developed the first photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive male sterility (PTSMS) rice 208S with the cry1Ab/1Ac Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene, through sexual crossing with Huahui 1 (elite line with the cry1Ab/1Ac gene). The novel 208S and its hybrids presented high and stable resistance to stem borers and leaffolders, and the content of Cry1Ab/1Ac protein in chlorophyllous tissues achieved the identical level as donor and showed little accumulation in non-chlorophyllous tissue. No dominant dosage effect in the Bt gene was observed in 208S and its derived hybrids. An analysis of fertility transition traits indicated that 208S was completely sterile under long day length/high temperature, but partially fertile under short day length/low temperature. With fine grain quality and favorable combining ability, 208S had no observed negative effects on fertility and agronomic traits from Bt (cry1Ab/1Ac). Additionally, 208S as a male sterile line showed no fertility decrease caused by Bt transgenic process, as it is the case in Huahui 1. Thus, 208S has great application value in two-line hybrid production for insect resistance, and can also be used as a bridge material in rice Bt transgenic breeding.     

覆膜方式和密度对旱地绿豆光合特性及产量的影响

以晋绿豆8号为材料,采用双因素完全随机区组设计,研究不同覆膜方式和密度对旱地绿豆各生育期植株叶面积指数（LAI）、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）、光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,在绿豆整个生育期,随着密度增加,叶面积指数（LAI）、净光合速率（Pn）、叶片水分利用效率（LWUE）均增加,蒸腾速率（Tr）降低。与膜上穴播与露地条播相比,膜侧穴播SPAD值分别高4.15%、9.40%,LAI高13.1%、24.5%,净光合速率（Pn）高10.15%、9.93%,蒸腾速率（Tr）高7.5%、11.2%,分枝期到始熟期叶片水分利用效率（LWUE）高3.98%、4.73%。与露地条播相比,覆膜能够明显提高绿豆株高、分枝数、单株荚数;随密度增加,绿豆单株荚数与产量提高明显,膜侧穴播和膜上穴播产量分别提高24.2%、19.9%。其中膜侧穴播（密度16.50万株/hm ²）     

地膜覆盖对菜园紫色土壤环境因子及N2O排放的影响

地膜覆盖技术目前被广泛使用,为了研究地膜覆盖对土壤环境因子及N2O排放的影响,以重庆市典型的紫色土为研究对象,以传统不覆膜方法为对照,在萝卜生长季应用静态暗箱/气相色谱法通过原位测定进行研究。结果表明,覆膜处理方式下地下5 cm土壤温度明显变高、总生物量明显增大,均极显著高于不覆膜处理（P=0.02和P=0.005）;叶重和肉质根均明显增加（P=0.011和P=0.013）,但二者在土壤湿度及土壤硝态氮含量间则无显著差异。在萝卜生长周期内,覆膜处理下N2O平均排放通量发芽期为（70.21±10.51） μg/(m2?h),叶片生长旺盛期盛期为（65.43±5.66） μg/(m2?h);幼苗期的地膜覆盖措施使N2O排放通量最高,平均通量达（109.13±11.23） μg/(m2?h),肉质根生长期最低,为（62.81±15.10）μg/(m2?h),全季的平均排放通量为（58.59±10.76） μg/(m2?h),总排放量为1.58 kg/hm2。而常规对照条件下全季N2O的平均排放通量为（51.39±12.09） μg/(m2?h),总排放量1.30 kg/hm2,覆膜与不覆膜相比N2O排放全季增加了21.5%。因此,覆膜处理既能增加萝卜产量,也能增加N2O的排放。     

PHASE ANALYSIS OF TITANIUM NITRIDE IN SLAG CONTAINING VANADIUM, TITANIUM. ( DISTIILATION-COULOMB TITRATION )

TiN is separated from orther Nitride by 1:2 Hcl, and the residue of TiN is heated with concentrated H2SO4-K2SO4 until the smoke rises from it followed by adding exceeded NaoH and by heating distillation. Using NaBr as electrolysis solution, the double platinum electrode is used to conduct the electrolysis. At the constent current of 30 mA. When it reaches the end point indicated by the dead stop method, record the time so as to calculrte the conten of TiN.     

可降解地膜在马铃薯上的应用效果研究

为了明确可降解膜在马铃薯生产上的应用效果.本研究选择7个可降解膜开展田间试验和填埋试验,分析不同覆膜处理对马铃薯产量和降解膜降解性能的影响.结果 表明覆膜处理较裸地处理可增产4.35％～14.62％,有4个降解膜较普通地膜增产1.48％～7.01％,但增产效果不显著(P＞0.05).在整个生育期地温呈现先升高后降低的变...